The objective of this study is to design and manufacture a tube hydroforming test machine with axial feeding, which includes a forming apparatus¡Bhydraulic system and control system. Using feedback control and fuzzy control criterion to conduct T-Shape hydraulic bulging experiments. Using annealed AA6063-T5 aluminum alloy tubes, experiments are carried out with different working path and different feeding distance, analyze the influences of these parameters on the formability of the tubes.

A modelagem adequada da propagação de trincas por fadiga em fuselagens pressurizadas é complexa devido a uma série de fatores, tais como: o efeito geometricamente não-linear conhecido como bulging, o revestimento das fuselagens ser bastante delgado e a presença de reforçadores que alteram a distribuição de tensão na fuselagem. Uma metodologia para simular computacionalmente a propagação de trincas por fadiga em estruturas de casca pressurizadas baseada no método dos elementos finitos e em conceitos da Mecânica do Fraturamento Linear Elástica é apresentada. Como resultado dessa simulação, obtêm-se a trajetória de propagação da trinca e o número de ciclos para ocorrer a propagação. Um estudo paramétrico é realizado para avaliar a influência de diversos parâmetros, tais como: espessura do revestimento, nível de pressurização, comprimento de trinca, área da seção transversal e distância entre reforçadores, entre outros, no fator de bulging em estruturas de cascas pressurizadas com ou sem reforçadores. A metodologia apresentada é validada por meio da simulação de propagação de trinca em uma fuselagem de um Boeing 737, sendo que os resultados obtidos nessa simulação são comparados com resultados experimentais e com os obtidos por POTYONDY (1993). A influência do tamanho do incremento de trinca e do número de nós por elemento (4 ou 9 nós) nos resultados obtidos é investigada. / The modeling of fatigue crack growth in pressurized fuselages is very complex due to many factors, such as the nonlinear stiffening effect referred to as bulging, the fuselage skin being very thin and the presence of stiffeners which modifies the stress distribution on the fuselage. A methodology for the computational modeling of the fatigue crack growth in pressurized shell structures, based on the finite element method and concepts of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, is presented. As a result of this numerical simulation, the crack trajectory and the fatigue propagation life are obtained. A parametric study is performed to investigate the influence of several parameters, such as skin thickness, pressurization level, crack length, structural area of the stiffeners, distance between stiffeners, on the bulging effect for unstiffened and stiffened pressurized shells. The methodology is validated by means of a fatigue crack propagation simulation in a Boeing 737 airplane fuselage. The results of this simulation are compared with experimental results and those obtained by POTYONDY (1993). Additionally, the influence of the crack increment and the number of nodes per element (8 or 9 nodes) on the simulation results are investigated.

A modelagem adequada da propagação de trincas por fadiga em fuselagens pressurizadas é complexa devido a uma série de fatores, tais como: o efeito geometricamente não-linear conhecido como bulging, o revestimento das fuselagens ser bastante delgado e a presença de reforçadores que alteram a distribuição de tensão na fuselagem. Uma metodologia para simular computacionalmente a propagação de trincas por fadiga em estruturas de casca pressurizadas baseada no método dos elementos finitos e em conceitos da Mecânica do Fraturamento Linear Elástica é apresentada. Como resultado dessa simulação, obtêm-se a trajetória de propagação da trinca e o número de ciclos para ocorrer a propagação. Um estudo paramétrico é realizado para avaliar a influência de diversos parâmetros, tais como: espessura do revestimento, nível de pressurização, comprimento de trinca, área da seção transversal e distância entre reforçadores, entre outros, no fator de bulging em estruturas de cascas pressurizadas com ou sem reforçadores. A metodologia apresentada é validada por meio da simulação de propagação de trinca em uma fuselagem de um Boeing 737, sendo que os resultados obtidos nessa simulação são comparados com resultados experimentais e com os obtidos por POTYONDY (1993). A influência do tamanho do incremento de trinca e do número de nós por elemento (4 ou 9 nós) nos resultados obtidos é investigada. / The modeling of fatigue crack growth in pressurized fuselages is very complex due to many factors, such as the nonlinear stiffening effect referred to as bulging, the fuselage skin being very thin and the presence of stiffeners which modifies the stress distribution on the fuselage. A methodology for the computational modeling of the fatigue crack growth in pressurized shell structures, based on the finite element method and concepts of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, is presented. As a result of this numerical simulation, the crack trajectory and the fatigue propagation life are obtained. A parametric study is performed to investigate the influence of several parameters, such as skin thickness, pressurization level, crack length, structural area of the stiffeners, distance between stiffeners, on the bulging effect for unstiffened and stiffened pressurized shells. The methodology is validated by means of a fatigue crack propagation simulation in a Boeing 737 airplane fuselage. The results of this simulation are compared with experimental results and those obtained by POTYONDY (1993). Additionally, the influence of the crack increment and the number of nodes per element (8 or 9 nodes) on the simulation results are investigated.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-178).

Extensive research has been done over the years and has contributed quite a lot to the development of 3CR12 stainless steel. Nevertheless, there is still much to be understood about the behaviour of this steel during its production. One of the problems that are occasionally encountered is the side bulging effect i.e. the unconstrained narrow faces of the strand plastically bulge due to ferrostatic pressure from the liquid core of the strand at high temperatures. In general, this problem is prevalent in ferritic stainless steels as they exhibit a weaker hot strength than austenitic stainless steels. Coupled with side bulging, there is also strand width variation at high temperatures i.e. when the steel is in the ferrite-austenite dual phase region. Both of these dimensional changes to the slab profile create some processing problems in subsequent hot rolling operations when unacceptable width variations are encountered. This work was, therefore, motivated by the requirement to quantify the role that the metallurgical behaviour of this steel plays with regard to the above width variation problem. The research work involved studies of the <font face="symbol">d</font>-ferrite to austenite phase change during continuous cooling (simulating cooling during continuous casting) and the establishment of CCT diagrams, the influence of chemical composition on the austenite start temperature and the hot ductility and hot strength visà-vis the side bulging effect. The casting conditions in the mould are crucial to ensure that the solidification shell is thick enough to withstand the ferrostatic pressure exerted on the unconstrained narrow sides of the strand as it exits from the mould. Therefore, part of the solution lies in the study of the optimisation of the cooling rate, mould flux properties, casting speed, mould taper angle and the chemical composition of this steel, among other factors. Additions of austenite formers, within the specification range of 3CR12, should be favourable for a stronger solidification shell since austenite exhibits superior hot strength to <font face="symbol">d</font>-ferrite. The good hot ductility observed in 3CR12 may also provide a leeway for increasing the secondary cooling rate in order to form a thicker solidification shell soon after emerging from the mould. This may reduce the side bulging effect. This can be achieved without a risk of transverse cracking if the cooling is adjusted carefully. As long as the <font face="symbol">d</font>-ferrite to austenite phase ratio keeps fluctuating due to variations in (i) the chemical composition within the specification range and (ii) the cooling rate in the dual phase region from cast to cast, the strand width variation effect will persist. This is simply because of the effect these have on the ferrite to austenite phase ratios through the differences between the lattice structures of these two phases. Ferrite being less dense than austenite, occupies more volume than austenite, thereby affecting the slab width. The remedy to this problem is to control within stricter chemical composition limits in order to reduce or completely avert this width variation effect. / Dissertation (MSc (Metallurgy))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

STŘÍLKA VLASTIMIL, Proposal of a tool for radial expanding of axial symetrical components Diploma work, 5th year, School year 2008/2009, educational group 5O/61, FS VUT in Brno, Institute of Manufacturing Technology, department of forming, May 2009 An object of this diploma work is location suitable manufacturing proposal for production engaged part of form ring from materials 17 246 segments tool. As a half- finished product of this part will be use a weldment metal plate from materials 17 246.1, the used welding technology is butt weld by laser beam. Choice of suitable manufacturing variety will be made from more construction proposal tool. Appearance to financial costs, mode of radial expanding and so from aspekt functionality and next processing part. We choice variety NO. 3. I implemented calculation usefull forming power and process factor. I affixed to the dokument plan configuration choose variety.

This bachelor thesis was made in collaboration with Scania. The objective was to find the cause for defects found in some rear axle welds. It was known axle material was coated with anti-corrosive oil. Oils were examined through ICP-AES, and then compared to the composition found on the surface of the steel samples. Elements found in the oils vastly differed from one another. One of the oils contains large amounts of aluminium while the other contains high levels of calcium. When samples surfaces were analysed using EDS, phases consisting of aluminium and calcium were observed. These results indicate that the wrong anti-corrosive had been used for the axle material which gave substandard welds. The oil used contained elements with a low vaporisation temperature, such as calcium. This causes instabilities in the keyhole, leading to collapse. Collapse of the keyhole facilitates the formation of defects.

Two designs of inorganic/organic hybrid micro-structures are discussed: (1) silver nanowire reinforced layer-by-layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte composite film and (2) bimetallic silver-gold core-shell nanoparticles. In this work, zero-dimensional spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), one-dimensional silver nanowires (AgNWs), and two-dimensional silver nanoplates (AgNPls) represent the inorganic component. Three-arm star polymer and polyelectrolytes represent the organic component. In the first design, the one-dimensional AgNWs serves as a mechanical reinforcement for the fabrication of mechanically isotropic and anisotropic polyelectrolyte composite films. The composite film is mechanically isotropic when the AgNWs are randomly oriented, and it is anisotropic when the AgNWs are unidirectionally oriented within the LbL polyelectrolyte matrix. Furthermore, above the AgNWs percolation threshold, the AgNWs reinforced LbL composite film is electrically conductive. Therefore, it can find application in ultrathin LbL film-based sensor. In the second design, the zero-dmensional AuNPs were assembled onto one-dimensional AgNWs and two-dimensional AgNPls by means of star polymer linker, or alternatively using polyelectrolytes via electrostatics interaction. The unique feature of these bimetallic silver-gold core-shell nanoparticles is their ability to greatly enhance electric field, due to the silver-gold intra-particle interaction. This allows it to serve as a single-nanoparticle surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for chemical sensing.

The submitted diploma thesis is focused on problematic of a radial expanding of tubes. In the first part of thesis, there is a summary of possible theoretical formulas for determining the stress-strain material parameters for biaxial bulging test of tube by liquid. Also there are showed several options for testing tools used in research abroad. The work also contains technological and control calculations for the selected test sample from the tube of steel 17 240 (1.4301). At the end of thesis, there are key points for tool design and there is also presented the proposed the test tool for a radial expanding of test sample of tube to the free space and with firmly fixed the ends of tube in the tool.

Bei der Druckabsicherung von verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen spielen Berstscheiben eine entscheidende Rolle. Sie reagieren auf kritische Druckänderungen im zu schützenden System und geben ihren Entlastungsquerschnitt bei Bedarf vollständig frei. Als drucktragende Komponente einer Berstscheibe muss die Berstmembran die regulären Betriebsbelastungen des abzusichernden Prozesses zuverlässig abtragen und darf erst bei Erreichen einer kritischen Druckbelastung ansprechen. Aufgrund ihres guten Tragverhaltens bieten Berstscheiben mit vorgewölbter Berstmembran ein breites Einsatzspektrum. Während des Fertigungsprozesses von vorgewölbten Berstscheiben wird eine anfänglich flache Blechronde über einen Aeroforming- Prozess zu einer Berstmembran mit annähernd sphärischer Gestalt geformt. Dieser plastische Deformationsprozess wird über eine numerische Simulation mittels Finite-Elemente-Methode beschrieben und die dabei wirkenden Zusammenhänge aufgezeigt. Die Simulation wird zudem durch experimentelle Versuche begleitet und validiert. / Rupture discs play an essential role in the pressure protection of process engineering systems. They react to critical pressure changes in the system to be protected and fully release their relief cross-section as required. As the pressure-bearing component of a rupture disc, the rupture diaphragm must reliably withstand the regular operating loads of the process to be protected and may only respond when a critical pressure load is reached. Due to their good load- bearing behavior, rupture discs with pre-domed rupture diaphragms offer a wide range of applications. During the manufacturing process of pre-domed rupture discs, an initially flat sheet metal blank is formed into a rupture diaphragm with an approximately spherical shape using an aeroforming process. This plastic deformation process is described by a numerical simulation using the finite element method and the relationships involved are shown. The simulation is also accompanied and validated by experimental tests.