The outcomes of the paint stewardship program in British Columbia are examined to assess whether the objectives of the program and the principles of product stewardship are being achieved. The objectives are to: 1) compel the paint industry and consumers to take responsibility for waste paint; 2) minimize the volume of paint landfilled; 3) raise consumer awareness about the impacts on the environment of excessive waste generation, and the need to opt for environmentally friendly practices.' The methods of research used include secondary literature, a survey and interviews. Due to the unavailability of some crucial data, I could not carry out a proper program assessment. The following are some insights into the program: 1) waste paint collected increased from 1,300,000 equivalent litre containers in 1995 to nearly 3,000,000 in 1997. However, without knowing the volume of paint sold annually, these figures reveal little about the effectiveness of the program; 2) Of the residual paint collected in 1997, 51% was recycled into products other than paint, 30 % involved energy recovery, 11% was landfilled, while 8% was reused. I discussed the need to increase the volume of paint reused as doing so prevents the problem of waste paint from arising in the first instance. There are both benefits and flaws associated with the process of recycling. Compared to reuse, recycling does relatively little to solve the problem of waste reduction; 3) In the absence of crucial data, the objective of compelling the paint industry and consumers to take responsibility for waste paint is so far merely theoratical. The paint program is consumer funded and industry operated. In practice, a 50c ecofee/litre paint has not served as an incentive to encourage consumers to bring residuals to a depot. Nor has it resulted in meaningful changes in consumption habits. A 50c ecofee also means that paint sales will not likely be affected. It appears the industry is charging this low fee despite the fact that it does not lead to the achievements of the objectives outlined for the program. While a paint program is now in place for the processing of residual paint, the program cannot be assessed based on its objectives. To enable meaningful program evaluation, the primary recommendation is for the authorities monitoring the program to collect the relevant data over time in order improve program effectiveness. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to gather information about the demographic variables and responsibilities of British Columbian itinerant teachers of the deaf and hard of hearing, investigate if these teachers experience occupational stress, determine the relationships between these variables and their stress levels, and to determine which manifestations of stress were most prevalent for this population. Two questionnaires were used in this study: the Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI), which was a standardized measure of stress, and the Itinerant Teacher Questionnaire (ITQ), which was a self-created questionnaire to gather information about demographics and itinerant responsibilities. The survey packages were mailed during the months of May and June 1998, to 92 itinerant teachers of the deaf and hard of hearing in BC, Canada. The response rate was 76% (n=70). The demographic information and responsibilities of the typical BC itinerant teacher of the deaf and hard of hearing were presented and discussed. This was the first project of its kind in BC to examine these variables, and it has created a database of information for further research and comparisons. Using the TSI and its norms, it was determined that BC itinerant teachers of the deaf and hard of hearing experience lower levels of stress than American teachers. However, caution should be exercised when comparing BC itinerant teachers to the norms, because the norms were collected from the northeast, mid-Atlantic, and southeastern states of the US. From the questionnaires and a multiple regression analysis, the predominant sources of stress for these teachers were determined to be: work overload, lack of time, high numbers of personnel worked with, poor ability to have rooms assigned in a school, poor quality of rooms worked in, weather interference during travel, and poor communication with school personnel. Using the TSI, emotional (anxious, depressed, etc.) and fatigue (physical exhaustion, weakness, etc.) manifestations of stress were the highest rated symptoms of stress experienced by BC itinerant teachers of the deaf and hard of hearing. Results, implications, concerns, and suggestions for further study are discussed. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Seven soils with deep surface horizons high in organic matter occurring in south-eastern Vancouver Island in an unique environment were elucidated. The climate is similar to that of the northern Mediterranean. The vegetation consists of a grass and Garry oak (Querous gavvyana) parkland on the more xeric sites. This vegetation is believed to be part of a biosequence of grass, Garry oak and Douglas fir {Psuedotsuga menziesii). Four sites were located under vegetation consisting of grass and scattered Garry oak, two sites under Garry oak and one under Douglas fir. In the first paper, Dark Soils of the Victoria Area, Vancouver Island I Environment, Morphology and Genesis, the soils and the environment are described. All the soils were classified into the Canadian and American Systems of Soil Classification. The soils were all classified as Sombric Brunisols except for the one under Douglas fir which was classified as a Sombric Podzol according to the Canadian System of Soil Classification. In the second paper, Dark Soils of the Victoria Area, Vancouver Island, II Physical, Chemical, Mineralogical Properties and Genesis, the results of the physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis are discussed. The soils are coarse textured and are all characterized by high amounts of organic matter in the surface horizon. The organic matter has an influence on many of the soil properties. Most weathering in these soils occurs in the surface horizons. In the third paper. Natural Organo-Mineral Complexes in Some Sombric Soils of the Victoria Area, Vancouver Island, the natural complexes of surface horizons were separated and studied. The separates in this study included: coarse silt (50-20M), fine silt (20-2u), coarse clay (2-0.2y) and fine clay (<0.2y). Most of the soils organic matter was found to be associated with the fine silt and coarse clay fractions. The amount of organic matter per centimeter square in the coarse and fine clay was found to be nearly constant. The finer fractions were associated with the more humified organic matter. The importance of the binding or bridging cations were found to be in the order: Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn = Mg in these soils. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A study was made to: ( i ) investigate the nature and the structural organization of the inorganic amorphous system in podzol soils of British Columbia, (ii) evaluate the relationships between this natural system and artificial amorphous iron-aluminosilicate systems. Results of this study are described in a series of three papers, each describing phases of this study. The successive selective dissolution analysis, combined with infrared spectroscopy technique proved to be suitable for qualitative as well as quantitative determination of the inorganic amorphous system of the soils studied. A structural model for artifical amorphous iron-aluminosilicate systems is discussed and although not considered to be perfect, presents a useful picture of iron-aluminosilicate structures as it offers an explanation for some of the experimental findings recorded. Strong correlations have been found through chemical and physical analyses between the amorphous inorganic system of the soils studied and artificially-prepared iron-aluminosilicate systems, and close structural organization between the two systems is inferred. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This study is concerned with the relationship between consumers' social class and family status characteristics and some spatial aspects of their shopping behaviour. In the past much of our understanding of how consumers behave spatially has been derived from studies of retail structure, and thus it has to be assumed that consumers behave in the same fashion; and where studies have looked at variations in behaviour they have concentrated on differences in retail demands or differences in the single, personal attributes (e.g. income or ethnic origin) which influence behaviour. Many of these personal attributes are interrelated, and in this study two such interrelationships are identified - social class and family status. A sample survey of consumers was undertaken in Metropolitan Vancouver, Canada; and using factor analysis it is possible to identify, and measure consumers according to, three dimensions (or interrelationships) among the socio-economic and demographic attributes asked for in the survey - social class and older and younger family status (two similar dimensions result from respondents being asked to identify their children by age group). Social class and family status are then related to two aspects of consumer spatial behaviour - travel behaviour, and in particular the distance and frequency travelled to shop for various goods and secondly the specific department store and its location chosen by the consumer. It is found that the higher the social class group, the greater the frequency shopping goods were purchased and the greater the distance travelled for groceries and dress. But for goods required less frequently and/or lacking a specialty nature (furniture, appliances and footwear) the differences in distance are not significant. On the family status dimension the low group (small families, invariably older and without children) often travel significantly shorter distances than other groups; the former reside mostly in the older areas, close to major shopping centres, and/or tend to shop at the nearest centre. Department-store preference is found to vary according to area. A significant polarisation of preference by social class is seen in downtown Vancouver, but in the outer suburbs, where the same firm has decentralised to widely differing social areas, similar allegiances are not found. Different department-store firms do not attract one particular family status group more than another. Differences are, however, related to geographic location with the downtown Vancouver and suburban stores attracting a significantly higher proportion of low and medium-high group consumers respectively. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The major purpose of the study was to capture a representative sample of natural language from the textbooks prescribed for use in the junior secondary curriculum for British Columbia schools, organize the sample for computer processing through the development of needed programs, develop a lexical analysis and describe the word and sentence characteristics of the samples organized by grades, subjects across grades, subjects within grades and textbook corpora. A number of hypotheses related to the distribution of frequently occurring words and a sub-set of representative sentence lengths across the corpora were then tested and a model was developed to aid in selecting lexically significant vocabulary from word lists based on samples from subject area textbooks. A stratified sampling model, applied to thirty-seven textbooks from seven subject areas, produced a Corpus of approximately a quarter million running words of natural language text based on 469 samples of approximately 500 words each. The results of the lexical analysis indicated that Grade 9 makes significantly greater reading demands in terms of volume of material (tokens) and vocabulary (word-types) than either Grades 8 or 10. Considerable diversity was exhibited in type and token distribution by grades, subjects, and textbooks but no apparent pattsrn emerged. However, use of Yule's K characteristic to determine the repeat rate frequency of word-types across the various corpora, revealed great variation in redundancy of word-types with the most striking differences exhibited in the samples from English textbooks and to some extent those from Home Economics and Commerce. Similar results were obtained in applying Yule's K as a measure of the repeat rate frequency for sentence lengths. Samples from English textbooks, again, exhibited exceptional variability in sentence length variety. These results were further substantiated by the analysis of other measures of variability based on computation of standard deviations, coefficients of variation, Pearson's skew factor and, to a lesser degree, the average number of sentences per 500 word sample. In all instances, organization of the samples by gross grade groupings tended to mask the real inherent variability of the samples organized by subjects and textbooks. Chi-square analyses of word and sentence distribution further substantiated the inherent variability revealed by the lexical analysis. Little uniformity was exhibited in the distribution of the most frequently occurring words in English and a representative sub-set of sentence lengths with the samples organized by grade levels, subjects across grades and subjects within grades. Grouping by gross grade level again masked subject variations. The style and content characteristics of the print materials prescribed for use in the separate subject areas are therefore significantly instrumental in affecting the frequency of occurrence of even the most common words in English and a representative sub-set of sentence lengths. Further analysis of the word lists produced in the study substantiated the utility of developing an elimination technique, based on omission of the most frequently occurring words and the relatively rare words, to identify the significant vocabulary from word lists based on samples from texts in subject areas. The major conclusion of the study suggests that the print materials prescribed for use in junior secondary grades exhibit marked variability when examined on even the most straightforward of linguistic characteristics such as word and sentence frequency. It is suggested that this variability would be even more pronounced if analyses were developed based on other syntactic and semantic variables. The expertise of the subject area specialist and the reading specialist should be combined in developing instruction to maximize learning from print materials. Such instruction would best be based on materials organized by subjects across grades and by separate subjects within grades rather than on materials organized by gross grade groupings. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

The rapid growth in world population and industrial technology over the past few decades has resulted in increasing competition for the use of the earth's resources. This has caused what have been termed "resource-use conflicts", the resolution of which requires a "decision-making process". In order to understand the manner in which resource-use decision-making operates in British Columbia, some legal, economic, social, administrative, and environmental factors involved were examined. As a working example of such decisionmaking, a detailed case history of the application for a Pollution Control Permit from the provincial Pollution Control Branch by Utah Construction and Mining Corporation is presented. The controversy surrounding the Company's plans to dispose of 9.3 million gallons of mine tailings daily into Rupert Inlet on northern Vancouver Island resulted in the holding of a public hearing by the Pollution Control Branch, the passage of new environmental legislation, and a court case. These events cast considerable light on the manner in which resource-use decision-making, that involves consideration of environmental factors, operates in British Columbia. Many weaknesses in the decision-making process are apparent, particularly the reluctance of the decision-makers to consider critical environmental factors in arriving at a conclusion regarding the use of resources. Two experimental studies were undertaken: firstly, a brief survey of a number of mining operations in southern British Columbia to determine whether or not the administration of pollution control in the province was effectively preventing unacceptable deterioration in the quality of water draining the mined areas; and secondly, a study of the circulation of water in Rupert Inlet, and the effect of the tailings discharge on the turbidity of the water in the inlet, to test the validity of the basic assumptions behind the granting of a pollution control permit to Utah Construction and Mining Corporation. The objective of these two studies was to show that with a limited budget and in a limited time it was possible to determine the adequacy of the existing pollution control decisionmaking process. The survey of the quality of water draining areas of mining activity revealed that existing mechanisms were not effectively preventing unacceptable heavy metal pollution of water, and that conventional tailings disposal is frequently inadequate and unacceptable from an environmental standpoint. The oceanographic survey of Rupert Inlet demonstrated the falacious nature of the basic assumption underlying Utah's pollution permit. Both studies showed conclusively that the pollution control decision-making process was not operating satisfactorily in British Columbia and that with limited time and finances it was possible to generate some of the information necessary to an adequate decision-making process. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Urbanization in British Columbia has generally occurred by way of two processes. It has either occurred in relation to the establishment of a single enterprise community in the resource frontier, or, it has occurred in relation to the growth of established municipalities in which previously non urban areas surrounding established municipalities have become urbanized. The urbanization of previously rural areas has, in most cases, resulted in the need for basic municipal services as well as an institutional structure to administer these services and to provide a basic public decision-making structure in the community. Although in the case of single enterprise communities the Provincial Government has followed a definite policy in the implementation of an institutional structure in these communities, no definite policy has been achieved for the implementation of such a structure in what have become known as peripheral communities. These communities have been permitted to follow a number of alternate mechanisms for the provision and administration of services although incorporation under the Municipal Act or the Water Act has generally been viewed by these communities as the only viable mechanism for (i) the provision and administration of services and (ii) the implementation of a public decision making structure in the community. The investigation of one community's attempt to incorporate under both the Municipal Act and the Water Act revealed that the present incorporation process as it is presented in the Municipal Act and as it is prescribed by the Water Rights Branch is not as effective as it might be. This ineffectiveness was found to derive from two sources. The first of these sources was found to be the inflexibility of the corporate forms permitted under both the Municipal Act and the Water Act. In terms of the incorporation process as outlined in the Municipal Act it was found that the population criteria as well as obligations which are established for each municipal form deterred communities from assuming a local government structure for the reason that although communities had a sufficient population level, they were unable to financially support a local government structure of the type outlined in the Municipal Act. In terms of the incorporation process for water improvement districts a similar inflexibility was discerned although this inflexibility did not derive from the Water Act per se but, resulted from the interpretation of the Water Act by the Water Rights Branch and the Department of Municipal Affairs. These two agencies viewed water improvement districts as corporate bodies with only limited objects and powers. Consequently, communities wishing to incorporate under the Water Act for the exercise of a number of objects are deterred from assuming the status of water Improvement district. A second reason for the ineffectiveness of the incorporation process was found to be the lack of communication between the agencies entrusted with the incorporation process and the communities wishing to incorporate. It was found that this lack of communication resulted in (i) the failure of the agencies to perceive the institutional needs of these communities and (ii) the failure of communities to meet standard and act according to established procedures. To remedy the deficiencies of the present incorporation process, it is proposed that the incorporation process be made a "communicative" process which entails basically a three phase process. In the first phase known as the initiation phase, the community approaches the relevant agency and makes evident its need for a local government structure. In the second phase, known as the design phase, the community and the agency engage in a process of evolving a design which would best suit the institutional needs of the community. In the third phase, known as the incorporation phase, the incorporation of the community takes place. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

At the turn of the century, socialist groups of several different hues were active in British Columbia. Out of this variegated skein emerged the Socialist Party of Canada. For almost two decades it dominated left-wing politics in B.C., wielding extensive power in the labour movement and leaving behind it an ideological legacy which eventually filtered into the fledgling CCF. This study documents the conditions which led to the SPC's ascendancy, discusses its relationship with the early labour movement and examines the extent of Marxist influence on later socialist developments in the province. The dissertation employs an historical approach, supplementing library resources with correspondence and interviews with members of the old SPC. When reformist attempts of the late nineteenth century failed to improve conditions for the B.C. worker, labourism lost out to radicalism. The SPC was national in name only, for its doctrinaire Marxism evoked a significant response only in the unique political, industrial and social milieu of British Columbia. The rapid resource exploitation which gave rise to empires early in the province's history created a classical Marxist situation in some areas. The absence of party alignments in the early years of socialist activity, plus a following of radical immigrants from Britain, the U.S., and eastern Canada afforded the Marxists a large audience to which they addressed themselves with tireless propaganda efforts. Many SPC members were active in the labour movement as well, and were able to prevent the formation of a labour party for many years. When other parties finally did form with labour support, they were much farther to the left than were earlier labour parties. In large part this was due to the ambitious education program which characterized the socialist movement from its inception and ultimately became the Marxist's chief raison d'etre. Candidates were run solely for educational purposes. Once elected, however, SPC legislators found themselves in a balance of power position for a time and consequently their legislative accomplishments were considerable. The failure to adapt to Marxist theory to changing B.C. circumstances ultimately cost the Party credibility. Unable to withstand internal pressures or to respond to the political challenges of World War I, inflation, conscription, labour unrest, and the Russian Revolution, the SPC was gradually replaced by other groups on the left. However, the Party's adherence to a one-plank no-compromise platform did preserve the Marxist ideal in the province for later socialist groups. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Initial strontium isotopic ratios have contributed much to our understanding of the chemical, and related tectonic, evolution of the earth. Improved analytical techniques have recently provided a flood of precise strontium analyses which are very useful in the determination of the genesis of various rocks. The theories of sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics have prompted a new interpretation of the earth's chemical evolution, based on the tracer properties of radiogenic strontium. Strontium isotopic ratios are considered for rocks of various composition, environment and age: stony meteorites, oceanic and continental basalts, island arc and andesitic volcanics, anorthosites, carbonatites and alkaline intrusives, and granitic and sedimentary rocks. Special emphasis is placed on ultramafic rocks, believed in some circumstances to provide direct samples of the mantle regions of the earth. Here the rubidium-strontium geochemistry is studied for the different petrogenetic categories: oceanic ultramafics, alpine-type intrusions, concentrically-zoned bodies, nodules in alkali basalts and in kimberlites, and the layered ultramafic zones in major intrusions. Patterns revealed by the strontium distribution lead to a unique definition of the major chemical systems of the earth. These systems, and the ranges of their characteristic present-day Sr87/Sr86 ratios are: the lower (deep) mantle (0.701 to 0.703), the oceanic upper mantle (0.707 to 0.715), the continental upper mantle (0.703 to 0.706), and the continental crust (0.701 to 0.703+). The source of all surface magmatic rocks can be attributed to one or a combination of these reservoirs. Several mechanisms are proposed for the transfer of material from the internal to surface systems. A model, together with a computer-plot, is presented for radiogenic strontium evolution in the earth's major chemical systems. It includes the following present-day conditions: (1) an alpine-type ultramafic zone constituting primarily the oceanic, rather than the continental, upper mantle; (2) a common deep-mantle source for both oceanic tholeiitic and alkaline basalts; and (3) the possibility of at least two, and perhaps three, distinct reservoirs contributing to igneous activity from directly below the continental crust. A rubidium-strontium geochemical study was undertaken for the Shulaps Range and other ultramafic bodies in and near southwestern British Columbia. The Shulaps rocks, predominantly serpentinized harzburgites, yield Rb and Sr concentrations averaging 0.2 ppm and 4.2 ppm respectively, as determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis. The corresponding Rb/Sr ratio of 0.05 is fairly typical of alpine-type intrusions. Mass spectrometer analysis gives an average Sr87/Sr86 ratio of 0.7064 for these whole-rocks. This is just slightly below the range which is normally observed for alpine-type ultramafic bodies and which is believed to represent the oceanic upper mantle system. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate