Texte remanié et abrégé de: Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--Universität Mannheim, 1998. / Bibliogr. p. 158-173. Index.

Habilitationsschrift--Mainz, 1979-1980.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Archäologie--Tübingen, 1973. / Bibliogr. p. IX-XI. Index.

西周金文中稱呼為「師某」（「師某父」）的一類人，以前往往認為「師」是其官職。張亞初、劉雨的《西周金文官制考》一書將這些人與大師等放在一起，列為「師官類官」。前人在談及這一類人的時候，往往結合單篇的銘文對他們的身份進行確認，因此出現了「師」是「師氏」的簡稱或者「大師」的簡稱等看法。這些觀點由於取材範圍過窄，或者由於有結論先行的弊病，故而有失偏頗。西周金文中這些稱作「師某」的人是一類較為特殊的人群，他們的官職各不相同，許多人確實是武官，且有帶兵打仗的記錄，但也有一些人的職責與軍事無關或者不直接相關。西周時期的官制系統已較為成熟，不應出現一種官職名稱對應多種差別巨大的職責範疇的現象，因此「師某」的稱呼並非以官職冠於私名之上。職責差別之外，「師」的社會地位有高下的不同，並且上司和下屬、子輩和父輩祖輩可以同時稱為「師」，前者說明「師」不是一種尊稱，後者說明「師」不是一種世襲的爵位。在地緣方面，「師」大都集中在周人的兩個重要的活動中心----宗周和岐周。而在血緣方面，「師」表現出一定的家族性特征，在宗周和岐周也分別有一個由「師」組成的家族。「師」的家族具有著深厚的歷史傳承，是較為強大的地方勢力。總而言之，師是西周時期宗周地區對某些具有一定社會地位的有官職的貴族的稱呼，他們擁有一定的功業或者社會名望，同時也擁有強大的家族勢力。This dissertation takes issue with the interpretation that people in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions referred to by "Shi師X" (or "Shi師X fu父") had to have been officials because of these names, and argues against the view that these names were associated with or abbreviations of the offices called "Shi shi師氏" or "Da shi大師". Point in fact, people whose names were preceded by "Shi 師" had wide-ranging duties. They were military officers, secretaries, education officials, and even regents. The Western Zhou had a sophisticated official system, and it is unlikely that one position was set to administer such a multitude of tasks and duties. In addition, people of different classes and of different generations could be called "Shi 師", and a collation of all the data suggests that it was not an honorific appellation nor a hereditary title. Archaeological information from unearthed bronzes with inscriptions reveals that these people called "Shi師X" were centered mainly in Zong Zhou宗周 and Qi Zhou岐周, these two places being the political and religious centers of the Western Zhou rulers. I argue that "Shi" was a term used by nobles who possessed a certain amount of meritorious deeds or attained a certain social status.

No description available.

This dissertation examines the vital role of bronze in the political, economic, and cultural interactions in the southern borderlands during the period of the Zhou dynasty (1045-256 BCE) in present-day Hubei province, China. It shows how the bronze economy – the production, exchange, and consumption of bronze goods – transformed the borderlands landscape. It adopts a bottom-up perspective and argues that instead of controlling the redistribution of metal, the Zhou state competed and negotiated with the local powers on the acquisition of metal resources. The regional states and indigenous polities were not passively acculturated to the Zhou center but developed local bronze culture and casting technology. Through the economic perspective, this dissertation examines social interaction not in the traditional binary of center and periphery or the royal domain and regional states but in politico-economic zones transcending political boundaries. Based on textual, archeological, and paleographical evidence, it discusses how the indigenous people in the southeastern Hubei mining region joined a transregional economic network. It also traces metal exchange, bronze production, and technology innovation in the Sui-Zao Corridor, the crossroads connecting north and south throughout the Zhou dynasty. This dissertation uses archaeometallurgical method to examine the circulation of bronze-smelting knowledge between Sujialong and other mining societies. Statistical analysis of the Sifangtang cemetery makes it possible to reconstruct the changing societal organization at the Tonglüshan mines under different political powers. This dissertation argues that the bronze economy led to unique ways of social interaction and created transregional social networks, and thus shaped the southern borderlands of the Zhou dynasty.

Although Rembrandt van Rijn owned over eighty pieces of sculpture, studies regarding his use of the collection are in short supply and tend to be either formal, tracing the few images of sculpture in Rembrandt's oeuvre to those listed in his 1656 bankruptcy inventory, or else they refer to his use of classical sculpture in general terms as an inspiration for his history paintings. This study shifts emphasis from formal and iconographic issues to Rembrandt's studio practices and working methods. It examines his manipulation of the border between reality and illusion (what Ovid termed "the art that conceals art"): his effort to "incarnate" his sculptural sources by wrapping them in textiles and giving them the appearance of flesh. Seventeenth-century theory provides the foundation for this hypothesis: artists/theorists such as Karl van Mander, Peter Paul Rubens, and Philips Angel promoted the judicious use of sculpture and encouraged artists to transform its marmoreal surface into pliant flesh; Van Mander advised painters to make the thin garments of classical statues more appropriate for Northern paintings by wrapping them in woolen cloth; he also encouraged artists to "steal arms, legs, hands, and feet" from works of art and synthesize them into new creations. Esteemed precedents also support the hypothesis: recent studies of Cornelis Cornelius van Haarlem, Hendrick Goltzius, and Bartholomeus Spranger examined their use of Renaissance bronzes, an inexpensive and plentiful source that Rembrandt also seems to have tapped. Paragone, a popular debate in both Amsterdam and Leiden, is another facet of this study. Empirical observations reveal patterns in Rembrandt's use of sculpture: several etchings of his studio show busts adorned with hats or wrapped in fabric (a practice also described in a seventeenth-century poem about Rembrandt); a number of his head studies, genre, and history paintings suggest that he used busts of Roman emperors for models. The less subtle artistry of his students and his colleague Jan Lievens also exposes their use of clothed statues and thereby corroborates the hypothesis that Rembrandt's reliance on sculpture for models was more prevalent and artful (in the sense of covert) than has previously been noted. / Art History

Les phonons mous et le couplage électron-phonon sont considérés comme responsables d’un grand nombre de transition de phase. Pour en comprendre complétement les mécanismes, il est nécessaire d’étudier à la fois les modifications structurales, les changements de configuration électronique et les dynamiques de réseau cristallin. De toute évidence, cela représente une charge de travail expérimental et théorique considérable, voire même hors d’atteinte.Néanmoins, il est parfois possible d’introduire certaines simplifications et d’ainsi rendre une telle étude réalisable. C’est le cas pour les deux systèmes au cœur de ce travail de thèse, pour lesquels la transition de phase peut être diviser en deux instabilités : l’une est structurale, intrinsèque aux éléments constitutifs du système et l’autre, superposée, provient de la configuration électronique. L’interaction entre ces instabilités est illustrée à travers l’exemple de deux systèmes à priori hétérogènes, la famille des bronzes monophosphate de tungstène d’une part et l’antimoine d’autre part, qui révèleront finalement posséder des similarités inattendues. La combinaison des techniques de diffusion diffuse et de diffusion inélastique de rayons X permet des observations qualitatives et une meilleure compréhension de la situation pour les deux systèmes.Les bronzes monophosphate de tungstène font partie de la famille des oxydes quasi-2D, (PO2)4(WO3)2m, qui ont la particularité d’être sujet à des instabilités de type onde de densité de charges (ODC). Ces bronzes sont constitués d’une structure de perovskite vide composée par des couches octaédriques (WO3)2m. L’épaisseur de chacune de ces couches est définie par la valeur de m, qui mène ainsi à différents types de phase d’ODC. Le cas du terme m=2 a aussi été étudié car le fait que les chaînes zig-zag y soient isolées conduit à une instabilité quasi-1D. La présence d’une phase d’ODC a été découverte à TC=270K avec q=0.25b*. Cette phase est engendrée par le mouvement à corps rigide, plus exactement, par les basculements corrélés des octaèdres. Pour les autres termes (m=6,7 et 8), l’instabilité structurale a une origine différente et est liée à l’agencement en couches de WO3, plus particulièrement aux déplacements corrélés des chaînes W-O-W-O. Ces derniers sont la cause d’une forte diffusion diffuse sur des plans spécifiques, résultant de la présence de phonons ’relativement’ mous localisés dans la même région. Ensuite, l’emboitement de la surface de Fermi quasi-2D est à l’origine de l’ancrage du vecteur de modulation sur une valeur spécifique de transfert de moment, définit par l’interaction de deux instabilités, structurale et électronique. De façon remarquable, l’amplitude des déplacements des atomes de tungstène dans le terme m=8 est beaucoup plus élevée que dans le m=6.L’antimoine à température ambiante possède une structure rhomboédrique, dérivant d’une légère distorsion de la structure cubique primitive (CP) par transition de Peierls. Sous pression, la distorsion se réduit sans toutefois disparaître complétement, puisque l’antimoine se transforme dans un premier temps en une série de structures complexes, pour finalement adopter celle possédant la plus grande symétrie, la structure cubique centrée (CC). De la même façon que pour les bronzes, les caractéristiques de la diffusion diffuse ainsi que, dans une certaine mesure, les particularités de la dynamique du réseau rhomboédrique, s’expliquent à travers de l’instabilité du réseau cubique primitif. Cette dernière est liée aux déplacements corrélés dans les chaînes avec direction pseudo-cubique <100>. En outre, les détails de la transition de phase peuvent être explicités par l’association de l’analyse des vecteurs critiques de la transformation CC-CP avec les résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur la dépendance en pression de l’énergie des phonons. / A large number of phase transitions can be interpreted as being driven by phonon softening and/or electron-phonon coupling. Thus, a full mechanistic description requires the understanding of structural transformation, changes in electronic structure and lattice dynamics. All together this represents an enormous, for many cases unrealisable, experimental and theoretical effort.However, with the introduction of appropriate assumptions the problem may be simplified. Here we concentrate on two systems, where the interpretation of the phase transition may be split into an intrinsic instability of the building blocks combined with a superimposed electronic instability. We illustrate the interplay between the framework and electron-phonon-related instabilities using the seemingly heterogeneous examples of phosphate tungsten bronzes and elementary antimony. Based on the combined results from diffuse and inelastic X-ray scattering, we propose for the two systems a picture that explains the experimental observations. The similarities found between these two systems are deemed to be rather surprising.Monophosphate tungsten bronzes are a family of quasi-2D-oxides, (PO2)4(WO3)2m, that exhibits charge density wave (CDW) instability. They contain empty perovskite WO3 slabs with varying thickness between different members, characterised by the $m$ value. This thickness defines the sequence of charge density wave phases that appear on cooling. The degenerate case of $m$=2, presenting a quasi-1D instability, was explored since the WO3-octahedra zig-zag chain is isolated. A CDW phase (TC=270K and q=0.25b*) is found to be linked to a rigid-body motion, precisely, to a correlation in the tilting of the octahedra. For the others studied members, as m=6,7 and 8, we found another kind of structural instability. In this case the origin comes from the WO$_3$ slabs framework, realised as correlated displacements of tungsten atoms along the octahedral 4-fold axis direction (W-O-W-O direction). This leads to a strong x-ray diffuse scattering localised in specific planes, linked to relatively soft phonons modes. Specific Fermi surface nesting, close to the 2D case, gives rise to a freezing of the modulations at the specific momentum transfer, defined by the interplay of two instabilities, the structural and electronic one. Remarkably, the displacements of W for m=8 are much superior than in m=6.Elemental antimony at ambient condition has an A7 rhombohedral structure, obtained by small distortion from primitive cubic (PC) lattice through a Peierls transition. Under pressure, the distortion is reduced, but remains finite, as antimony transforms through a series of highly complex structures, before adopting as last the highest-symmetry body-centred cubic (BCC) phase. The main diffuse scattering features and to some extent the peculiarities in the lattice dynamics of the A7 phase – as above - can be explained by the instability of the primitive cubic network with respect to correlated displacements along the chains with <100> pseudo-cubic directions. Analysis of critical vectors for the BCC-PC transformation together with experimentally obtained phonon-energies pressure dependence provides further insights into the details of the phase transformation.

稿本 / 論文(博士)--香港中文大學硏究院中國語言及文學學部,1992. / 參考文獻: leaves 703-736 / 朱國藩. / Chapter 第一章 --- 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 諸家疑偽說述評 --- p.9 / Chapter 第一節 --- 張之洞說 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二節 --- 衛聚賢說 --- p.33 / Chapter 第三節 --- 巴納說 --- p.54 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.89 / Chapter 第三章 --- 詞彙辨偽的新嘗試 --- p.92 / Chapter 第一節 --- 晉侯盤的啓示 --- p.92 / Chapter 第二節 --- 毛公鼎詞彙的重新考察 --- p.128 / Chapter 一、 --- 亡不閈于文武耿光 --- p.136 / Chapter 二、 --- ?堇大命 --- p.145 / Chapter 三、 --- 命女辥我邦我家内外 --- p.153 / Chapter 四、 --- 虩許上下若否雽四方 --- p.157 / Chapter 五、 --- 余非庸又昏，女毋敢妄寍 --- p.167 / Chapter 六、 --- ??大命、?夙夕 --- p.172 / Chapter 七、 --- ?、毋敢龔?，龔?迺敄鰥寡 --- p.185 / Chapter 八、 --- 善效乃友正 --- p.191 / Chapter 九、 --- 女毋敢? --- p.196 / Chapter 十、 --- 巳 --- p.199 / Chapter 十一、 --- 參有? --- p.203 / Chapter 十二、 --- 虎臣 --- p.206 / Chapter 十三、 --- 呂乃族干吾王身 --- p.211 / Chapter 十四、 --- 金雁 --- p.223 / Chapter 第三節 --- 小結 --- p.288 / Chapter 第四章 --- 毛公鼎銘文與傳世文獻及同期銅器銘文的比較 --- p.289 / Chapter 第一節 --- 毛公鼎銘文與傳世文獻的比較 --- p.289 / Chapter 一、 --- 舍命 --- p.290 / Chapter 二、 --- 金車 --- p.296 / Chapter 三、 --- 公族 --- p.300 / Chapter 四、 --- 師氏 --- p.303 / Chapter 五、 --- ?圭?寶 --- p.306 / Chapter 六、 --- ??? --- p.311 / Chapter 七、 --- 金甬逪衡 --- p.319 / Chapter 八、 --- 埶小大楚賦 --- p.323 / Chapter 九、 --- 卿事寮、大史寮 --- p.331 / Chapter 十、 --- 小子 --- p.334 / Chapter 第二節 --- 毛公鼎銘文與同期銅器銘文的比較 --- p.365 / Chapter 一、 --- 今余唯?巠先王命 --- p.366 / Chapter 二、 --- 無唯正昏 --- p.372 / Chapter 三、 --- 命女亟一方 --- p.385 / Chapter 四、 --- 取?卅? --- p.390 / Chapter 第五章 --- 總結 --- p.412 / Chapter 附錄 --- 毛公鼎銘文簡釋 --- p.416 / 毛公鼎器形拓本 --- p.674 / 毛公鼎銘文拓本 --- p.675 / 董作賓毛公鼎銘文摹本 --- p.682 / 陳介祺手題毛公鼎釋文 --- p.683 / 晉侯盤銘文拓本 --- p.684 / 引用銅器目錄 --- p.692 / 參考及徴引書目 --- p.703

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katiane Pereira da Silva.pdf: 8268889 bytes, checksum: fe86169cbfe78ea0598321da785e9b93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-23 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / The compounds Cs4W11O35 (CW) and Rb4W11O35 (RW) belong to the class of hexagonal bronzes whose structure originates from KxWO3 superconductor hexatungstate. Charge imbalanced tungsten bronzes are dielectric materials with rich polymorphism, ferroelectric properties and second harmonic generation. In this work we report polarized Raman spectra results for both CW and RW as well as results of high pressure Raman scattering experiments (0.0 11.0 GPa) for Cs4W11O35 system, for which we have observed two structural phase transitions at about 4 GPa and 7.5 GPa. We discuss these transformations and polarized Raman spectra, on basis on lattice dynamics calculation in the related system KNbW2O9. Polarized Raman spectra provide strong indicative that the highest wavenumber modes observed in these systems originates from tungsten or oxygen vacancies. The observation of a soft-like mode indicates that the observed phase transitions exhibit a displacive type behavior, thus further indicating that these transformations are likely related to reorientations of octahedral units. The soft mode nature is discussed as well. Additional, measurement of temperature dependent Raman spectra shows that the structure of CW is stable op to 800 K. Low temperature measurements reveal the existence of a new phase below 190 K. Temperature transformation lead the structure to a higher symmetric phase below 190 K. / Os compostos Cs4W11O35 e Rb4W11O35 pertencem à classe dos bronzes hexagonais cuja estrutura deriva do hexatungstato supercondutor KxWO3. Os bronzes hexagonais são materiais dielétricos com rico polimorfismo, apresentam propriedades ferroelétricas e Geração de Segundo Harmônico. Neste trabalho relatamos resultados de espectros Raman polarizado para ambos os sistemas e resultados de experimentos de espalhamento Raman em altas pressões (com faixa de pressão de 0,0 11 GPa) no sistema Cs4W11O35, para o qual observamos no mínimo duas transições de fase estrutural em aproximadamente, 4 GPa e 7,5 GPa. Discutimos estas transformações, assim como os espectros Raman polarizados destes materiais, com base em cálculo clássico de dinâmica de rede no sistema KNbW2O9, que possui estrutura similar à dos materiais em estudo. Os espectros Raman polarizado fornecem forte indicativos de que os modos de vibração de número de onda mais alto observados nestes sistemas são originados de vacâncias de tungstênio (W) ou de oxigênio (O). Nos resultados de espectroscopia Raman, observamos o aparecimento de modos do tipo soft, indicando que pelo menos umas das transições de fases estruturais observadas apresentam comportamento do tipo deslocamento, o que, além disso, indica que estas transformações são relacionadas provavelmente a reorientações dos octaedros. As comparações da dependência dos modos do tipo soft com a pressão nos materiais contendo Cs e Rb revelam que os raios iônicos influenciam no comportamento soft destes modos. Os estudos do tungstato de césio pra altas temperaturas mostraram que a estrutura deste material é extremamente estável para altas temperaturas. Já para baixas temperaturas foi observada em torno de 190 K uma transição de fase relacionada a fortes modificações na estrutura.