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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de duas fontes energéticas (alto açúcar e alto amido (AA), alta fibra e alto óleo (FO)) na dieta de asininos e equinos, através de ensaios de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, características físico-químicas das fezes e parâmetros sanguíneos, vinculados ao metabolismo energético dos equídeos. Foram utilizados 20 equídeos, dez equinos da raça Quarto de Milha e dez asininos da raça Pêga, distribuídos no delineamento alternado do tipo Cross-Over, com duas fontes energéticas e duas espécies. As dietas experimentais foram compostas de 50% da energia proveniente do Feno Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) e 50% proveniente do concentrado, formulados a base amido e açúcar, e fibra e óleo. Foi observado efeito de dieta (p<0,05) sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente ácido, capacidade tamponante a pH 5 e pH 6 (maiores valores para dieta Fibra óleo) e sobre as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose (maiores valores para dietas açúcar amido. Observou-se efeito de espécie (p<0,05) sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de proteína bruta, sobre a capacidades tamponante à pH 5 e sobre as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose (maiores níveis glicêmicos observados para equinos). Houve efeito de tempo de coleta (p<0,05) sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de acetato. Para as concentrações sanguíneas e fecais de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta totais, propionato não houve efeito (p>0,05) de dieta ou de espécie. Dietas composta por predominância de volumoso acrescido de concentrado a base de amido e açúcar e fibra e óleo são igualmente aproveitadas pelos equídeos com destaque para a dieta fibra e óleo no aproveitamento de lipídios, sem causar efeito deletério sobre as características físico-químicas, o pH e a capacidade tamponante das fezes. Asininos são mais eficientes no tamponamento de ácidos intestinais. Os asininos apresentam maiores concentrações sanguíneas de AGCC totais e acetato nas fezes, porém não no sangue nas dietas a base de FO. A glicemia e insulinêmica de asininos é menor do que a de equinos. Dietas com açúcar e amido apresentam maiores níveis glicêmicos e insulinêmicos para ambas as espécies. Dietas a base de fibra e óleo se mostraram promissoras para ambas as espécies, em especial para os asininos. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inclusion of two energy sources (high sugar and high starch (AA), high fiber and high oil (FO)) in the diet of asinines and equines, through the trials of apparent digestibility of nutrients, physico-chemical characteristics of feaces and blood parameters, related to equine energy metabolism. Twenty equids, 10 Quarter Horse horses and 10 Pêga breed donkeys were used, distributed in an alternate Cross-Over type design, with two energetic sources and two species. Experimental diets were composed of 50% of the energy from the Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and 50% from the concentrate, based on starch and sugar, and fiber and oil. It was observed effect of diet (p<0.05) on the digestibility coefficients of ether extract and acid detergent fiber, buffer capacity at pH 5 and pH 6 (higher values for fiber and oil diet) and on blood concentrations of glucose (higher values for sugar and starch diet). It was observed effect of specie (p<0.05) on the digestibility coefficient of crude protein, on buffering capacities at pH 5 and on blood concentrations of glucose (higher glycemic levels observed for equines). There was effect of the collection time (p<0.05) on the plasmatic concentrations of acetate. For blood and fecal concentrations of short chain fatty acids, there was no effect for propionate (p<0.05) of diet or specie. Diets composed by predominance of forage plus concentrate based on starch and sugar, and fiber and oil are equally used by the equids with emphasis of the fiber and oil diet in the use of lipids, without causing deleterious effect on the physico-chemical characteristics, pH and buffer capacity of feaces. Donkeys are more effective in buffering intestinal acids and also have higher blood concentrations of total SCFA and acetate in faeces, but not in blood in FO-based diets.

No description available.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de duas fontes energéticas (alto açúcar e alto amido (AA), alta fibra e alto óleo (FO)) na dieta de asininos e equinos, através de ensaios de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, características físico-químicas das fezes e parâmetros sanguíneos, vinculados ao metabolismo energético dos equídeos. Foram utilizados 20 equídeos, dez equinos da raça Quarto de Milha e dez asininos da raça Pêga, distribuídos no delineamento alternado do tipo Cross-Over, com duas fontes energéticas e duas espécies. As dietas experimentais foram compostas de 50% da energia proveniente do Feno Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) e 50% proveniente do concentrado, formulados a base amido e açúcar, e fibra e óleo. Foi observado efeito de dieta (p<0,05) sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente ácido, capacidade tamponante a pH 5 e pH 6 (maiores valores para dieta Fibra óleo) e sobre as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose (maiores valores para dietas açúcar amido. Observou-se efeito de espécie (p<0,05) sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de proteína bruta, sobre a capacidades tamponante à pH 5 e sobre as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose (maiores níveis glicêmicos observados para equinos). Houve efeito de tempo de coleta (p<0,05) sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de acetato. Para as concentrações sanguíneas e fecais de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta totais, propionato não houve efeito (p>0,05) de dieta ou de espécie. Dietas composta por predominância de volumoso acrescido de concentrado a base de amido e açúcar e fibra e óleo são igualmente aproveitadas pelos equídeos com destaque para a dieta fibra e óleo no aproveitamento de lipídios, sem causar efeito deletério sobre as características físico-químicas, o pH e a capacidade tamponante das fezes. Asininos são mais eficientes no tamponamento de ácidos intestinais. Os asininos apresentam maiores concentrações sanguíneas de AGCC totais e acetato nas fezes, porém não no sangue nas dietas a base de FO. A glicemia e insulinêmica de asininos é menor do que a de equinos. Dietas com açúcar e amido apresentam maiores níveis glicêmicos e insulinêmicos para ambas as espécies. Dietas a base de fibra e óleo se mostraram promissoras para ambas as espécies, em especial para os asininos. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inclusion of two energy sources (high sugar and high starch (AA), high fiber and high oil (FO)) in the diet of asinines and equines, through the trials of apparent digestibility of nutrients, physico-chemical characteristics of feaces and blood parameters, related to equine energy metabolism. Twenty equids, 10 Quarter Horse horses and 10 Pêga breed donkeys were used, distributed in an alternate Cross-Over type design, with two energetic sources and two species. Experimental diets were composed of 50% of the energy from the Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and 50% from the concentrate, based on starch and sugar, and fiber and oil. It was observed effect of diet (p<0.05) on the digestibility coefficients of ether extract and acid detergent fiber, buffer capacity at pH 5 and pH 6 (higher values for fiber and oil diet) and on blood concentrations of glucose (higher values for sugar and starch diet). It was observed effect of specie (p<0.05) on the digestibility coefficient of crude protein, on buffering capacities at pH 5 and on blood concentrations of glucose (higher glycemic levels observed for equines). There was effect of the collection time (p<0.05) on the plasmatic concentrations of acetate. For blood and fecal concentrations of short chain fatty acids, there was no effect for propionate (p<0.05) of diet or specie. Diets composed by predominance of forage plus concentrate based on starch and sugar, and fiber and oil are equally used by the equids with emphasis of the fiber and oil diet in the use of lipids, without causing deleterious effect on the physico-chemical characteristics, pH and buffer capacity of feaces. Donkeys are more effective in buffering intestinal acids and also have higher blood concentrations of total SCFA and acetate in faeces, but not in blood in FO-based diets.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de investigar as relações entre a queixa de boca seca, em uma população de idosos em bom estado geral, com o fluxo salivar não estimulado, a concentração de proteínas salivares, o pH e a capacidade tampão da saliva, além de considerar as medicações de uso diário consumidas por esses indivíduos. Foram selecionados de forma seqüencial e aleatória 85 pacientes, 13 homens e 72 mulheres, entre os 60 e 82 anos de idade, com média de 68,5 anos. Vinte e um pacientes, todos do sexo feminino, apresentaram queixa de boca seca, quando questionados. Sessenta e sete pacientes utilizavam algum tipo de medicação (79% da casuística). Dezoito indivíduos não consumiam medicamentos, 15 entre os não queixosos de boca seca e apenas três entre os que apresentaram queixa de boca seca. Foram colhidas amostras de saliva de todos os indivíduos, segundo técnica de expectoração não estimulada para recipiente mantido sob refrigeração, durante 15 minutos. Foram feitas, imediatamente após a coleta, o cálculo do fluxo salivar em mililitros por minuto, as medidas do pH, da capacidade tampão e reservados 2ml de saliva em recipiente refrigerado para os procedimentos da pesquisa da concentração proteica salivar. Ainda após a coleta foi aferida a glicemia pós-prandial dos pacientes. Obtivemos os seguintes resultados: Fluxo salivar médio geral de 0,21ml/min; mulheres com queixa 0,16 ml/min; e pacientes sem queixa 0,22ml/min. Capacidade tampão geral de 0,42; mulheres com queixa 0,46; pacientes sem queixa 0,40. Com relação ao pH média geral de 7,22; mulheres com queixa 7,0; pacientes sem queixa 7,22. Concentração de proteínas totais média geral 2,98mg/ml; mulheres com queixa 3,30 mg/ml; pacientes com queixa 2,88 mg/ml. Concluímos que a queixa de xerostomia é mais comum em mulheres e pacientes de maior idade, apresentando correlação positiva com fluxo salivar baixo, maior concentração proteica e maior consumo de medicamentos de uso crônico / The purpose of our trial was to investigate the influence of salivary flow rate, pH, protein content and buffer capacity over the symptom of xerostomia in a population of elderly people exhibiting good health. Eighty-five individuals were randomly selected, 13 men and 72 women, 60 to 82 years, mean 68.5. Twenty-one female patients presented dry mouth complaint when questioned. Seventy-seven patients (79%) were using some type of medication. Eighteen patients were not using drugs, 15 with no dry mouth complaint and three with xerostomia. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for a period of 15 minutes to a refrigerated recipient. Salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity were measured immediately after sampling. Protein concentration was measured later at the lab center in a 2ml sample reserved for this procedure. Additionally, all patients had their glucose level taken. The following results were obtained: mean salivary flow rate of 0,21 ml/min, 0,16 for xerostomia patients and 0,22 for non-xerostomia patients. Mean salivary buffer capacity of 0,42; 0,46 for xerostomia patients and o,40 for non xerostomia patients. Mean pH of 7,22; 7,0 for xerostomia patients and 7,22 for non xerostomia patients. Mean protein concentration of 2,98 mg/ml; 3,30 for xerostomia patients and 2,88 for non xerostomia patients. We concluded that xerostomia is more prevalent in women and older patients, presenting positive correlation with low salivary flow rate, greater protein concentration and multiple drug use.

The work described in this dissertation focused on chemistry related to the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide as a treatment in the processing of wheat straw. A major emphasis was the comprehensive evaluation of straw component partitioning due to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) processing. This was evaluated over a range of NaOH concentrations (0­‐10%, w/v), all at 50°C, 5 h treatment period, and 3% solid loading. Solid and liquid phases resulting from NaOH treatments were evaluated. Total solids recovered in the NaOH­‐treated solid phase ranged from 47.4­‐88.0%. Overall carbohydrate recovery in the combined solid and liquid phases was negatively correlated with the alkali concentration of the treatment liquor. The glucan content of the NaOH‐treated solid phase ranged from 37.2­‐67.4%. Glucan recovery in the solid phase was relatively high in all cases, the minimum value being ~98%. Increasing amounts of xylan partitioned into the liquid phase as sodium hydroxide concentrations increased – it ranged from 31­‐83% of the xylan being recovered in the soluble phase. Carbohydrate analyses of the pretreated liquor revealed that the majority of carbohydrate loss from the solid fraction could be recovered in the liquid phase in form of oligomers and monomers due to alkaline degradation. The interconversion of glucose, fructose, and mannose under the alkaline condition played an important role in the presence of those sugars. Increase in NaOH concentration contributed to increase in amount of cellulose­‐derived and hemicellulose‐derived oligomers in the pretreated liquor. All oligomers except fructooligomers in NaOH pretreated liquor were higher than those found in water extraction at 50°C, 5 h. Total carbohydrate recovery from the solid and liquid fractions was as high as 99% for glucose and glucan in 5% NaOH treatment and 80‐95% for xylose and xylan in 1-­10% NaOH treatment. The presence of NaOH as extraction reagent dramatically induced lignin and ash removal from the pretreated solid with up to 63% acid insoluble lignin (AIL) and 87% ash extraction. Solid fractions resulting from NaOH pretreatments (up to 5% NaOH) were tested for their susceptibility to enzymatic saccharification using cellulase and cellulase/xylanase enzyme preparations. The cellulase/xylanase enzyme preparation was found to be more effective at cellulose saccharification than the cellulase enzyme preparation alone. Maximum glucose yield, which corresponded to the 5% NaOH treatment, was 82% over the standard 48 h saccharification period. Extended saccharifications times to 120 h showed that the conversion yield approached 90%. Sequential treatments of the straw (i.e. initial alkali treatment – first enzyme saccharification – second alkali treatment ‐ second enzyme treatment) revealed the NaOH treatment has the potential to render essentially all (~99%) of the straw glucan susceptible to enzyme saccharification. This suggests that the layered molecular arrangement of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the cell wall impacts biomass recalcitrance and glucan conversion yield. The other major focus of this dissertation research was the characterization of alkali neutralization, which occurs during the aqueous alkali processing of wheat straw. The approach taken was to evaluate the time course of alkali uptake and to determine the underlying nature of alkali uptake. The knowledge generated from this study is useful for understanding the nature of the alkali‐induced chemistry that is at the heart of alkali processing of agricultural byproducts, foods, and forest products. Alkali uptake/acid generation measurements were monitored for wheat straw suspensions at pH 11 and 30°C. The first phase of alkali uptake corresponded to the 30‐second time period over which the pH of the wheat straw suspension was adjusted from its original pH (~6.6) to pH 11. Alkali neutralization during this period was attributed to the instantaneous ionization of solvent accessible Bronstad acids. Following pH adjustment to 11.0, the time course of subsequent alkali uptake was recorded. The time course appeared biphasic. The early phase, which corresponded to the relatively rapid uptake of alkali, was evident during the first 24 hours. The later phase, which was characterized by the relatively slow uptake of alkali, was maintained for the length of the study (up to 96 hours). Alkali uptake during the early phase of the time course appears to be determined by the rate of hydrolysis of readily accessible esters – primarily acetic acid esters (acetyl groups). Alkali uptake during the later phase of the time course appears to be impacted by the rate of alkali penetration into the straw and the rate of production of alkali‐induced acid degradation products. The uptake of alkali in the pH adjustment phase was ~ 120 μEq per gram wheat straw, the uptake of alkali in the early phase of time course was ~ 1,064 μEq per gram wheat straw, and the rate of uptake in the later phase of the time course 6.10 μEq per gram wheat straw per hour. Amount of acetyl groups, ferulic acid, and p-­coumaric acid generated during 96-­h pretreatment revealed that they are major esters being hydrolyzed under the studied condition. Combined, these ester-­derived acids contributed up to ~ 28% of overall alkali uptake. In addition, alkaline degradation products quantified in this study showed additional ~ 28% contribution to the overall alkali uptake. / Graduation date: 2012

[ Truncated abstract] The purpose of this series of studies was to further our understanding of the relationship between muscle buffer capacity and training. Study one was performed to determine if there were differences in muscle buffer capacity (βmin-vitro) between females of differing training status (i.e., team-sport, endurance-trained and untrained subjects). Studies two and three were then performed to determine if short-term training could improve muscle buffer capacity and what type of training best improves this muscle characteristic (i.e., high-intensity, moderate-intensity or resistance training). Studies four and five were performed to determine if the accumulation of H+ during exercise was a mechanism by which training improved muscle buffer capacity. Below is a summary of these five studies. Study 1. The team-sport group had a significantly higher βmin-vitro than either the endurance-trained or the untrained groups (181 ± 27 v 148 ± 11 v 122 ± 32 'mol H+?g dm-1?pH-1 respectively; P<0.05). The team-sport group also completed significantly more relative total work (299 ± 27 v 263 ± 31 v 223 ± 21 J?kg-1, respectively; P<0.05) and absolute total work (18.2 ± 1.6 v 14.6 ± 2.4 v 13.0 ± 1.9 kJ, respectively; P<0.05) than the endurance-trained or untrained groups during a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test. There was a significant correlation between βmin-vitro and RSA (r=0.67; P<0.05). These findings show that young females competing in team sports have a larger βmin-vitro than either endurance-trained or untrained females. This may be the result of the intermittent, high-intensity activity during training and the match play of team-sport athletes... Conclusions. Our results show that training intensity is an important determinant of muscle buffer capacity. High-intensity interval training (120-150% LT) improved muscle buffer capacity (9 27%), however, neither moderate-intensity or resistance training improved muscle buffer capacity. In contrast higher training intensity (150-180% LT) may negatively affect muscle buffer capacity. Differences in the accumulation of H+ during high-intensity interval training does not appear to be the underlying mechanism for changes to muscle buffer capacity, however changes to this muscle characteristic were associated with pre-training muscle buffer capacity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de investigar as relações entre a queixa de boca seca, em uma população de idosos em bom estado geral, com o fluxo salivar não estimulado, a concentração de proteínas salivares, o pH e a capacidade tampão da saliva, além de considerar as medicações de uso diário consumidas por esses indivíduos. Foram selecionados de forma seqüencial e aleatória 85 pacientes, 13 homens e 72 mulheres, entre os 60 e 82 anos de idade, com média de 68,5 anos. Vinte e um pacientes, todos do sexo feminino, apresentaram queixa de boca seca, quando questionados. Sessenta e sete pacientes utilizavam algum tipo de medicação (79% da casuística). Dezoito indivíduos não consumiam medicamentos, 15 entre os não queixosos de boca seca e apenas três entre os que apresentaram queixa de boca seca. Foram colhidas amostras de saliva de todos os indivíduos, segundo técnica de expectoração não estimulada para recipiente mantido sob refrigeração, durante 15 minutos. Foram feitas, imediatamente após a coleta, o cálculo do fluxo salivar em mililitros por minuto, as medidas do pH, da capacidade tampão e reservados 2ml de saliva em recipiente refrigerado para os procedimentos da pesquisa da concentração proteica salivar. Ainda após a coleta foi aferida a glicemia pós-prandial dos pacientes. Obtivemos os seguintes resultados: Fluxo salivar médio geral de 0,21ml/min; mulheres com queixa 0,16 ml/min; e pacientes sem queixa 0,22ml/min. Capacidade tampão geral de 0,42; mulheres com queixa 0,46; pacientes sem queixa 0,40. Com relação ao pH média geral de 7,22; mulheres com queixa 7,0; pacientes sem queixa 7,22. Concentração de proteínas totais média geral 2,98mg/ml; mulheres com queixa 3,30 mg/ml; pacientes com queixa 2,88 mg/ml. Concluímos que a queixa de xerostomia é mais comum em mulheres e pacientes de maior idade, apresentando correlação positiva com fluxo salivar baixo, maior concentração proteica e maior consumo de medicamentos de uso crônico / The purpose of our trial was to investigate the influence of salivary flow rate, pH, protein content and buffer capacity over the symptom of xerostomia in a population of elderly people exhibiting good health. Eighty-five individuals were randomly selected, 13 men and 72 women, 60 to 82 years, mean 68.5. Twenty-one female patients presented dry mouth complaint when questioned. Seventy-seven patients (79%) were using some type of medication. Eighteen patients were not using drugs, 15 with no dry mouth complaint and three with xerostomia. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for a period of 15 minutes to a refrigerated recipient. Salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity were measured immediately after sampling. Protein concentration was measured later at the lab center in a 2ml sample reserved for this procedure. Additionally, all patients had their glucose level taken. The following results were obtained: mean salivary flow rate of 0,21 ml/min, 0,16 for xerostomia patients and 0,22 for non-xerostomia patients. Mean salivary buffer capacity of 0,42; 0,46 for xerostomia patients and o,40 for non xerostomia patients. Mean pH of 7,22; 7,0 for xerostomia patients and 7,22 for non xerostomia patients. Mean protein concentration of 2,98 mg/ml; 3,30 for xerostomia patients and 2,88 for non xerostomia patients. We concluded that xerostomia is more prevalent in women and older patients, presenting positive correlation with low salivary flow rate, greater protein concentration and multiple drug use.