Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-03-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:25:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000841459_20170325.pdf: 280698 bytes, checksum: ddf6fe87e9e3214412eb46b4c5b5c542 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-03-31T12:19:19Z: 000841459_20170325.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-03-31T12:20:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000841459.pdf: 1087156 bytes, checksum: 876dbf5e07c145d71a408ab1d097865f (MD5) / A calcificação biológica é um processo muito bem regulado, no qual os diferentes tipos de tecidos, células, organelas e biomoléculas, participam na coordenação e regulação de eventos metabólicos envolvidos na deposição de fosfato de cálcio, sob a forma de cristais de hidroxiapatita. As alterações morfológicas ocorridas nos anuros, durante a metamorfose, são extremamente acentuadas e perceptíveis, sendo uma delas a remodelação do esqueleto. Os eventos relacionados à ossificação em girinos raramente são descritos na literatura. A fosfatase ácida tartarato resistente tem sido amplamente utilizada como um marcador específico de osteoclastos, células que participam do processo de reabsorção e de remodelação do tecido ósseo, enquanto a fosfatase alcalina tem sido usada como marcador de osteoblastos, células responsáveis pela formação do tecido ósseo. Estudos efetuados por vários pesquisadores, com o objetivo de determinar, principalmente, as enzimas presentes nas vesículas extracelulares dos condrócitos, têm revelado a presença de outras enzimas, além da fosfatase alcalina que são importantes para o processo de calcificação biológica. Assim, no presente trabalho foi avaliada a variação na atividade das fosfatases no processo de ossificação no período de desenvolvimento dos membros de Lithobates catesbeianus, a fim de contribuir na compreensão deste processo não somente em anuros, mas também nos demais vertebrados. Os animais foram dessensibilizados em água com gelo, decapitados, os membros foram removidos, em seguida os ossos foram descarnados e homogeneizados, centrifugados, sendo o sobrenadante aliquotado, congelado em nitrogênio líquido e armazenado a -70ºC para posteriores atividades enzimáticas e dosagem de proteína no extrato. As enzimas, fosfatase ácida e fosfatase alcalina, apresentaram estabilidade em todos os pH de armazenamento estudados... / Biological calcification is a tight regulated process in which different types of tissues, cells, organelles, and biomolecules participate in the coordination and regulation of metabolic events involved in accumulating calcium phosphate, in the form of hidroxiapatite crystals. The morphological changes that occur during anuran metamorphosis are extremely accentuated and perceptible, such as the remodeling of the skeleton. The ossification events are rarely described for tadpoles in the literature. The tartarate resistant acid phosphatase has been widely used as a specific marker of osteoclasts, cells that participate in the process of resorption and remodeling of bone tissue, while the alkaline phosphatase has been used as a marker for osteoblasts, cells responsible for bone tissue formation. Studies conducted by many researchers with the aim of determining, mainly, the enzymes in chondrocyte extracellular vesicles have revealed the presence of other enzymes, in addition to alkaline phosphatase, which are important to the process of biological calcification. Thus, in the present study, the changes in the activity of phosphatases in the ossification process during the development of the limbs of Lithobates catesbeianus was evaluated, with the aim to contribute to the understanding of this process not only in anurans, but also in other vertebrates. The animals were desensitized in water with ice, decapitated and limb bones were removed and homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant aliquoted, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70ºC for subsequent enzymatic activities and protein quantification. The enzymes, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, remained stable in all of the studied storage pH, the apparent pH optimum of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) was of 5.0 and 10.5, respectively, and the enzymes were stable at 45ºC and the t1/2 was 60 minutes at 55ºC for alkaline...

Orientador: João Martins Pizauro Junior / Banca: Marta Verardino de Stéfani / Banca: Luis Henrique Souza Guimarães / Resumo: A calcificação biológica é um processo muito bem regulado, no qual os diferentes tipos de tecidos, células, organelas e biomoléculas, participam na coordenação e regulação de eventos metabólicos envolvidos na deposição de fosfato de cálcio, sob a forma de cristais de hidroxiapatita. As alterações morfológicas ocorridas nos anuros, durante a metamorfose, são extremamente acentuadas e perceptíveis, sendo uma delas a remodelação do esqueleto. Os eventos relacionados à ossificação em girinos raramente são descritos na literatura. A fosfatase ácida tartarato resistente tem sido amplamente utilizada como um marcador específico de osteoclastos, células que participam do processo de reabsorção e de remodelação do tecido ósseo, enquanto a fosfatase alcalina tem sido usada como marcador de osteoblastos, células responsáveis pela formação do tecido ósseo. Estudos efetuados por vários pesquisadores, com o objetivo de determinar, principalmente, as enzimas presentes nas vesículas extracelulares dos condrócitos, têm revelado a presença de outras enzimas, além da fosfatase alcalina que são importantes para o processo de calcificação biológica. Assim, no presente trabalho foi avaliada a variação na atividade das fosfatases no processo de ossificação no período de desenvolvimento dos membros de Lithobates catesbeianus, a fim de contribuir na compreensão deste processo não somente em anuros, mas também nos demais vertebrados. Os animais foram dessensibilizados em água com gelo, decapitados, os membros foram removidos, em seguida os ossos foram descarnados e homogeneizados, centrifugados, sendo o sobrenadante aliquotado, congelado em nitrogênio líquido e armazenado a -70ºC para posteriores atividades enzimáticas e dosagem de proteína no extrato. As enzimas, fosfatase ácida e fosfatase alcalina, apresentaram estabilidade em todos os pH de armazenamento estudados... / Abstract: Biological calcification is a tight regulated process in which different types of tissues, cells, organelles, and biomolecules participate in the coordination and regulation of metabolic events involved in accumulating calcium phosphate, in the form of hidroxiapatite crystals. The morphological changes that occur during anuran metamorphosis are extremely accentuated and perceptible, such as the remodeling of the skeleton. The ossification events are rarely described for tadpoles in the literature. The tartarate resistant acid phosphatase has been widely used as a specific marker of osteoclasts, cells that participate in the process of resorption and remodeling of bone tissue, while the alkaline phosphatase has been used as a marker for osteoblasts, cells responsible for bone tissue formation. Studies conducted by many researchers with the aim of determining, mainly, the enzymes in chondrocyte extracellular vesicles have revealed the presence of other enzymes, in addition to alkaline phosphatase, which are important to the process of biological calcification. Thus, in the present study, the changes in the activity of phosphatases in the ossification process during the development of the limbs of Lithobates catesbeianus was evaluated, with the aim to contribute to the understanding of this process not only in anurans, but also in other vertebrates. The animals were desensitized in water with ice, decapitated and limb bones were removed and homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant aliquoted, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70ºC for subsequent enzymatic activities and protein quantification. The enzymes, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, remained stable in all of the studied storage pH, the apparent pH optimum of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) was of 5.0 and 10.5, respectively, and the enzymes were stable at 45ºC and the t1/2 was 60 minutes at 55ºC for alkaline... / Mestre

No description available.

The first quantitative studies of pulmonary and cutaneous respiration in the amphibians were made on Rana esculenta and Rana temporaria by Krogh (1904). He inserted a cannula connected to an air pump into the trachea and analyzed separately the air forced through the lungs by the pump and the air surrounding the frog. He was able to show that in R. temporaria the lungs and skin are both important in respiratory exchange but in somewhat different ways. Oxygen enters through the lungs whereas carbon dioxide is excreted through the skin. Oxygen intake through the skin is determined solely by physical limitation while carbon dioxide excretion may vary with environmental charges. Krogh concluded that in R. temporaria the lungs dominate in oxygen consumption over the skin in a ratio of 3:1. In R. esculenta the ratio was 1:1. This probably correlated with the more aquatic habitat of R. esculenta. In the salamander, Ambystoma maculatum, Hutchison (1963) found that not only is eighty percent of the carbon dioxide produced released through the skin but the skin is also responsible for more than fifty percent of the total oxygen uptake at 15°C and below. Rana catesbeiana tadpoles were used in these experiments. They were obtained from the Mokelumne River on Highway 88, two miles west of Clements, California The function of the lungs in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles was studied.

The previous cytological and electrophysiological work suggests that the optic tectum matures during metamorphic climax. It was the aim of the present work to attempt to compare pre metamorphic (Stage XII) larval and post metamorphic juvenile, Rana catesbeiana, using a photostimulated evoked electroencephalographic (E.E.G.) response in the optic tectum and correlate that with tissue studies to verify neurophysiological maturation of the optic tectum.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-46). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

The mitral cells of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of anuran frogs project their axons directly to the medial amygdala (MeA) along the accessory olfactory tract. An en bloc preparation of the telencephalon of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana was utilized to study a form of low-frequency inducible long-term potentiation (LTP) expressed at the synapse formed between the terminals of the accessory olfactory tract and the neurons of the MeA. Delivery of repetitive 1Hz-stimulation or sets of 5Hz tetani to the accessory olfactory tract both induced potentiation that was stable for over an hour, as measured by extracellular field recordings. LTP induced by 5Hz tetanus was associated with a decrease in paired-pulse ratio, which would be consistent with an increased probability of release contributing to the increased synaptic strength. Blockade of neither NMDA nor kainate glutamate receptors, with AP5 and UBP310 respectively, prevented LTP induction by 5Hz tetanus; however expression of LTP was partially masked in the presence of UBP310. These results suggest that kainate receptors are involved in the expression of LTP at the AOB-MeA synapse, though the means by which LTP is induced remains unclear. / Graduate / 2016-09-28

No description available.

Amphibians are particularly sensitive to environmental degradation and, therefore, serve as effective environmental quality indicators. Research has suggested that amphibian declines are exacerbated by manmade environmental toxicants, especially those found in high concentrations in urban areas. The NIH has pinpointed genotoxicity as a major route of cancer causation, and has since developed stringent testing procedures for potentially hazardous chemicals. One such method, recognized for its simplicity and economy, is the micronucleus assay. A study was conducted assessing the genotoxicity of the widely used antimicrobial agent Triclosan to American Bullfrog tadpoles. Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles were reared in glass aquaria containing ultra-high purity water and were dosed with nominal concentrations of 2.3 µg/L, 23 µg/L, and 230 µg/L Triclosan, reflecting 1x, 10x, and 100x concentrations of the compound as found in US surface waters. Eight replicates of each of the three levels of Triclosan contamination were prepared, as well as eight replicates per control group. Each replicate contained three tadpoles in a glass aquarium, from which one tadpole per tank was sampled after 1, 8, or 15 days following initial exposure to test compounds. Erythrocytes were prepared on slides and scored for micronucleus presence under 1000x magnification. Triclosan induced significant micronucleus formation after only 24 hours in all treatments relative to the negative control and exhibited a maximum of 15 micronuclei per 2,000 erythrocytes scored. Modeling of MN induction dynamics by treatment suggested that the best predictor of micronucleus induction was the acute TCS exposure level, as described by a linear mixed effects model including a binomial term of time exposed. Micronucleus induction was TCS concentration dose-dependent. This study supports that Triclosan induces significant genetic damage at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is clear that the effects of genotoxic agents must be certified so proper regulatory protocols can be developed and enforced, in order to conserve wildlife and promote human health.