The aim of the study was to investigate whether non-thermal levels of radiofrequency (RF) fields, characteristic of some mobile phones, might be directly genotoxic when applied in vitro to unstimulated G0 or stimulated human lymphocytes. Also, the study aimed to investigate the possibility that RF fields might act epipigenetically when combined with x-rays, by modifying their effect when applied in vitro to G0 lymphocytes. In addition, the possibility of RF fields inducing apoptosis in murine neuroblastoma (N2a) cells was also examined. G0 lymphocytes from 4 donors were exposed for a total of 24 h to a continuous or an intermittent RF signal. The signals were 935 MHz GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) Basic, 1800 MHz GSM Basic, 935 MHz continuous wave (CW) carrier frequency, and 935 MHz GSM Talk. Stimulated lymphocytes were exposed for a total of 48 h to intermittent 1800 MHz RF signals that were GSM Basic or the carrier frequency only. The RF fields used for the 24 h exposure of N2a cells were all at 935 MHz and consisted of GSM Basic, GSM Talk and a CW signal. The chosen Specific energy Absorption values of the signals were either 1 or 2 W/kg. These values are near the upper limit of actual energy absorbed in localised tissue by a person from some mobile phones. The field was applied to G0 human lymphocytes either alone or combined with an exposure to 1 Gy x-rays given immediately before or after the RF field. A dose of 4 Gy x-rays was used as a positive control for apoptosis induction in N2a cells and in the study with stimulated lymphocytes no x-rays were used. The lymphocytes were assayed by several standard methods to demonstrate genotoxicity. Unstable chromosome aberrations (stimulated lymphocytes and those exposed in G0), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cytokinesis blocked micronuclei (MN) (lymphocytes exposed in G0). In addition the SCE and MN assays allowed nuclear division indices (NDI) to be calculated as NDI defines the cell cycle progression of lymphocytes after PHA stimulation and how this might be affected by RF exposure. N2a cells were assessed by fluorescence microscopy for levels of apoptosis at a number of time points post RF field or x-ray exposure, between 0 and 48 h. Three independent assays that detect different stages of the apoptotic pathway were used, the Annexin V binding, caspase activation and in situ end labelling. By comparison with appropriate sham exposed samples no effect of RF fields alone could be found in G0 or PHA stimulated lymphocytes exposed in vitro. Also, RF fields did not modify any measured effects of x-rays either given before or after RF exposure. No statistically significant difference in apoptosis levels were observed between RF exposed and sham exposed N2a cells in either a proliferating or differentiated state for any assay at any time point post exposure.

Orientador: Carmem Silvia Fontanetti Christofoletti / Banca: Tatiana da Silva Souza / Banca: Ana Cristina Mielli / Resumo: O lodo de esgoto pode conter substâncias tóxicas, estar contaminado com metais pesados e até mesmo por compostos químicos persistentes, sendo assim, a disposição inadequada desse resíduo pode fazer tais poluentes retornarem ao ambiente e, eventualmente, entrar na cadeia alimentar, caso sejam absorvidos pelas plantas. O conhecimento dos agentes químicos presentes no lodo permite avaliar o risco de contaminação alimentar e ambiental decorrente da utilização de lodos como fertilizantes agrícolas, também chamados de biossólidos. Logo, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial genotóxico, citotóxico e mutagênico do lodo gerado por uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), por meio dos sistemas-teste Allium cepa e Tradescantia pallida. As coletas foram realizadas em abril de 2009 e maio de 2010 e os organismos foram expostos ao lodo bruto e seu solubilizado. Quando comparados os resultados obtidos nos bioensaios com as análises físico-químicas, não é possível estabelecer relação de causa e efeito com nenhum composto em específico, uma vez que todos os parâmetros avaliados se encontram dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 375; no entanto, em ambos os organismos, o lodo apresentou-se genotóxico e mutagênico, alertando sobre a necessidade de cuidado na disponibilização deste tipo de resíduo em solos. Dessa forma é possível concluir que os ensaios de toxicidade genética são capazes de identificar os efeitos diretos do lodo de esgoto e poderiam ser contemplados pela legislação como ferramenta complementar à bateria de testes já estabelecida devido à simplicidade dos testes e custo relativamente reduzido. O trabalho traz ainda uma revisão de literatura sobre a utilização da espécie Tradescantia, suas bases e aplicações das técnicas do pêlo estaminal (Trad-SHM) e teste o do micronúcleo (Trad- MCN), apontando suas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sewage sludge can contain toxic substances, may be contaminated with heavy metals and persistent chemicals, so the improper disposal of this waste can return such pollutants to the environment and possibly return to the food chain if absorbed by plants. The knowledge of chemical agents present in the sludge can assess the risk of food contamination and environmental arising from the use of sludge as agricultural fertilizer, also called biosolids. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential genotoxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic of sludge generated from a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) by the Allium cepa and Tradescantia pallida tests-systems. Samples were collected in April 2009 and May 2010 and the organisms were exposed to raw sludge and its solublilizated samples. Comparing the results obtained in bioassays with the physico-chemical properties, its cannot establish cause and effect relationship with any compound in particular, since all parameters are within limits set by CONAMA Resolution 375, however, in both organisms, the sludge showed genotoxic and mutagenic, and warns about caution in providing this type of waste in soils. Thus, we conclude that the genetic toxicity tests are able to identify the direct effects of sewage sludge and could be provided by the law as a complementary tool to the battery of tests previously established, due to the simplicity of the tests and relatively low cost. The work also contains a review on the use of Tradescantia species, their bases and applications of the techniques of stamen hair (Trad-SHM) and the micronucleus test (Trad-MCN), pointing out its advantages as a tool for monitoring of environmental health / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 maziviero_gt_me_rcla.pdf: 2136084 bytes, checksum: f88fe503bcf92cfda47c9034c3c0d9c5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O lodo de esgoto pode conter substâncias tóxicas, estar contaminado com metais pesados e até mesmo por compostos químicos persistentes, sendo assim, a disposição inadequada desse resíduo pode fazer tais poluentes retornarem ao ambiente e, eventualmente, entrar na cadeia alimentar, caso sejam absorvidos pelas plantas. O conhecimento dos agentes químicos presentes no lodo permite avaliar o risco de contaminação alimentar e ambiental decorrente da utilização de lodos como fertilizantes agrícolas, também chamados de biossólidos. Logo, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial genotóxico, citotóxico e mutagênico do lodo gerado por uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), por meio dos sistemas-teste Allium cepa e Tradescantia pallida. As coletas foram realizadas em abril de 2009 e maio de 2010 e os organismos foram expostos ao lodo bruto e seu solubilizado. Quando comparados os resultados obtidos nos bioensaios com as análises físico-químicas, não é possível estabelecer relação de causa e efeito com nenhum composto em específico, uma vez que todos os parâmetros avaliados se encontram dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 375; no entanto, em ambos os organismos, o lodo apresentou-se genotóxico e mutagênico, alertando sobre a necessidade de cuidado na disponibilização deste tipo de resíduo em solos. Dessa forma é possível concluir que os ensaios de toxicidade genética são capazes de identificar os efeitos diretos do lodo de esgoto e poderiam ser contemplados pela legislação como ferramenta complementar à bateria de testes já estabelecida devido à simplicidade dos testes e custo relativamente reduzido. O trabalho traz ainda uma revisão de literatura sobre a utilização da espécie Tradescantia, suas bases e aplicações das técnicas do pêlo estaminal (Trad-SHM) e teste o do micronúcleo (Trad- MCN), apontando suas... / Sewage sludge can contain toxic substances, may be contaminated with heavy metals and persistent chemicals, so the improper disposal of this waste can return such pollutants to the environment and possibly return to the food chain if absorbed by plants. The knowledge of chemical agents present in the sludge can assess the risk of food contamination and environmental arising from the use of sludge as agricultural fertilizer, also called biosolids. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential genotoxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic of sludge generated from a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) by the Allium cepa and Tradescantia pallida tests-systems. Samples were collected in April 2009 and May 2010 and the organisms were exposed to raw sludge and its solublilizated samples. Comparing the results obtained in bioassays with the physico-chemical properties, its cannot establish cause and effect relationship with any compound in particular, since all parameters are within limits set by CONAMA Resolution 375, however, in both organisms, the sludge showed genotoxic and mutagenic, and warns about caution in providing this type of waste in soils. Thus, we conclude that the genetic toxicity tests are able to identify the direct effects of sewage sludge and could be provided by the law as a complementary tool to the battery of tests previously established, due to the simplicity of the tests and relatively low cost. The work also contains a review on the use of Tradescantia species, their bases and applications of the techniques of stamen hair (Trad-SHM) and the micronucleus test (Trad-MCN), pointing out its advantages as a tool for monitoring of environmental health

Hormones are essential components in the body and their imbalance leads to pathological consequences. T2DM, insulin resistance and obesity are the most commonly occurring lifestyle diseases in the past decade. Also, an increased cancer incidence has been strongly associated with obese and T2DM patients. Therefore, our aim was to study the influence of high insulin levels in accumulating DNA damage in in vitro models and patients, through the induction of oxidative stress. The primary goal of this study was to analyze the genotoxicity induced by the combined action of two endogenous hormones (insulin and adrenaline) with in vitro models, through the induction of micronuclei and to see if they cause an additive increase in genomic damage. This is important for multifactorial diseases having high levels of more than one hormone, such as metabolic syndrome and conditions with multiple pathologies (e.g., T2DM along with high stress levels). Furthermore, the combination of insulin and the pharmacological inhibition of the tumor suppressor gene: PTEN, was to be tested in in vitro models for their genotoxic effect and oxidative stress inducing potential. As the tumor suppressor gene: PTEN is downregulated in PTEN associated syndromes and when presented along with T2DM and insulin resistance, this may increase the potential to accumulate genomic damage. The consequences of insulin action were to be further elucidated by following GFP-expressing cells in live cell-imaging to observe the ability of insulin, to induce micronuclei and replicative stress. Finally, the detrimental potential of high insulin levels in obese patients with hyperinsulinemia and pre-diabetes was to be studied by analyzing markers of oxidative stress and genomic damage. In summary, the intention of this work was to understand the effects of high insulin levels in in vitro and in patients to understand its relevance for the development of genomic instability and thus an elevated cancer risk. / In-vitro-Genotoxizitätsstudien mit hohen Konzentrationen von Insulin und die Kombination mit Adrenalin zeigten keinen additiven Anstieg der Mikrokernzahl. Der Insulinrezeptor und der AKT-Signalweg waren in den insulinvermittelten Genomschaden involviert. Die endogenen ROS-Quellen, Mitochondrien und NOX, waren an dem insulinvermittelten DNA-Schaden beteiligt. Hohe Konzentrationen von mitochondrialen ROS alleine, verursacht durch einen Komplex III Mitochondrien-Inhibitor, führten zu Zytotoxizität, aber nicht zu einer Zunahme des Genomschadens. Daher ist die durch das NOX-Enzym vermittelte ROS-Produktion wahrscheinlich der gemeinsame Faktor des genotoxischen Signalweges von Insulin und Adrenalin. Die Überstimulation des NOX-Enzyms führte zu einer Sättigung der zellulären biologischen Effekte und fehlender Additivität bei der Induktion von Genomschaden. Dies könnte jedoch unter physiologischen Bedingungen anders sein, da die Hormonspiegel niedriger sind und die ROS-Quellen nicht durch jedes einzelne der Hormone bereits maximal genutzt und daher erschöpft werden. Damit könnte die Möglichkeit eines additiven Genomschadens in vivo bestehen. Die Rolle des AKT-Signalwegs bei der Insulin-vermittelten genomischen Schädigung ist bereits etabliert und hier wurde nun die Funktion des negativen Regulatorproteins PTEN untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die PTEN Inhibierung nicht nur zu einer erhöhten Genotoxizität durch MN-Induktion führte, sondern auch zur Beeinträchtigung der mitochondrialen Funktion. Obwohl kein Anstieg von ROS nach PTEN-Inhibierung beobachtet wurde, könnte die mitochondriale Dysfunktion zur metabolischen Imbalance sowie zur Zunahme des Genomschadens führen. Dies könnte insbesondere bei Patienten mit bestimmten PTEN-assoziierten Syndromen und Krebserkrankungen, die eine defekte PTEN-vermittelte Tumorsuppressorfunktion, DNA-Reparaturdefekte und kompromittierte antioxidative Abwehrmechanismen aufweisen, eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Wenn diese Patienten zusätzlich von Hyperinsulinämie betroffen sind, könnte eine Akkumulation von Genomschaden erfolgen und das Risiko zur Krebsentstehung wäre erhöht. Der Mechanismus der Genomschadensinduktion durch Insulin wurde bisher mit einer ROS-vermittelten DNA-Oxidation in Verbindung gebracht, aber noch nicht mit der mitogenen Signalgebung. Bei dieser beschleunigte das mitogene Potential des Insulins die Zellteilung und verursachte einen leichten replikativen Stress. Der milde replikative Stress könnte der Kontrolle durch die mitotischen Checkpoint-Proteine entgehen und zu Chromosomen-Fehlverteilungen und Chromosomenbrüchen führen. Dieser Effekt wurde in der Krebszelllinie Hela in Form von multipolaren Spindeln und Mikronuklei beobachtet und es ist nicht klar ob normale Zellen mit effizienterer Kontrolle dies verhindern könnten. Insgesamt könnte ein durch hohe Insulinspiegel vermittelter Schaden im Kontext anderer Komorbiditäten wie etwa PTEN Syndromen, metabolischem Syndrom oder Adipositas zu einer Akkumulation von DNA-Schäden führen. Schließlich zeigte die Analyse von Proben adipöser Patienten eine Zunahme von DNA-Schaden und oxidativem Stress im Vergleich zu den gesunden Kontrollen. Der Anstieg des DNA-Schadens war am höchsten in der Untergruppe der Patienten mit Insulinresistenz. Hoher Insulinspiegel bedeutet somit ein Risiko vom erhöhten oxidativen Stress und Genomschaden, insbesondere in Kombination mit Komorbiditäten. Erschwert wird das Verständnis dieser multifaktoriellen Zusammenhänge durch das komplexe Zusammenspiel von oxidativem Stress und seiner zellulären Regulation in vielen physiologischen sowie pathophysiologischen Prozessen. Daneben ist es eine Herausforderung, Genomschäden bei den geringen Wirkspiegeln hormoneller Effekte zu detektieren. Weitere Untersuchungen der komplexen Insulin-vermittelten Genomschadenswege werden notwendig sein, um mögliche Risiken der Hyperinsulinämie bei Erkrankungen wie Stoffwechselkrankheiten, Diabetes Typ 2 und Adipositas besser zu charakterisieren.

Amphibians are particularly sensitive to environmental degradation and, therefore, serve as effective environmental quality indicators. Research has suggested that amphibian declines are exacerbated by manmade environmental toxicants, especially those found in high concentrations in urban areas. The NIH has pinpointed genotoxicity as a major route of cancer causation, and has since developed stringent testing procedures for potentially hazardous chemicals. One such method, recognized for its simplicity and economy, is the micronucleus assay. A study was conducted assessing the genotoxicity of the widely used antimicrobial agent Triclosan to American Bullfrog tadpoles. Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles were reared in glass aquaria containing ultra-high purity water and were dosed with nominal concentrations of 2.3 µg/L, 23 µg/L, and 230 µg/L Triclosan, reflecting 1x, 10x, and 100x concentrations of the compound as found in US surface waters. Eight replicates of each of the three levels of Triclosan contamination were prepared, as well as eight replicates per control group. Each replicate contained three tadpoles in a glass aquarium, from which one tadpole per tank was sampled after 1, 8, or 15 days following initial exposure to test compounds. Erythrocytes were prepared on slides and scored for micronucleus presence under 1000x magnification. Triclosan induced significant micronucleus formation after only 24 hours in all treatments relative to the negative control and exhibited a maximum of 15 micronuclei per 2,000 erythrocytes scored. Modeling of MN induction dynamics by treatment suggested that the best predictor of micronucleus induction was the acute TCS exposure level, as described by a linear mixed effects model including a binomial term of time exposed. Micronucleus induction was TCS concentration dose-dependent. This study supports that Triclosan induces significant genetic damage at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is clear that the effects of genotoxic agents must be certified so proper regulatory protocols can be developed and enforced, in order to conserve wildlife and promote human health.

Η αντικαρκινική ένωση δοξορουβικίνη χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως είτε μόνη της είτε σε συνδυασμό με άλλα αντικαρκινικά φάρμακα, στην αντιμετώπιση του καρκίνου του μαστού, των ωοθηκών, του πνεύμονα αλλά και σε περιπτώσεις οξείας λευχαιμίας και σαρκωμάτων. Σε προηγούμενη έρευνα που πραγματοποιήθηκε στο εργαστήριο μας, σε λεμφοκύτταρα ανθρώπου αλλά και στην κυτταρική σειρά ποντικού C2C12, βρέθηκε ότι επάγει το σχηματισμό μικροπυρήνων ως αποτέλεσμα κυρίως χρωμοσωματικής θραύσης. Στην παρούσα εργασία, διερευνήθηκε περαιτέρω η ικανότητα της δοξορουβικίνης να προκαλεί θραύση του γενετικού υλικού καθώς και η ικανότητά της να επάγει τη διαδικασία της απόπτωσης σε λευχαιμικά κύτταρα ανθρώπου HL-60. Η μελέτη του κερματισμού του DNA λόγω της δράσης της δοξορουβικίνης πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη μέθοδο ηλεκτροφόρησης μοναδιαίων κυττάρων σε πηκτή αγαρόζης (SCGE) κάτω από αλκαλικές συνθήκες. Εκτιμήθηκαν οι παράμετροι tail length, % DNA in tail, tail moment, και olive tail moment που αποκαλύπτουν θραύση του DNA. Επιπρόσθετα, η ικανότητα της δοξορουβικίνης να προκαλεί θραύση του γενετικού υλικού αναλύθηκε μέσω δημιουργίας κλάσεων με ελάχιστη έως μέγιστη βλάβη. O μηχανισμός με τον οποίο προκαλεί θραύση του DNA διερευνήθηκε με τη χρήση της μεθόδου ηλεκτροφόρησης μοναδιαίων κυττάρων σε πηκτή αγαρόζης κάτω από αλκαλικές συνθήκες σε συνδυασμό με τη χρήση των επιδιορθωτικών ενζύμων Fpg και hOOG1. Μετέπειτα, εξετάστηκε η ικανότητα της δοξορουβικίνης να επάγει την απόπτωση. Η μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη μέθοδο αναστολής της κυτταροκίνησης (CBMN). Επίσης, με τη μέθοδο CBMN πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη του φαινομένου της χρωμοσωματικής θραύσης. Για την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση του μηχανισμού με τον οποίον η υπό εξέταση χημική ένωση επάγει τη διαδικασία της απόπτωσης, αναλύθηκε η ικανότητά της να τροποποιεί την έκφραση της κασπάσης-3, μιας πρωτεΐνης που παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στον καταρράκτη των μοριακών γεγονότων που εμπλέκονται στην ενεργοποίηση του προγραμματισμένου κυτταρικού θανάτου. Για το σκοπό αυτό εφαρμόστηκε η μέθοδος ανοσοαποτύπωσης της παραπάνω πρωτεΐνης (Western blot). Με βάση τα ευρήματά μας, η δοξορουβικίνη παρουσιάζει θραυσματογόνο δράση, όπως φάνηκε από την αύξηση της εξόδου του DNA από τους πυρήνες των κυττάρων μετά από ηλεκτροφόρηση σε αλκαλικές συνθήκες. Η δημιουργία των ρηγμάτων είναι ισχυρότερη σε χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις. Η ικανότητα της δοξορουβικίνης να προκαλεί θραύση του γενετικού υλικού σχετίζεται με την οξείδωση των βάσεων του DNA, η οποία έχει ως αποτέλεσμα τη δημιουργία ασταθών σε αλκαλικές συνθήκες θέσεων (alkali labile sites). Επίσης, προκαλεί οριακή αύξηση της συχνότητας των μικροπυρήνων στις χαμηλότερες συγκεντρώσεις που μελετήθηκαν, ενώ δε φαίνεται να επάγει τη δημιουργία των μικροπυρήνων στις υψηλότερες συγκεντρώσεις. Το εύρημα αυτό είναι σε συμφωνία με την ιδιότητά της να προκαλεί μεγαλύτερη συχνότητα ρηγμάτων του DNA στις μικρές συγκεντρώσεις. Επιπρόσθετα, επάγει τη διαδικασία της απόπτωσης. Η επαγωγή αυτή είναι ισχυρότερη σε υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις και δικαιολογεί τις μειωμένες συχνότητες ρηγμάτων και μικροπυρήνων στις συγκεντρώσεις αυτές. Η κασπάση 3 συμμετέχει στην επαγόμενη από τη δοξορουβικίνη απόπτωση όπως φάνηκε από την αύξηση της έκφρασης της κασπάσης 3, μετά από ανάλυση κατά western, σε κυτταρικές καλλιέργειες που αναπτύχθηκαν παρουσία δοξορουβικίνης. / The anticancer drug doxorubicin is widely used, either alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs, in the treatment of solid tumours of the breast, lung, ovary, as well as in acute leukemia and sarcomas. Previous research in our laboratory showed that doxorubicin is able to induce micronucleus generation, in human lymphocytes and mouse cell line C2C12, mainly due to chromosome breakage. In the present study we investigated the clastogenic activity of doxorubicin as well as its ability to induce apoptosis. Ηuman leukemic cells HL-60 were chosen as the cell system to proceed our research. The clastogenic activity of doxorubicin was investigated by alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE assay-Comet assay). Four parameters were analyzed, tail length, % DNA in tail, tail moment, and olive tail moment, which reveal DNA breakage. Additionally the capacity of doxorubicin to induce DNA fragmentation was analyzed by stratifying the cells into five classes with various degrees of DNA damage, from undamaged DNA to severely damaged DNA. The mechanism by which doxorubicin exerts its clastogenic activity was studied by enzyme linked comet assay. We used Fpg and hOOG1 DNA glycosylases. The ability of doxorubicin to induce apoptosis was studied by Cytokinesis-block Micronucleus assay. Also, the CBMN assay was used to assess the micronucleation on HL-60 due to the action of doxorubicin. To further elucidate the mechanism by which doxorubicin induce apoptosis we examined the ability of this compound to alter the expression of caspase 3, that plays a key role in the cascade of molecular events of programmed cell death. This analysis was performed by Western blot. Our findings indicate that doxorubicin exerts clastogenic activity as it provokes DNA migration from the nucleus after SCG electrophoresis in alkaline conditions. The generation of breaks on DNA strands seems to be more potent at low concentrations. The ability of doxorubicin to induce fragmentation of genetic material is correlated with the oxidation of DNA bases resulting in the formation of alkali labile sites. Furthermore, it induces marginal increase in the frequency of micronuclei at lower concentrations, while it doesn’t seem to induce micronucleation at higher concentrations. This finding is in accordance with the ability of doxorubicin to generate higher frequency of DNA breaks at low concentrations. Additionally, doxorubicin induces apoptosis. This induction is more potent at higher concentrations and is consistent with the reduced frequency of breaks and micronucleus generation at these concentrations. Activation of apoptosis due to doxorubicin treatment seems to be mediated by caspase 3.

In the present study DNA damage was measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes from polyposis coli and colorectal cancer patients, treated with different dietary and environmental compounds and compared with lymphocytes from healthy individuals. In addition, confounding factors such as age, gender, alcohol intake and smoking habits were taken into consideration. The assays used in this study included the Comet assay, the Micronucleus assay, the Micronucleus-FISH assay and the sister chromatid exchange assay. The food mutagens, PhIP and IQ, as well as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) induced a dose dependent increase in the DNA damage and chromosomal abnormalities in all tested groups regardless of confounding factors. Prior to experiments physicochemical characterisation of nanoparticles was conducted. In the presence of the flavonoids, quercetin and rutin that were acting in an antioxidant manner, the DNA damage resulting from the highest doses of food mutagens was significantly reduced. Thus, dietary supplementation with flavonoid-rich vegetables and fruits may prove very effective in protection against oxidative stress. The polyposis coli and colon cancer patients were more susceptible to food mutagens, PhIP and IQ, as well as TiO2 NPs, and in the majority of cases had a higher level of DNA damage in the Comet assay and higher cytogenetic damage in the Micronucleus assay. In the final project, twelve frequently encountered (NewGeneris) chemical compounds were evaluated to establish their damaging potential in lymphocytes and spermatozoa from healthy donors. The highest damage was produced by DNA reactive aldehydes, food mutagens and benzo[a]pyrene when assessed with the neutral and alkaline Comet assay with and without metabolic activation.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to be highly mutagenic. What types of DNA lesions that are induced by different UVR wavelengths are still a matter of debate. UVR induces mutagenesis mostly by the formation of photoproducts and the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can give rise to mutations via oxidation of nucleotides in the DNA or the nucleotide pool. Oxidized nucleotides in the nucleotide pool can thereby be incorporated into the DNA during replication and ultimately give rise to mutations. MTH1 however, dephosphorylates oxidized nucleotides in the nucleotide pool, in particular 8-oxo-dGTP and 2-OH-dATP, and inhibits their incorporation into the DNA.The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of MTH1 in mutagenesis and cytogenetic damage induced by UVR in a human lymphoblastoid TK6 cell line. The clonogenic survival, mutant frequency and micronucleus frequency were measured following exposure to UVA, UVB and UVC in MTH1-knockdown and wild-type TK6 cells. As a biomarker for oxidative damage the level of intracellular and extracellular 8-oxo-dG was measured in TK6 cells exposed to UVA. The mutational spectra of UVA-induced mutations at the thymidine kinase gene in MTH1-knockdown and wild-type TK6 cells were investigated.The results show that MTH1 protects against UVA and UVB mutagenesis significantly. MTH1, however, has been shown to offer no protection against UVR-induced cytogenetic damage and is therefore suggested to mainly inhibit mutagenesis. The mutational spectra show that GC&gt;AT and AT&gt;GC transitions are the dominant mutation types in cells exposed to UVA.In conclusion, MTH1 protects TK6 cells against mutagenesis induced by longer wavelengths of UVR. This indicates that the nucleotide pool is a significant target in mutagenesis for longer wavelengths of UVR. The type of mutations induced by UVA, GC&gt;AT and AT&gt;GC, can be formed by the incorporation of 2-OH-dATP from nucleotide pool into the DNA. UVA is therefore suggested to induce mutations by induction of oxidized nucleotides such as 2-OH-dATP. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

O consumo de frutas e verduras está relacionado com a promoção da saúde porque tem sido associado com a redução do risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas como, por exemplo, câncer e doenças degenerativas e cardiovasculares. Dessa forma, o estudo dos efeitos biológicos desses alimentos tem ganhado atenção nos últimos anos. O piquiá (Caryocar villosum) é um fruto nativo da Amazônia e é rico em compostos antioxidantes como os compostos fenólicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos genotóxicos e antigenotóxicos in vivo da polpa liofilizada do piquiá e também de seu extrato etanólico. Além disso, os compostos fitoquímicos presentes na polpa e no seu extrato foram quimicamente determinados. Ratos Wistar foram tratados por gavagem, durante 14 dias consecutivos, com três diferentes doses da polpa do piquiá (75, 150 ou 300 mg/kg p.c.) ou com seu extrato etanólico (75 mg/kg p.c.). No 14° dia, os animais receberam solução salina (NaCl 0,9%, i.p.) ou doxorrubicina (DXR, 15 mg/kg p.c., i.p.) e após 24 horas foram eutanasiados. A medula óssea e o sangue periférico foram usados no teste do micronúcleo (MN), e o fígado, rins e coração foram utilizados nos ensaios do cometa, nas análises bioquímicas das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) e na avaliação da expressão de mRNA dos genes epóxido hidrolase (Ephx2) e proteína tumoral p53 (Tp53). A polpa do piquiá não apresentou efeito genotóxico nem mutagênico em nenhuma das doses avaliadas, demonstrou atividade antigenotóxica e ainda reduziu os níveis de TBARS induzidos pela DXR no coração. Efeitos opostos foram encontrados para o extrato etanólico da polpa do piquiá, por apresentar genotoxicidade, mas não mutagenicidade, e indução de TBARS no coração. Os níveis de mRNA do gene Ephx2 no rim e coração foram aumentados após o tratamento com a maior dose da polpa do piquiá, entretanto, no rim a menor dose diminuiu a transcrição desse gene induzida pela DXR. No fígado as doses de 75 e 300 mg/kg p.c. diminuíram os níveis de mRNA do gene Ephx2 induzidos pela DXR. A dose de 300 mg/kg p.c. da polpa diminuiu a expressão de mRNA do gene Tp53 nos grupos da associação piquiá + DXR no fígado, rim e coração. O extrato etanólico da polpa do piquiá modulou a expressão de mRNA do gene Ephx2 apenas no fígado, aumentando os níveis desse transcrito, enquanto que no coração houve diminuição da transcrição do gene Tp53. Foi encontrada uma diferença de composição fitoquímica entre a polpa liofilizada e seu extrato etanólico. O extrato apresentou 1,4x mais compostos fenólicos e 3x menos carotenoides quando comparado com a polpa. Além disso, o ácido gálico foi o composto fenólico predominante na polpa, enquanto que no extrato o fenol mais abundante foi o ácido elágico. A diferença dos efeitos biológicos entre a polpa liofilizada do piquiá e seu extrato etanólico pode ser devido à alteração da composição fitoquímica. / Fruit and vegetables intake has been related to the promotion of health because it has been associated to reduced risk of chronic diseases development such as cancer, and cardiovascular and degenerative diseases. Thus, the study of the biological effects of these foods has increased in recent years. Piquiá (Caryocar villosum) is a fruit native of the Amazon and it is rich in antioxidant compounds such as phenolic compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity effects of the piquiá lyophilized pulp fruit and its ethanolic extract. Moreover, the phytochemical characterization of pulp and extract was determined. Wistar rats were treated by gavage, for 14 days, with three doses of piquiá pulp (75, 150 or 300 mg/kg b.w.) or with its ethanolic extract (75 mg/kg b.w.). On 14th day, the animals received saline (0.9% i.p.) or doxorubicin (DXR, 15 mg/kg b.w.) and after 24 hours they were euthanized. Bone marrow and peripheral blood were used in micronucleus (MN) test, and the liver, kidney and heart were used in comet assay, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced gluthatione (GSH), and in the evaluation of mRNA expression of epoxide hydrolase (Ephx2) and tumor protein p53 (Tp53) genes. The piquiá pulp was not genotoxic nor mutagenic, demonstrated antigenotoxic effects and reduced the TBARS levels induced by DXR in heart. The ethanolic extract had opposite effects, whereas it was genotoxic, but not mutagenic, and increased the TBARS levels in heart. Ephx2 mRNA levels in kidney and heart were increased after treatment with the higher dose of piquiá pulp, however, in kidney the lowest dose decreased the transcription of this gene induced by DXR. In liver, the 75 and 300 mg/kg b.w. doses of piquiá pulp decreased the Ephx2 mRNA levels induced by DXR. The piquiá pulp 300 mg/kg + DXR group, presented lower levels of Tp53 mRNA in liver, kidney and heart. The ethanolic extract of piquiá pulp modulated the mRNA Ephx2 expression only in the liver, increasing the levels of this transcript, while in the heart decreased the transcription of Tp53 gene. There was a difference on phytochemical composition between the pulp and its ethanolic extract. The extract presented 1.4-fold more phenolic compounds and 3-fold less carotenoids than piquiá pulp. Furthermore, gallic acid was the predominant phenol in the pulp, whereas in the ethanolic extract the most abundant phenol was the ellagic acid. The difference in the biological effects between piquiá pulp and is ethanolic extract may be due the change of the phytochemical composition.

A poluição atmosférica vem recebendo crescente atenção como problema de saúde pública, pois representa uma fonte de agentes que podem promover o stress oxidativo e danos ao DNA, levando a efeitos cancerígenos e mutagênicos. As vias aéreas superiores, incluindo a cavidade oral são as áreas mais expostas do sistema respiratório, a material particulado e gases, e podem ser facilmente acessadas para monitorar a exposição humana a estes agentes. Nosso objetivo foi analisar o impacto da poluição do ar sobre a incidência de mutagénese em habitantes de nossa cidade. Para o estudo da mutagênese, utilizamos o teste de micronucleous (Mn), em células do epitélio da mucosa oral. Uma média de 4 a 6 amostras foram coletadas de cada voluntário, que concordou em participar do estudo, em São Paulo (SP) (n = 39) e, em Peruibe (PER), uma pequena cidade à beira-mar (n = 24), utilizados como um grupo controle. Os níveis de material particulado (PM10) foram medidos pelo método gravimétrico, e o ozônio e NO2 foram medidos pelos amostradores passivos, bem como pelas medições realizadas pela CETESB no mesmo local da coleta. Os resultados expostos em relação à concentração de MN / células, mostraram uma diferença estatisticamente significativa comparando SP (0042 ± 0032) e Per (0023 ± 0019), p = 0,009. Um aumento de MN / células foi observado em fumantes comparados aos não fumantes em SP (0055 ± 0012 e 0.040 ± 0005), p< 0,001 e em Per (0,0268 ± 0,00167 and 0,0181 ± 0,00128), p<0,001. Nosso estudo confirma os efeitos da poluição do ar na promoção de mutagênese e sugere possível sinergismo entre poluição e tabagismo / Air pollution is receiving crescent attention as a public health problem, as it represents a source of agents that may promote oxidative stress and DNA damage, leading to mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. The upper airways, including the oral cavity are the most exposed areas of the respiratory system to airborne particles and gases, and can be easily accessed to monitor human exposure to these agents. Our aim was to analyze the impact of air pollution on the incidence of mutagenesis in habitants of our city. To address mutagenicity, we used the micronucleous (mn) assay in desquamated cells of the oral mucosa. An average of 4 to 6 samples were collected from each subject that agreed to participate in the study in Sao Paulo (SP) (n=39) and in Peruibe (Per), a small city by the sea, (n=24) used as a control group. The levels of particulate (PM10) were measured by gravimetric methodology, ozone and NO2 were measured by passive monitors as well as by governmental monitoring stations in each location. The results exposed as mn/cells showed a statistically significant difference comparing SP (0,042 ± 0,032) and Per (0,023 ± 0,019), p= 0,009. An increase in mn/cells was observed in smokers compared to non smokers in SP (0,055 ± 0,012 and 0,040 ± 0,005), p<0,001 and in Peruíbe (0, 0268 ± 0,00167 and 0,0181 ± 0,00128), p<0,001. Our study confirms the hazardous effects of air pollution promoting mutagenesis and suggests that its effects may be synergic to smoking habit. We hope that our work may influence habits and public politics in order to improve public health in this issue