Reference samples are a vital part of the forensic analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence. Efficient processing and analysis of these sample types are required for comparative analysis of an unknown electropherogram (EPG) and forensic databasing purposes (12). These reference samples can be derived from blood swabs or cheek swabs, the latter also being known as buccal cell swabs (20, 22, 32). Buccal cells, or epithelial cells of the oral cavity, are the preferred cell type for known samples as their collection is non-invasive and painless (20-21). Buccal cell collection devices typically consist of a swab (cotton or foam) and a filter paper, commonly FTA paper (1). FTA paper contains proprietary chemicals that lyse cell membranes upon contact, trapping and stabilizing DNA for downstream processing (21, 34). FTA paper also inhibits bacterial and viral growth and protects against damage from UV radiation, nucleases and oxidation (21, 34). Some of the benefits of using FTA cards include the ability to store the cards at ambient temperature for years (21, 35, 37) and to perform direct amplification of the samples thereby removing the need to utilize DNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (32, 37, 39). The EasiCollectTM (EC) and EasiCollectTM + (EC+) Buccal Sample Collection Devices (General Electric (GE) Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK) have FTA sample collection cards that contain a proprietary dye that changes color from pink to white, indicating where colorless fluids, such as saliva, were likely deposited (42). This study consisted of four phases. Phase 0 determined the optimal amplification conditions, including number of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycles and an appropriate capillary electrophoresis (CE) injection time for high template, single source samples obtained from FTA cards using the EC and EC+ buccal cell collection devices. Samples were obtained from EC FTA cards with a Harris 1.2-mm Uni-Core Punch and amplified using the GlobalfilerTM Express PCR Amplification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) using the manufacturer’s protocol with 26, 27 or 28 PCR cycles (28). Fragment separation was achieved on an ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) with 5, 15 and 25 second (s) 1.2 kiloVolt (kV) injections. Samples were analyzed on GeneMapper® ID-X v1.4 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) with an analytical threshold of 150 RFU (relative fluorescence units) (31). It was determined that amplification with 26 PCR cycles was optimal for high template, single source samples from FTA cards in this laboratory. The three injection times were utilized in the remaining phases and no other parameters were changed. In Phase 1 of this study, the optimal collection method for the EC+ device from various processes was assessed using the following collection variables: 1) a dry or saliva-wet swab; 2) a circular or up-down/side-to-side motion; 3) 2, 3 or 4 motions; and 4) swabbing of one or both cheeks. This resulted in a total of 24 distinct collection processes. We found that collection techniques that involved wetting the foam head of the EC+ device provided higher peak heights, improved heterozygote balance (Hb) and minimized the rate of drop-out in EPGs. When swabbing two cheeks versus one, the median peak heights increased, indicating an increase in transfer of cellular material onto the FTA surface. The motion of swabbing - circular or up-down/side-to-side - did not have an effect on the overall quality of the EPG data. During Phase 2a, the distribution of cellular material was assessed for two collection processes that involved swabbing of two cheeks with a wet swab four times; the variation among the methods being the motion (circular or up-down/side-to-side). Two punches taken surrounding the original punch assessed during Phase 1 showed similar average peak heights (i.e. ca. 3500 RFU at a 5 s injection on the ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer) for both collection processes. No allelic drop-out was observed with either collection technique. Phase 2b compared the EPG signal of the EC and EC+ collection devices. The EC+ collection process used for this comparison involved rubbing a wet swab across two cheeks using four circular motions as this produced no allelic drop-out and fewer samples which saturated the CE laser detector. Therefore, this method provided more data for analysis. Samples from both devices produced comparable peak heights and PHRs above 0.6 with no allelic drop-out and stutter ratios below the thresholds set by the manufacturer (28). The EC+ device was found to be robust and provided full profiles using a minimalist sample collection method. However, the probability of drop-out increased as both the number of motions and the number of cheeks decreased. Based on this study, a collection using four circular motions divided between two cheeks with a wet swab is recommended with a 5 s, 1.2 kV injection on an ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer, since full DNA profiles were obtained with balanced heterozygote loci, expected stutter ratios, and acceptable levels of minus A artifact. Further, it was determined that this recommended collection method resulted in high-fidelity DNA signal for up to three punches. Thus, the EC+ device is reliable, easy-to-use and non-invasive for the collection of buccal cells for known reference samples. A sample obtained from the area of transfer on an FTA card from the EC+ device can produce an EPG of the quality required for the comparison of known samples to an evidentiary profile as well as for input of the genotype into a national forensic database.

Individuals of Tapirus polkensis from the Gray Fossil Site exhibit an excellent level of preservation. Intact skulls collected from the site were arranged in a rough age class system separated into 7 categories based on the teeth present and amount of dental wear. Such an eruption series is useful for general comparisons amongst the individual tapirs; however, the classes do not represent an age in years due to a lack of data on living tapirs. Consequently, it is possible that some age classes may contain several years of a tapirs life, or comparatively only a few months. In this study I placed ages on individuals of T. polkensis from the Gray Fossil Site based on age data taken from The Baird's Tapir Project of Costa Rica (Baird's Tapirs, T. bairdii) ranging from several months to 7 years in age. As eruption data is only useful for aging tapirs up to 7 years, this study also took dental wear into account for adult tapirs. After aging all possible individuals in the sample, the sample was compared to other studies on perissodactyl population structure. Interestingly, the T. polkensis sample is remarkably similar to modern populations of Diceros bicornis.

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Syfte: Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturöversikt var att analysera litteraturen avseende dimensionsförändringar av det buckala benet efter implantatkirurgi samt att undersöka vilka resultat som beskrevs i studier som mätte det buckala benets tjocklek. Material och metoder: Databaserna Medline, Cochrane Library och ISI Web of Science genomsöktes för att identifiera relevanta humanstudier som mätte det buckala benets tjocklek vid implantatkirurgi och följde resultaten i åtminstone 12 månader efter implantatplaceringen. Resultat: Från 834 identifierade publikationer, inkluderades totalt 3. 2 av dessa var prospektiva kliniska studier och 1 en systematisk litteraturöversikt. Den inkluderade systematiska litteraturöversikten kunde inte ge någon ytterligare information till frågeställningen. Horisontell och vertikal resorption av det buckala benet visades i båda observationsstudierna. Resultat av hård- och mjukvävnadsförändringar beskrevs liksom det inflammatoriska tillståndet i mjukvävnaden runt implantatet. Slutsats: Mer forskning behövs om dimensionella förändringar av det buckala benet efter implantatkirurgi på grund av metodologisk heterogenitet och bristen på studier. Angående den buckala bentjockleken kunde inget tröskelvärde identifieras avseende vilken dimension som bidrog till minst andel resorption. Dock verkar det som om viss horisontell och vertikal resorption av det buckala benet kan ske inom loppet av 12 månader efter implantatkirurgi. / Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the literature on alterations of the buccal bone dimensions following implant surgery, and what outcomes that were described in studies measuring the buccal bone thickness. Materials and methods: Medline, the Cochrane Library and the ISI Web of Science databases were searched to identify eligible human studies that measured the buccal bone thickness at delayed implant placement and followed the outcomes at least 12 months following implant placement.Results: From 834 identified publications, 3 were included. 2 of these were prospective clinical studies and 1 a systematic review. The included systematic review did not yield any additional information to the focused questions. Horizontal and vertical resorption of the buccal bone was demonstrated in both observational studies. Outcomes of hard and soft tissue changes were described as well as inflammatory state of the peri-implant mucosa.Conclusion: More research is needed concerning dimensional alterations of the buccal bone following implant placement due to methodological heterogeneity and lack of studies. No threshold regarding the buccal bone thickness and the degree of resorption could be identified. However, within the limitations of this review, results suggests that some horizontal and vertical buccal bone resorption may take place during the first 12 months following implant placement.

A evolução histórica do homem no trabalho demonstra através das condições de trabalho oferecidas, que estas interferem na qualidade de saúde bucal dos trabalhadores, podendo desencadear alterações na mucosa bucal, traumas e outros agravos. O presente estudo destacou principalmente uma visão mais detalhada desta evolução, atuação e conceito da Odontologia em Saúde do Trabalhador, permitindo a delimitação desta nova área de atuação do Cirurgião Dentista. O enfoque principal foi verificar as condições de saúde bucal de trabalhadores de uma Agroindústria do Sul do Brasil, onde os resultados deste estudo epidemiológico por amostragem indicaram um perfil onde maior parte dos examinados era do gênero feminino (58,82%), com grau de escolaridade (52,94%) e renda (R$ 382,06) baixa, com idade média de 28,3 anos, com tempo de empresa de 44,8 meses. Em relação ao nível de satisfação bucal 51,63% classificaram como regular, sendo que a média de última visita ao dentista foi de 25,51 meses alegando falta de tempo e oportunidade apesar da grande maioria ter relatado que já trabalhou com dor de dente (59,47%) e até mesmo fazendo uso de auto medicação para aliviar sintomas. O CPO-D encontrado foi 16,54, com média de 6,00 para o componente de dentes perdidos enfatizando grande necessidade de instalação de prótese (57,52%) para o maxilar superior e (64,05%) para inferior. Notou-se ainda grande necessidade de atenção à saúde periodontal, (79,82%) apresentava cálculos dentais favorecendo presença de gengivites (61,44%) e alta prevalência de disfunções ortodônticas (66,01%) com desalinhamento dental severo, podendo ser um dos desencadeadores de expressivo número de indivíduos com sintomatologia dolorosa de ATM (31,42%). Enfim, através deste levantamento epidemiológico, poder demonstrar a indispensável contribuição do Cirurgião Dentista especialista em Odontologia do Trabalho ao estar inserido no programa de saúde ocupacional de uma empresa, podendo realizar exames odontológicos específicos, no intuito de levantar dados que sinalizem uma atuação mais efetiva por parte da empresa na busca de uma saúde bucal e geral, resultando em melhoria na qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores e conseqüentemente num desenvolvimento produtivo mais eficiente, minimizando os riscos de complicações e acidentes de trabalho. / Men?s historical evolution at work shows, through the provided work conditions, that they interfere with quality of buccal health of the workers and may unchain alterations in the buccal mucosa, traumas and other problems. The present study has mainly highlighted a more detailed view of this evolution, work field and concept of the Worker Health Odontology and thus allowing the delimitation of this new work field for the Surgeon Dentist. The major focus was to verify the conditions of buccal health of the workers of a Brazilian southern Agroindustry, where the results of this epidemiological study by sample showed a profile where most of the examinees were women (58.82%), with education level (52.94%) and low income (R$ 385,06), average age (28) and who had been working for about 44.8 months. In relation to the level of buccal satisfaction, 51.63% classified it as regular, saying that their last visit to the dentist was 25.51 months before, claiming lack of time and opportunity, despite most of them said they had already worked with toothache (59.47%) and sometimes had to auto medicate so as to relieve the symptoms. The CPO-D found was 16.54, with 6.00 for the component of lost teeth, emphasizing great need for the use of prosthesis (57.52%) for the upper teeth and (64.05%) for the lower teeth. It has also been noticed that there is a great need for a better periodontal health care. 79.82% showed dental calculus, which may generate gingivitis (61.44%) and high prevalence of orthodontical dysfunctions (66.01%) with severe dental misalignment and may thus be one of the generators of a great number of individuals with painful sintomatology of TMA (31.42%). At last, through this epidemiological study, we can demonstrate the indispensable contribution of the Surgeon Dentist, specialized in Odontology at work, when they are inserted in the occupational health program of a company, where they can perform specific odontological exams, in order to generate data that may signal a more effective participation by the company, in search of buccal health and thus resulting in an improvement in life quality of the workers and consequently in a more effective productive development, minimizing the complication risks and work accidents.

A evolução histórica do homem no trabalho demonstra através das condições de trabalho oferecidas, que estas interferem na qualidade de saúde bucal dos trabalhadores, podendo desencadear alterações na mucosa bucal, traumas e outros agravos. O presente estudo destacou principalmente uma visão mais detalhada desta evolução, atuação e conceito da Odontologia em Saúde do Trabalhador, permitindo a delimitação desta nova área de atuação do Cirurgião Dentista. O enfoque principal foi verificar as condições de saúde bucal de trabalhadores de uma Agroindústria do Sul do Brasil, onde os resultados deste estudo epidemiológico por amostragem indicaram um perfil onde maior parte dos examinados era do gênero feminino (58,82%), com grau de escolaridade (52,94%) e renda (R$ 382,06) baixa, com idade média de 28,3 anos, com tempo de empresa de 44,8 meses. Em relação ao nível de satisfação bucal 51,63% classificaram como regular, sendo que a média de última visita ao dentista foi de 25,51 meses alegando falta de tempo e oportunidade apesar da grande maioria ter relatado que já trabalhou com dor de dente (59,47%) e até mesmo fazendo uso de auto medicação para aliviar sintomas. O CPO-D encontrado foi 16,54, com média de 6,00 para o componente de dentes perdidos enfatizando grande necessidade de instalação de prótese (57,52%) para o maxilar superior e (64,05%) para inferior. Notou-se ainda grande necessidade de atenção à saúde periodontal, (79,82%) apresentava cálculos dentais favorecendo presença de gengivites (61,44%) e alta prevalência de disfunções ortodônticas (66,01%) com desalinhamento dental severo, podendo ser um dos desencadeadores de expressivo número de indivíduos com sintomatologia dolorosa de ATM (31,42%). Enfim, através deste levantamento epidemiológico, poder demonstrar a indispensável contribuição do Cirurgião Dentista especialista em Odontologia do Trabalho ao estar inserido no programa de saúde ocupacional de uma empresa, podendo realizar exames odontológicos específicos, no intuito de levantar dados que sinalizem uma atuação mais efetiva por parte da empresa na busca de uma saúde bucal e geral, resultando em melhoria na qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores e conseqüentemente num desenvolvimento produtivo mais eficiente, minimizando os riscos de complicações e acidentes de trabalho. / Men?s historical evolution at work shows, through the provided work conditions, that they interfere with quality of buccal health of the workers and may unchain alterations in the buccal mucosa, traumas and other problems. The present study has mainly highlighted a more detailed view of this evolution, work field and concept of the Worker Health Odontology and thus allowing the delimitation of this new work field for the Surgeon Dentist. The major focus was to verify the conditions of buccal health of the workers of a Brazilian southern Agroindustry, where the results of this epidemiological study by sample showed a profile where most of the examinees were women (58.82%), with education level (52.94%) and low income (R$ 385,06), average age (28) and who had been working for about 44.8 months. In relation to the level of buccal satisfaction, 51.63% classified it as regular, saying that their last visit to the dentist was 25.51 months before, claiming lack of time and opportunity, despite most of them said they had already worked with toothache (59.47%) and sometimes had to auto medicate so as to relieve the symptoms. The CPO-D found was 16.54, with 6.00 for the component of lost teeth, emphasizing great need for the use of prosthesis (57.52%) for the upper teeth and (64.05%) for the lower teeth. It has also been noticed that there is a great need for a better periodontal health care. 79.82% showed dental calculus, which may generate gingivitis (61.44%) and high prevalence of orthodontical dysfunctions (66.01%) with severe dental misalignment and may thus be one of the generators of a great number of individuals with painful sintomatology of TMA (31.42%). At last, through this epidemiological study, we can demonstrate the indispensable contribution of the Surgeon Dentist, specialized in Odontology at work, when they are inserted in the occupational health program of a company, where they can perform specific odontological exams, in order to generate data that may signal a more effective participation by the company, in search of buccal health and thus resulting in an improvement in life quality of the workers and consequently in a more effective productive development, minimizing the complication risks and work accidents.

Introdução Este trabalho objetivou analisar a recente inserção da saúde bucal no Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) no que se refere ao vínculo, ao acesso, à integralidade da atenção e à resolutividade dos problemas de saúde bucal. Objetivo - Identificar as opiniões, percepções e necessidades dos usuários adultos da UBS Vila Espanhola, município de São Paulo, em relação à sua saúde bucal e ao serviço de atenção à saúde bucal a eles oferecido pelo PSF. Metodologia Pesquisa qualitativa, composta pelas seguintes etapas: observação sistemática das atividades da equipe de saúde bucal da UBS estudada e entrevista com os usuários adultos, maiores de 18 anos, que tiveram algum tipo de atendimento odontológico na UBS nos últimos 6 meses. Na fase de análise optou-se pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados Realizaram-se 25 entrevistas e percebeu-se que a inserção do PSF aumentou o acesso da população estudada na região da UBS, aumento que trouxe maior demanda por serviços especializados em odontologia. Contudo, os usuários não estão conseguindo utilizar esses serviços de atenção secundária em saúde bucal. As entrevistas também trouxeram algumas questões levantadas pelos usuários, como a constante troca de dentistas na equipe, comprometendo o vínculo, a falta de autonomia dos usuários com relação à própria saúde bucal, a da falta de credibilidade no setor público, a do papel do ACS na equipe, a da forma como são efetuados os grupos de escovação, a questão do espaço físico onde são realizados os atendimentos e a forma como é aplicado o princípio da equidade para priorizar os atendimentos. Conclusão - A inserção da saúde bucal no PSF trouxe alguns avanços, porém precisa ser reavaliada para realmente conseguir atingir suas principais propostas, como a integralidade da atenção, a equidade, entre outras. / Introduction This study aims to analyze the recent insertion of oral health in the Family Health Program PSF considering link, access, integrity of attention and in to oral problems resolution. Buccal Health, which has always been apart from health public politics in this country, has now the opportunity to, at last, be part of the Unified Health System. Objective Identify opinions, perceptions and necessities of the adults patients from Vila Espanhola UBS (Health Basic Unity), São Paulo city, in relation to dental health and the service of attention to buccal health offered by the PSF. Methodology Qualitative research made of the following steps: systematic observation of the activities done by the buccal health team of the studied UBS, and interview with the adult patients, older than 18, that had any kind of attention in the past six months. In the analyses phase, we opted by the content analysis. Results: It was done 25 interviews and it was noticed that the insertion of PSF increased the access of the studied population in the UBS region, however this increase brought a bigger demand by specialized oral services. The patients are not being able to have access to those secondary attentions in buccal health. The interviews also brought some patients question such as the constant changing of the dentists in the team - compromising the link, lack of patients autonomy in relation to their own oral health, lack of credibility of public politics, the roll of the ACS in the team, the way how it is applied the equity principle to prioritize the cares. Conclusion: The insertion of buccal health in the PSF brought some advances, however it needs to be reevaluated to really reach its main proposals as integrality of attention, equity among others needs.