Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1958. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 296-306).

Inaug.-Diss.--Heidelberg. / Lebenslauf. Vorliegende abhandlung ist ein teil der arbeit, die anfang 1908 unter dem titel: "Britisch-Westindien als gegenstand moderner wirtschaftspolitik" erscheinen soll. "Literatur" and "Quellen": p. [4].

The growth of population was an outstanding feature of the economic and social development of British Columbia, between 1951 and 1961. The effects of this remarkable growth on the distribution of population, among the census subdivisions of the province, is the particular aspect selected for study. Changes in population distribution result from areal inequalities of the rate of population growth and decline. These differences can be analysed in terms of the varying contributions of the natural and migrational components of population change in each part of the province. The "explanation" of redistribution is thus to be found in the factors which influence the action of the components of population change. This apparently straightforward approach to the topic is beset by a number of problems. Some arise from the concepts, methodology and techniques of population studies in general, as they are applied to the data available for the census subdivisions of British Columbia. Changes in the boundaries of the areal units and in the definitions of statistical categories also create difficulties. The demographic basis for the growth of population in the province as a whole is examined in Chapter Three. Several trends produced a greater relative importance of natural increase as a source of population growth, but net migration was still, in the nineteen -fifties, the major component of change. Estimates of the natural and migrational components of population change in each census subdivision, and in certain cities and municipalities are provided. Migration was the primary cause of regional variations in the rate of population change, although natural increase was far from uniform. Several generic types of population change are identified, to demonstrate the demographic processes and causal factors at work. In Chapter Four the growth in each part of the province is set into perspective, by considering the distribution of the total provincial growth of population. In this way, the extent to which each component of change was responsible for the shifts in the distribution of population can be assessed. Migration was more important than natural increase as a mechanism of adjustment between the initial distribution of population and the changes in the factors which shape the distribution pattern. [ ... ] / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The hypothesis for this study is that recreational automobile tourist patterns are urban-oriented and are a function of accessibility. British Columbia was chosen as a case study area in which this hypothesis could be tested. British Columbia was examined in terms of its accessibility by automobile from the rest of North America. Its internal characteristics were considered in relationship to its primary highway system. Tourist travel was analyzed in terms of American travel, regional points-of-origin of American and Canadian travellers, points-of-entry to British Columbia and regional distribution of traffic, regional distribution of tourist accommodation facilities and average traffic patterns. Published and unpublished studies conducted by the Federal and Provincial Governments were reviewed and pertinent data was extrapolated. The points-of-origin of most non-resident automobile tourists are the urbanized portions of the Pacific Coast of the United States and the province of Alberta. It is felt that these factors shall probably continue in the future, but that the demand for automobile recreational travel will continue to grow. Most automobile tourists visit British Columbia during the months of July and August. A relationship exists between ports-of-entry and time spent in the province which might, or might not, have a bearing on the propensity of tourists to travel deep into the province. It is felt that more convenient access to the Trans-Canada Highway, and to more northern points in the province from the southern interior, would increase the tendency of visitors to these areas, to travel north-wards. It was found that an increase in tourists entering the province at Prince Rupert occured in 1966. It is felt that this increase is largely attributable to improved access - the introduction of the Prince Rupert-Kelsey Bay ferry system in 1966, integrated with the already existing system joining the continental United States to Alaska. The loop tours made possible by recent improvements in the northern road system were found to coincide with a marked increase in travel to those regions. Recreational travel patterns in British Columbia were found to be urban-oriented and a function of accessibility, which agreed with the hypothesis of this paper and verified it. In view of this it is suggested that the Province of British Columbia might undertake the construction of a rationally conceived loop system of highways to serve tourism. It is felt that the role of accessibility, road geometries and split modes of travel (automobile and ferry) is worthy of more intense research. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Fresh water entering the inlets moves seaward, mixing with and entraining salt water from below. On the assumption that horizontal advection of salt is balanced by vertical diffusion, the magnitude and variation in time and space of the diffusion coefficient are determined by numerical evaluation of the differential equation describing this process. A method of systematically smoothing the data is established by solving the differential equation analytically. These solutions yield further information on the diffusion coefficient which is found to be nearly constant in the upper reaches of an inlet but increases rapidly towards the mouth in the brackish layer. A technique is developed for determining the total fresh water inflow to the inlets using precipitation observations and available river flow measurements. The results indicate that a significant proportion of fresh water enters from the sides at all times. The importance of this in theoretical studies is emphasized. The results are also analyzed for a possible relationship between inlet dimensions and intensity of mixing. A new method, based on the heat budget, is developed to determine the mean seaward movement of the brackish layer. This method is also applied to determine the depth from which salt water is entrained into the surface layer. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

This is a study of the negro migration to British Columbia in the mid-19th century. It is the story of the early coloured pioneers who came to the colony from California to escape oppression. Here is a glance at the early history of the Canadian west coast from the standpoint of one of the many minority groups who once settled there. The first of the negro immigrants arrived in Victoria, Vancouver Island in April of 1858, when the gold rush to the Fraser River was just beginning. While many preferred to try their luck at the diggings, others remained in the town where they prospered as merchants, barbers, restaurant and saloon keepers and ordinary labourers. Not wishing to live in segregation as they had been forced to do in California, they fitted themselves into the life of the settlement to a remarkable degree. The coloured townspeople were particularly active in colonial politics, and when they voted en bloc, they could, and sometimes did control the outcome of elections, a situation which aroused antagonism toward them. Several negroes ran as candidates in colonial and municipal elections and one of them, Mifflin Wistar Gibbs was not only elected to the City Council, but later on leaving the colony became the first negro Judge in the United States and was eventually appointed United States Consul to Madagascar. The first volunteer military unit on Vancouver Island, the Victoria Pioneer Rifle Corps was composed entirely of coloured men. After much discouragement at the hands of the whites, the negro soldiers disbanded, but at least they deserve the credit for being the first to volunteer and to prepare themselves for the defence of the colony. Other important centers of negro settlement were on Salt Spring Island, where they established themselves as farmers and ranchers, and in the gold fields where they panned the bars of the Fraser River and the creeks of the Cariboo country. While it is doubtful if many became wealthy as miners, some became prosperous business men supplying the economic needs of the pioneer settlements. The coloured people had not entirely escaped prejudice by their northward migration however, for it followed them from California on every gold rush steamer, and even the British settlers were not entirely blameless. Attempts were made in Victoria to segregate them in the churches and theatres, and to exclude them from the public bars. On Salt Spring Island the situation appears to have been somewhat different, for on the fringe of settlement, any neighbour, regardless of his colour, was a decided asset, and in the mining country men were generally judged by the amount of money in their pockets rather than by the colour of their skin. By the mid-1860’s the gold excitement had almost died away bringing a period of depression to Vancouver Island. In the United States the Civil War had come to an end and slavery had been abolished. Now it was no longer necessary for the coloured people to continue their self-imposed exile and many decided to return to the United States. As this movement progressed, the race problem in the colony diminished, and in time the fact that there had ever been an extensive settlement of negroes in British Columbia was forgotten. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Aiken Lake map-area lies in the Cassiar District of north-central British Colombia between 56°00' and 57°00’ north and longitudes 125°00' and 126°00' west. It is a relatively rugged, glaciated area lying almost entirely within the Omineca-Cassiar Mountain System. The oldest rocks within the map-area are quartz-mica schists, garnetiferous schists and quartzites of probable Proterozoic age conformably overlain by Lower Cambrian chlorite schists, slates, quartzites, and limestones. A relatively large area of these Proterozoic and Cambrian rocks has been further metamorphosed to feldspathized quartzite and gneiss. A total of nearly 30,000 feet of interbedded volcanic pyroclastic and true sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Devonian or Mississippian to Upper Triassic outcrops in a broad belt across the central part of the map-area. These rocks are intruded by dykes, sills, stocks, and batholiths of Upper Jurassio or Lower Cretaceous age. The intrusive bodies range from granite to pyroxenite in composition, granodiorite being the dominant rock type. A body of conglomerate at least 5500 feet thick of probably Lower Cretaceous age, containing many pebbles of intrusive rocks, is faulted into Triassic or Upper Palaeozoic rocks. The Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian rocks have been folded, apparently during their period of metamorphism, into large anticlinoria. The planes of schistosity of the metamorphosed rocks lie approximately parallel to the limbs and to the crests of the anticlinoria. The grade of regional metamorphism of these rocks increases uniformly as lower stratigraphic horizons are reached. Known mineral deposits within the area are almost entirely confined to the Lower Cambrian and Proterozoic schists and limestones, or to the aureoles of the Jurassic-Cretaceous igneous bodies. Those in the Lower Cambrian and Proterozoic rocks are typically of the lead-zinc-silver type. Many of these mineral occurrences have no known association with igneous rocks. The deposits found within the aureoles of the Jurassic-Cretaceous igneous bodies have characteristic gold-quartz, gold-copper, or copper-lead mineralization. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This thesis deals with the development of the militia of British Columbia during the period 1871-1914 and takes into account the various economic, political, and social factors within British Columbia which affected its growth This includes an examination of the causes, both internal and external, which induced certain individuals or groups of people in the province to agitate for the establishment of militia units, and the Dominion policy towards this agitation. In this latter respect it takes into account the strength and weaknesses of the militia system both in the Dominion as a whole and within the province of British Columbia. It deals briefly with Imperial defence policy in general, and Canadian-Imperial relations concerning the defence of British Columbia, in particular Esquimalt. The various British proposals for the joint defence of the naval station, the Dominion policy concerning such proposals and the negotiations which led to joint defence agreements are considered. The author concludes that policy concerning the defence of British Columbia originated not with the Dominion Government, but with the Imperial authorities. Some examination is made of the effect of a permanent regular garrison upon a volunteer militia in the way of instruction, example, etc., and of Canadian policy towards the establishment of a permanent garrison at Esquimalt. The historical significance of the work lies in the fact that, with the exception of Mr. R.H. Roy’s article, The Early Militia and Defence of British Columbia, 1871- 1885, there has been no examination of the early military history of this province. Canadian military history, including that of the various provinces, has as yet been but slightly examined by historians. It offers a wide field for research. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The history of the disposal of Crown lands in British Columbia is in reality the history of the economic development of the province. It covers the progress of British Columbia from its days as a hunting and trading preserve of the Hudson's Bay Company through its brief colonial period and formative years as a province down to its years of rapid settlement and development in the decade before 1913. Once the colonial period had passed, the attack upon the natural resources began in earnest. So rich and abundant did those resources of land, mine, forest, and water prove that British Columbia found itself launched into an industrial era almost before adequate legislation had been framed to deal with its land and resources. Legislation was necessary to guide the economic progress of the province and to establish regulations governing the disposal of Crown land and its appurtenant resources of mineral, timber, and water. The laws were framed always with a view to accomplishing three things - encouraging settlement, forestalling speculation, and securing revenue. Since in every case the basis of provincial legislation was to be found in the proclamations and ordinances framed from 1858 to 1864 by Governor Douglas, a survey of colonial regulations is needed to clarify subsequent policy. To assist him in framing proclamations for guiding the progress of the two colonies, Douglas looked to the Colonial Office, the terms under which the Hudson’s Bay Company had held Vancouver Island, and his own judgment. The first regulations adhered closely to principles laid down by the Colonial Office. Douglas was carefully instructed to ward off speculation in public lands by making beneficial use of the criterion of alienation. No agricultural land was to be pre-empted other than by bona fide settlers. Land was not to be sold without some guarantee that it would be improved. Timber leases were to be granted only to the operators of saw Mills. Miners could not divert water from streams unless it was needed at once. By 1871 the principle of beneficial use had been so thoroughly established in law that it was never thereafter abandoned. Practice, however, was at variance with principle and until the McBride ministry had devised adequate administrative machinery after 1909 little could be done to enforce regulations. Secondly, Douglas was instructed to reserve certain rights to the Crown. Gold, wherever found, was so reserved; by 1913, silver, coal, natural gas, and oil had been added. Land for government purposes was similarly reserved to the Crown. As for other principles, Douglas found he could not enforce them in the face of existing conditions. Sale of land by auction did not work, nor did insistence upon immediate payment. Neither principle could prevail for long. To secure money, Douglas soon discovered he must dispose of lands on easy terms. Had the Colonial Office seen fit to heed Douglas's plea to lend credit to the new Pacific colonies to relieve them of the pressing need for money, the subsequent wholesale alienation of large tracts of the best land at very low prices would have been unnecessary. Beneficial use, sale only by auction, cash sales, and survey prior to alienation could all have been firmly established and carefully supervised. As it was, British Columbia did none of these things and indeed, became the only province in Canada where land could be alienated prior to survey. Prom 1871 to 1913 British Columbia followed the pattern set in colonial days. The only reason the province retained ninety per cent of the timber stands was that, before legal safeguards were enacted, timber was regarded more as a nuisance than as an asset. But the necessity for securing revenue by selling or otherwise disposing of Crown lands on as easy terms as possible established a pattern of thinking that was to see the reckless alienation of millions of acres of land to railway promoters between 1883 and 1900. Much of the land was later repurchased. And because of the difficulties which arose between the Dominion and the province over jurisdictional conflicts stemming from the presence of a forty-mile strip of land through the heart of the province granted in exchange for rail connections with eastern Canada, enough ill-feeling was engendered to make the allotting of Indian reserve lands one of the most vexed problems In provincial history. Crown lands in unlimited quantity were disposed of to land and timber speculators and railway promoters from 1871 to 1900. Not until 1900 did provincial governments begin to question the wisdom of such wholesale alienation. Land was so eagerly sought from 1905 to 1913 that effective machinery was finally devised to regulate its disposal on terms most favourable to the province. Pre-emptions were inspected, water rights were clarified, timber lands were placed under reserve for sale of the timber by auction only, extensive surveys of agricultural lands were made, and settlement was at last directed to areas served by communication facilities. By 1913 Crown lands and their natural resources were recognized for what they were - priceless expendable assets and the people’s heritage - no longer to be disposed of heedlessly but rather to be conserved for posterity. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

No abstract included. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate