Canadian forest tenures serve as policy tools which have important economic implications. This study analyzes the effect of some British Columbia forest tenures on the distribution of economic rents, the allocation of resources, and silvicultural investments. The thesis first identifies the problem governments face, as landlords, in attempting to specify an optimum tenure. Tenures may be described in terms of packages of individual characteristics, each of which may be controlled, to varying degrees, by governments. The problem governments face is choosing an optimal combination of specified characteristics. Several problems emerge in the specification of individual tenure characteristics and their aggregation into whole optimum tenures. The specification of any one optimum tenure characteristic requires political value judgments implicit in social welfare functions. Furthermore, interdependencies exist between tenure characteristics which make difficult the aggregation of optimally specified characteristics into an optimum tenure. The interdependencies between tenure characteristics provide the basis for two hypotheses. First, every tenure characteristic may influence the benefits of tenure holders. Second, tenure holders may expect their tenures to change, which may influence the future benefits that they receive. By testing these hypotheses, the effect of tenures on the distribution of rents and allocation of resources are analyzed. To test these hypotheses, tenure holders in British Columbia were interviewed to obtain empirical measurements of the effects of attenuations of tenure characteristics on benefits of tenure holders, and the security tenure holders perceive in their tenures. Results support both hypotheses and show how tenures are distributing rents and allocating resources. The study also investigates the effects of tenures on investments in silviculture. Tenure holders in British Columbia are surveyed to determine amounts spent on silviculture on selected tenure types. It is found that tenure holders which have incentives for voluntary investments in silviculture spend significantly greater amounts than those who make expenditures which are reimbursed or mandatory. Using the results of this study, recent changes in British Columbia forest policy are critiqued and areas for further research are identified. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The primary aim of this study was to investigate vegetation production and soil management factors influencing forage establishment on the waste rock dumps at a Southern Interior B.C. copper mine. Total plant cover on the waste rock dumps ranged from less than 5 to greater than 80 percent. Vegetation and spoil from the major reclaimed sites were analyzed to determine possible causes for the differences in plant cover. Test case areas, which varied in production, topography, and treatment, were then selected for an investigation into the relationships between spoil and vegetation variables. Waste rock and overburden glacial till materials were generally low in N, P, and Mg. Spoil N and K levels varied throughout each reclaimed site, likely as a result of fertilizer placement. Significant positive relationships were found between spoil N and grass cover and spoil K and both grass and legume cover. P levels in legumes from most fertilized sites were still in a deficiency range. A negative relationship between coarse fragment content and legume cover was observed. High coarse fragment content, accompanied with low water holding capacity and dry climatic conditions, suggests that moisture deficiencies are likely a critical problem for revegetation success, particularly on the lower portions of the slope faces. High bulk density values on the flat terraces indicated that compaction could be impeding root growth. Multivariate cluster analysis, based on total percent plant cover and percent composition legumes, was used to categorize all study sites into four vegetation production groups: low cover, grass cover, mixed grass and legume cover, and high production legume dominated cover. Spoil characteristics that differentiated between groups were: N, P, K, Mg, pH, coarse fragment content, and bulk density. This classification system will assist in identifying the management requirements of each vegetation type, such as: level and type of fertilization, overburden capping to reduce coarse fragment content, and scarification. Multiple regression analysis was used to generate equations for predicting biomass production from spoil N, P, K, Mg, pH, and coarse fragment content. Reclamation costs were estimated and it was demonstrated that grass cover and mixed grass and legume cover types were the most desirable. Although costs per hectare were lowest for the low cover type, efficiency of reclamation dollars (dollars invested per tonne forage produced) was also lowest for this type. Establishment of a legume dominated cover type may not be desirable due to forage quality considerations: Cu:Mo ratios in legume foliage averaged less than the recommended 2:1 for cattle grazing. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

This study was concerned with the behaviours, actions, and patterns of interaction of profoundly mentally retarded non-verbal deinstitutionalized adults (PMRs). The methodology utilized field research techniques which are observations of participants in their natural setting. The observations were of five profoundly retarded deinstitutionalized adults and took place over a three month period in the participants' group home and day program. The observations were recorded daily in a field note book and were later transcribed into a protocol format. The protocols were then coded. The coding categories were developed by the researcher through abstractions which emerged from the data. The coding categories revealed insights into the PMRs. The participants exhibited a heirarchical social order, displayed consistent seating patterns, and understood property ownership. The participants were noted to anticipate daily-routines such as meals, outings, and bedtimes. The researcher observed preferences by the individual participants for specific staff members. One participant appeared to display a heterosexual erotic preference for one staff member. Autoerotic sexuality was observed in three participants. Individual preferences for food, music, activities, and people were also displayed by the participants. Stereotypic behaviours were prevalent behavioural patterns exhibited by participants who had individual and unique stereotypic motions. The coding of the stereotypic behaviour revealed that emotional responses were present during stereotic movement. The researcher hypothesized that stereotypic movement was an observable response to the inner thoughts or ideations of the participants. The literature on sensory deprivation suggests that individuals when exposed to a montonous environment develop their own sensory data (hallucinations) in the reticular area of the brain. Stereotypic behaviour appears to be an adaptation by the individual to monotony through self generated stimuli. The data from this study suggests that the degree of environmental stimulation influences the prevalence and incidence of stereotypic behaviour. There were data to support the hypothesis that the participants' stereotypic movement was interactive with the degree of environmental stimulation and the specific like or dislike of the participant to the stimulation. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This is a case study and analysis of the Justice Institute of British Columbia, a Board-governed provincial post-secondary institute. Under contract to various provincial government ministries, the Justice Institute's five Academies and two central Divisions train municipal police, provincial court and correctional employees, fire service personnel, ambulance attendants and provincial emergency program personnel, and provide programs for professionals and the public in the areas of justice and public safety. Although the proposed organization was conceived to meet training and educational needs that existed under the umbrella of the Ministry of Attorney-General, shortly before its formal establishment the Justice Institute was captured by the proposed Colleges and Provincial Institutes Act and now came under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. Two fundamental issues emerged from the case study: jurisdictional ambiguity, involving the relation between the Justice Institute and the Ministries of Education and Attorney-General; and internal organization, involving the relation between the five Academies and the central Justice Institute administrative structure. These emergent issues were found to be primarily structural in origin. Therefore a structural analysis was conducted, based on Mintzberg's "extended configuration hypothesis," which identifies and explains fundamental relationships among organizational design parameters and characteristics of the environment in which the organization exists. Within Mintzberg's framework the Justice Institute was identified as a divisionalized form. The case study and emergent issues were analyzed in relation to the main characteristics of the divisionalized form. In the context of jurisdictional ambiguity, it was found that decentralized internal structural relationships, and client grouping as opposed to functional grouping, may have been key factors in the survival of the Justice Institute in a period of environmental turbulence during the early to mid 1980s, and in its demonstrated effectiveness in fulfilling its organizational mission. It was further found that a strong central structure was required to stabilize the Justice Institute, particularly at times when the environment was inimical to the continued existence of the Justice Institute. It was suggested that this apparent contradiction lay at the roots of the instability of the early organization. The study recommended that the Justice Institute recognize the weaknesses, and build upon the strengths, of the divisionalized form. Further, it found Mintzberg's extended configuration hypothesis to be an effective instrument for performing a structural analysis of an organization. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Marriage is perhaps the most popular voluntary institution in Canadian society. Fifty-six percent of British Columbians choose to be married in a Christian church. Most of these couples will find that they are required to participate in a marriage preparation program. Little is known about these marriage preparation opportunites, or about the individuals who provide these opportunites. Recent studies (Bader, Riddle & Sinclair, 1981; Ridley, Avery, Harrell, Leslie & Dent, 1982) have begun to demonstrate the effectiveness of the field of marriage preparation, but no studies examine the qualifications of educators. This study had two objectives: 1) to measure the knowledge of marriage and family concepts of marriage educators providing marriage preparation and 2) to re-test Wright's (1976) finding that clergy do not perceive themselves to be competent providers of marriage preparation. A random sample of 25% of Anglican Church in Canada and United Church of Canada congregations in British Columbia (n=117) resulted in 62 marriage educators responding to this study. This represents a response rate of 57.7%. The respondents were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire which allowed for the collection of demographic information about the congregations and respondents as well as the measurement of the dependent variable perceived competence, six independent variables and four control variables. As no instruments to measure knowledge of marriage and family concepts were available, a measure was developed for this study and is known as the Knowledge of Marriage and Family Concepts Instrument (KMFC). Respondents were found to have moderate scores on KMFC and perceived themselves to be reasonably competent providers of marriage preparation. No significant results were found for the relationships between either of the dependent variables and the independent variables. Post hoc analysis determined significant relationships between knowledge of marriage and family concepts and gender, and between perceived competence and total number of hours spent in marriage preparation. This study implies that clergy need increased training in content areas relevant to marriage preparation. Further research studies are suggested. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Lichenological studies in western North America have lagged behind those of eastern North America and Europe. Several manuals, now mainly outdated, are available for the western United States; no descriptions or keys have ever been compiled for the British Columbia lichen flora. This flora of the Coastal Douglas-fir Dry Subzone in British Columbia, Canada, partially fills this void. The Coastal Douglas-fir Dry Subzone is a small area in the southwestern portion of the province composed of a narrow strip on the eastern side of Vancouver Island and the adjacent Gulf Islands in the Strait of Georgia. It is a unique area in the province with a Mediterranean-type climate. It also has a large and increasing human population. Most of the subzone has been logged once although second growth forests now cover much of the region not utilized by the human population. The lichen flora is based primarily on 5,500 specimens collected for this study. In addition, someminor herbarium collections, including later collections of John Macoun, are also included. A total of 448 species in 114 genera, including 26 species from adjacent zones are treated. Keys and concise descriptions are provided plus information on substratum preferences, abundance within the subzone, and taxonomic problems. Spore diagrams are supplied for many of the crustose genera, especially those with septate or muriform spores. One species new to science already has been published, Gyalideopsis aim'col a Noble & Vezda, and several others are to be described in future publications. One new combination has already been made, Catillaria columbiana (Merr.) Noble, and two others, Lecanora ochrococca (Nyl.) Noble and Arthothelium macounii (Merr.) Noble, will be published in a forthcoming checklist of the province. Lecanora phaeobaea Tuck, has proved to be synonymous with Lecanora ochroccoca, and Solenospora hassei (Zahlbr.) Zahlbr. with Lecania dudleyi Herre. Ninety-six species new to British Columbia were encountered, primarily among the microlichens. Ten genera were added to the provincial checklist. A first assessment of many taxonomic problems was made and others noted. Type specimens of many poorly known California species were examined for confirmation of identification- of the local collections. Some difficult genera require monographic treatment before the local flora can be treated any more than tentatively. Local distributions within the subzone are discussed. Eight patterns are distinguished reflecting frequency, climate constraints, substratum restrictions, and human influences. Oceanic distributions make up several distinctive patterns including marine oceanic, strictly oceanic (non-marine) and hyperoceanic. An analysis of the world distributions of the species composing the local flora showed that the majority are very widespread with an essentially continuous range. Twelve different elements are recognized. Important elements include the circumboreal element (31%), the western North American endemic element (18%), the circumtemperate element (12%), the western North America-Europe disjunct element (11%), and the western North America-eastern North America-Europe disjunct element (8%). Eastern Asia, despite its relative proximity, has only minor affinities with the local flora. This study is a preliminary flora of the lichens of the Coastal Douglas-fir Dry Subzone. It provides a manual to encourage others to look at these poorly known cryptogams; it also acts as the foundation for future work. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Detailed structural mapping near Mt. Perseus, British Columbia, provides an overview of the nature of deformation across a portion of the Quesnellia-Omineca terrance boundary. Rocks within the Omineca Belt are comprised of the Hadrym'an to mid-Paleozoic Snowshoe Group. These rocks are structurally overlain by and act as basement to accreted rocks of the Intermontane Belt (Quesnellia): the Upper Paleozoic Slide Mountain Group (Antler Formation), Upper Triassic Black Phyllite (unnamed), and Jurassic volcanic rocks of Takla Group equivalence. Within the Snowshoe Group, four phases of regionally significant deformation have been established. Both basement and cover have common phases of deformation wherein the first phase of deformation present within the cover sequence is equivalent to the second phase within the basement. In general, deformation within the cover is less well developed with respect to the basement. Earliest structures, only observed within the Snowshoe Group are east-verging rootless isoclinal folds accompanied by a transposed foliation of a regional nature. Associated with this event is the intrusion of a large tabular granitic body, later metamorphosed into the Mt. Perseus Gneiss. Second phase structures are easterly verging and comprise large recumbent nappe structures. Third phase westerly verging folds dip moderately to the northeast. It is these large scale structures which control the present regional map pattern and local configuration of the Omineca-Quesnellia boundary, which in this study, is manifest in the Mt. Perseus antiformal culmination. Small scale crenulations and easterly verging buckle folds comprise the fourth deformational phase and do not appreciably affect earlier geometries. Second phase deformation marks the obduction of the easterly converging Quesnellia accretionary package onto the Omineca terrane. This tectonic contact is flanked by narrow longitudinal ductile shear zones containing mylonites, which in Snowshoe rocks are often associated with isolated fault bounded slivers of oceanic cover rock (ophiolite). These tectonic slivers are thought to be related to geometry resulting from the eastward subduction of oceanic Quesnellia rocks beneath the Omineca craton during the third deformational phase. The development of the late crenulation cleavage is likely a consequence of late eastward thrusting of early Jurassic volcanics during the later deformation stages of the underlying phyllites. Mineral assemblages describe a Barrovian metamorphic sequence which ranges from the middle to upper greenschist facies in cover rocks to the lower amphibolite in the Snowshoe basement. The earliest recorded metamorphism is associated with phase 1 deformation but details regarding this event remain ambiguous as most textures have been destroyed by successive metamorphism. Microscopic textures indicate that the peak of metamorphism is synchronous with phase 2 deformation followed by a reduction to the middle greenschist facies during the third deformational phase. Both obduction and subduction processes and their associated deformation and metamorphism were most likely the result of mid Mesozoic tectonics related to the Columbian Orogeny. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The compositions, in terms of Au, Ag, Cu, and Hg, of about 1200 placer and lode gold grains from the Fraser River drainage were determined by microprobe analysis. The lode samples are from the Bralorne and Cariboo Gold Quartz mines. Seventeen placer samples are from the Cariboo district and the Bridge River, Fraser River and their tributaries. Bralorne gold and many placer grains contain Hg which ranges up to 6%. Evidence is presented to show that this Hg is primary. Placer gold grains also contain Cu, ranging up to 31%, but high-Cu gold has little Ag or Hg. The compositional data were used to define populations on Hg-Cu-Fineness plots for each sample location. A comparison of the populations shows that placers located near lodes reflect these sources but that simple downstream transport of the gold cannot explain the populations found far from known sources. In order to explain the population found in downstream placers it is necessary to postulate contributions from undiscovered lodes, fossil placers, or other unknown sources. Many placer grains from the Fraser River have rims that are nearly pure gold. The rimming is thought to have taken place in an "intermediate collector" (fossil placer?) by leaching of Ag. Rimmed gold is not found in the Bridge River. From the data on the composition of the gold one is able to divide the Fraser River drainage into two metallogenic provinces: a Cu-Hg-rich province that includes the Bridge River drainage and a Cu-Hg-poor province typified by the Cariboo region. The data from the lode deposits suggest that the deposits can not only be uniquely characterized but that it may be possible to distinguish zoning within the lodes. In addition, it appears that much of the Cu- and Hg-rich gold is associated with ultrabasic rocks and major faults. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Microcomputer software for capital cost analysis in greenhouse energy management is developed for use by extention workers in agriculture. A "template" for proprietary "spreadsheet" software is created that models greenhouse operation and performs a Net Present Value analysis of the cash flow for the life of up to ten energy saving techniques chosen by the grower. The results are displayed on the screen or printed out. Variables can be altered to suit specific user's needs and to check sensitivity of the model. A survey of local greenhouse growers was done to determine the specifications for the software developed and to verify the accuracy of the model. The resulting program is designed to run under MS-DOS on the IBM personal computer or any other similar microcomputer. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

Twelve ultramafic nodules from Neogene alkaline lavas of British Columbia are Cr-diopside series peridotite. Nodules are depleted or undepleted with respect to Cr, Al, Ti and Na abundance per diopside or enstatite formula unit, and either Ti-metasomatised or unmetasomatised. Four samples from the Josephine Peridotite are even more depleted than the depleted nodules and lack Ti-metasomatism. Pyroxene geothermobarometry (Mercier, 1980) was modified and used for clino- and ortho-pyroxene equilibrium temperature, pressure and depth calculations. Nodules came from a mantle depth of 30-50 km (936-l008°C, 9-15.5 kb). Josephine Peridotite came from a mantle depth of 30-65 km (1003-1042°C, 10-20 kb) After establishing an average total Rb blank of 0.26 ng and Sr blank of 3.3 ng, Rb and Sr contents and Sr isotopic compositions of whole rock, acid-leached mineral separates (ol, cpx and opx) and acid leachate from the nodules, eleven host and associated whole rock "basalts, and acid leached mineral separates (ol, cpx and opx) from the Josephine Peridotite have been analysed. The host basalts have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70238-0.70289) similar to MORB, but very much higher Rb, Sr and ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁷Sr ratios (12.7-62.1 ppm, 702-1514 ppm and 0.028-0.138, respectively). This is attributed to a low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr mantle with small degree of melting or melting after recent metasomatism by a low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr fluid. Nodules occur only in ne normative alkali basalts and basanites. Diopside is the main carrier of Rb and Sr (Rb = 0.125-3.47 ppm in nodules and 0.023-0.076 ppm in Josephine Peridotite, Sr = 9.3-239 ppm in nodules and 0.256-0.582 ppm in Josephine Peridotite), with low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio (0.7022-0.7041 in nodules and 0.7054-0.7063 in Josephine Peridotite) and ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratio (0.004-0.1 in nodules and 0.23-0.38 in Josephine Peridotite). Olivines contain the least Rb and Sr (Rb = 0.055-0.27 ppm in nodules and 0.084-0.102 ppm in Josephine Peridotite, Sr = 0.11-3.5 ppm in nodules and 0.153-0.305 ppm in Josephine Peridotite) and give the highest ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7036-0.7 197 in nodules and 0.7089-0.7133 in Josephine Peridotite) and ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.19-2.06 in nodules and 0.8-1.73 in Josephine Peridotite). Nodules from Jacques Lake, depleted in Sr and undepleted in major elements, could be a MORB-source-type mantle. Other nodules represent somewhat less Sr-depleted mantle. Whole rock nodule data fall on or off the corresponding mineral isochrons. The latter phenomenon is due to relatively recent contamination with interstitial material having a high Rb/Sr ratio. "Synthetic" whole rocks, calculated from leached-mineral data, have higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than host basalts. Together with the well defined mineral isochrons, this supports the conclusion that the nodules and host basalts are not cognate. Equigranular nodules give a mid-Proterozoic mineral isochron date (1518-1537 Ma and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)₀ = 0.70185). Protogranular nodules give late Precambrian (645 Ma and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)₀ = 0.7037. early-mid Paleozoic (276-576 Ma and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) ₀ = 0.7024-0.7032) and Mesozoic (104 Ma and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)₀ = 0.7029) isochron dates. Porphyroclastic nodules do not define reliable mineral isochrons, but also show evidence of old age (at least 560-790 Ma and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)₀ = 0.7028-0.7030). Depleted Josephine Peridotite gives middle Paleozoic mineral isochron dates (366-441 Ma and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)₀ = 0.7038-0.7041), in conflict with the general view that the Josephine Peridotite was generated in Late Jurassic time. This implies that the ophiolite base does not necessarily have the same age as overlying volcanic rocks and dykes. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate