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The thesis comprises four papers. The overall aim was to illuminate meanings of becoming and being burnt out respectively not becoming or being burnt out. The papers deal with two groups of healthcare personnel, one group on sick leave due to medically assessed burnout (n=20) and one group who showed no indications of burnout (n=20) from the same workplaces at psychiatric (n=7) and elderly (n=7) care units. A further aim was to describe personality traits and to elucidate perceptions of conscience (PCQ), stress of conscience (SCQ), moral sensitivity (MSQ-R), social support (SocIS) and resilience (RS) among the people in these two groups. Papers I and II are based on the text of narrative interviews interpreted using a phenomenological-hermeneutic method. Papers III and IV are based on data, pertaining to the same participants as in Papers I and II, derived from the following questionnaires; Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF) (III), ‘Perception of Conscience’ (PCQ), ‘Stress of Conscience’ (SCQ), ‘Moral Sensitivity Revised’ (MSQ-R), ‘Social Interactions Scale’ (SocIS) and ‘Resilience Scale’ (RS) (IV). Conventional statistical methods and Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) were used to analyse the data (III, IV). In Paper I the aim was to illuminate meanings of becoming and being burnt out as narrated by healthcare personnel. The results show that meanings of becoming and being burnt out is to be torn between what one wants to manage and what one can actually manage. It is as if one’s ideals become more like demands for, regardless of the circumstances, one must be and show that one is capable and independent. It also means being dissatisfied with oneself for not living up to one’s own ideals as well as being disappointed in other people for not providing the confirmation one strives for. Feelings that one is a victim of circumstances emerge. Becoming and being burnt out leads to a futile struggle to live up to one’s ideals and when failing to unite one’s ideal picture with one’s reality one finally reaches an overwhelming feebleness. In Paper II the aim was to illuminate meanings of not becoming or being burnt out at workplaces where others developed burnout, as narrated by healthcare personnel. The results show that meanings of not becoming or being burnt out are to be rooted in an outlook on life which perceives its many-sidedness of prosperity, adversity, strength and weakness in oneself and others. An openness towards the circumstances of life emerges. Being able to judge the possibilities of influencing things, as well as being able to let go of injustice and look after oneself with a clear conscience are revealed as meanings of not becoming and being burnt out. In Paper III the aim was to describe personality traits among burnt out and non-burnt out healthcare personnel from the same workplaces. The results show, that the people in the burnt out group had lower scores regarding emotional stability and higher scores regarding anxiety than the people in the non-burnt out group but the results also showed a wide variation of personality traits within the groups. The most important indicators for belonging to the burnt out group were openness to changes and anxiety, and for belonging to the non-burnt out group, emotional stability, liveliness, privateness and tension. In Paper IV the aims were to elucidate perceptions of conscience, stress of conscience, moral sensitivity, social support and resilience among burnt out and non-burnt out healthcare personnel from the same workplaces. The results show that higher levels of stress of conscience and moral sensitivity, a perception of conscience as a burden, having to deaden one’s conscience in order to keep working in healthcare and perceiving a lack of support from those around them characterize the burnt out group. Those in the non-burnt out group are characterised by lower levels of stress of conscience, an out-look on life with a forbearing attitude, a perception of conscience as an asset, an ability to deal with one’s conscience in a constructive way and a perception of receiving support from those around them. The comprehensive understanding from the four papers (I-IV) is discussed in light of a theoretical framework derived from Emmy van Deurzens thoughts about the four life worlds: the natural world (the physical world), the public world (the social world), the private world (the psychological world) and the ideal world (the spiritual world). The result can be summarized in terms of the human condition in life and demonstrates the essential importance of reconciling the vita activa (the active life of labor, work and action), the vita contemplativa (thinking, willing and judging) and not least the vita regenerativa (rest and recovery) in order to avoid being burned out. / Samvetsstress i vården

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nÃo hà / The knowledge about the cultural and familiar view of accidents with burns in children allow to contribute the creation of strategies that value not only the cure of the sickness, yet conditions of prevention of new accidents with children, but also to promote conditions of dialogue between family and health professionals essential to humanization in Burn Specialized Centers. This study had as objective to understand as the beliefs, values and style of life of the families influence in the care of children victims of burns intern in a Burnt Treatment Center, in Fortaleza, CearÃ; and characterize families of burnt children intern from April to August of 2008. It is an ethnographic approach accomplish in a Hospital Institution of Urgency and Emergency, where there is a Burnt Treatment Center in the city of Fortaleza-Cearà from April to August of 2008, which has as key informers the families of burnt children. The whole collect and analysis process was based in ethnonursery proposed by Leininger (1991), to gather the data were made use of Observation-Participation-Reflection pattern (O.P.R.). In the data arrangement and analysis the Ethnonursery was the guide in the following stages: gathering information and documents; to cluster the storage data in the field day book; contextual or standard analysis and identification of main themes, discovery of research, theoretical formulations and warnings. From the ethnographic analysis sprout three cultural rules: 1) The child is very naughty, the families aim the curiosity of the children as the cause of the accident with burns, not knowing the stages of growing and development of the children, blame the infant for the burn. 2) She washed with water and brought to the hospital, the families think that to wash the burn with water is a way to render pleasant the pain of the burn and to forward the child to a hospital, to establish a way to offer a right care after the accident; 3) to watch more out for, it shows the significance to prevent other accidents with burns and to drive away children of the danger, as to take them away of the kitchen. It was perceived that mothers in spite of having their cultural knowledge, they learn a lot during the study, for as they have much uncertainty that day by day was enlightened and made them think about their behavior with their children. Therefore, we conclude that is essential the cultural approach of the professional to take care of children victims of burns and the Health Education must be available as strategies of welcome that consent the family and the child can feel safe / O conhecimento sobre a Ãtica cultural e familiar dos acidentes com queimaduras em crianÃas permite contribuir para a criaÃÃo de estratÃgias que valorizem nÃo apenas a cura da doenÃa, mas condiÃÃes de prevenÃÃo de novos acidentes com crianÃas, bem como promover o diÃlogo entre famÃlia e profissionais de saÃde essenciais para a humanizaÃÃo em Centros Especializados de Queimaduras. O presente estudo objetivou compreender como as crenÃas, valores e estilo de vida das famÃlias influenciam no cuidado de crianÃas vÃtimas de queimaduras internadas em um Centro de Tratamento de Queimados e caracterizar famÃlias de crianÃas queimadas internadas no perÃodo de abril a maio de 2008. à uma pesquisa etnogrÃfica realizada em uma InstituiÃÃo Hospitalar de UrgÃncia e EmergÃncia, na qual dispÃem de um Centro de Tratamento de Queimados em Fortaleza, CearÃ, no perÃodo de abril a agosto de 2008, que teve como informantes-chaves as famÃlias de crianÃas queimadas. Todo o processo de coleta e anÃlise foi embasado na Etnoenfermagem proposto por Leininger (1991), para a coleta de dados foi utilizado o modelo de ObservaÃÃo-participaÃÃo-reflexÃo (O.P.R.). Na ordenaÃÃo e anÃlise dos dados a Etnoenfermagem serviu como norteadora nas seguintes etapas: coleta de descritos e documentos; agrupar os dados armazenados no diÃrio de campo; anÃlise contextual ou padrÃo e identificaÃÃo de temas principais; descobertas de pesquisa; formulaÃÃes teÃricas e recomendaÃÃes. Das anÃlises etnogrÃficas surgiram trÃs domÃnios culturais: 1) A crianÃa à muito danada as famÃlias colocam a curiosidade das crianÃas como a causa do acidente com queimaduras, nÃo conhecendo as fases de crescimento e desenvolvimento dos filhos, culpam o infante pela queimadura; 2) Lavou com Ãgua e levou para o hospital as famÃlias consideram que lavar a queimadura m Ãgua à uma forma de amenizar a dor da queimadura e encaminhar o filho a uma instituiÃÃo hospitalar constitui uma forma de oferecer um cuidado correto apÃs o acidente; 3) Ter mais cuidado a importÃncia de prevenir outros acidentes com queimaduras e afastar as crianÃas dos fatores de risco, como: tirÃ-las da cozinha. Foi percebido que durante o estudo as mÃes, apesar de terem seus conhecimentos culturais, aprenderam muito, pois tinham muitas dÃvidas que gradativamente eram esclarecidas e faziam com que refletissem sobre seu comportamento com seus filhos. Portanto, considera-se imprescindÃvel a abordagem cultural do profissional para cuidar de crianÃas vÃtimas de queimaduras e que a EducaÃÃo em SaÃde deve ser utilizada como estratÃgia que permita que tanto a famÃlia, quanto a crianÃa possam se sentir segura

This research is concerned with the critical reinterpretation of the burnt mounds of Shetland. Burnt mounds have been described as ‘among the most boring sites with which a field archaeologist must deal’ (Barber & Russel-White 1990:59). Traditionally burnt mound studies have been dominated by concerns relating to technology, form and function. This approach is understood to be a product of modernist understanding of the world which views technologies as primarily adaptive. As such, it is argued that a critical reappraisal of the frameworks through which burnt mounds are interpreted is required in order to develop an account of their construction and use which situates them within wider disciplinary discourses concerning the Bronze Age. In order to do so this thesis evaluates a range of theoretical frameworks which have explored the emergent and situated nature of encounters between people, places and things. Drawing upon this, a new approach is advocated that examines the relationship between burnt mounds and their wider landscape, and explores the material and social engagements which their construction and use affords. In order to offer a more holistic approach in keeping with current archaeological discourses, this study reconceptualises the burnt mound as an active site within Bronze Age society, a place where meanings were negotiated and materials transformed. This thesis utilises GIS analysis and in-situ observation to explore the landcape setting of the burnt mounds of Shetland and combines this with an exploration of the material engagements involved in the construction and use of burnt mounds through a series of experimental firings at a replica site. Through this burnt mounds are identified as powerfully symbolic locations involving the interplay of elemental substances which combine to transform people, places and things. This thesis further challenges the conception that burnt mounds are unable to offer any insight into life in the Bronze Age, by analysing the impact which this reinterpretation has on our understanding of Bronze Age Shetland. In particular, it is argued that in their concern with processes of fragmentation, regeneration and transformation Burnt Mounds reflect the cosmological concerns of wider Bronze Age society. The Bronze Age in Shetland has been identified as a period of apparent isolation and stagnation within the islands. By re-evaluating burnt mounds and situating them within a framework of wider Bronze Age practise this conception is challenged, and the Bronze Age of Shetland is presented as a dynamic period in which burnt mounds played a key role in the understanding of networks of persons, places and substances.

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of burning pig (Sus scrofa) remains on insect succession. Remains can be found burnt in a range of natural disasters including earthquakes, motor vehicle accidents, house fires, and brush fires. In homicides, more often than not, remains may be burnt to try and disguise the crime or destroy evidence. There has been little research conducted on the rate of insect succession at different levels of burning. This study will help to build upon the hypothesis that diverse levels of burning will each affect insect succession differently. The experiments took place in May 2017, and was repeated in August 2017. There were a total of three pigs used during this study, which were divided into quarters. Two quarters were used to represent each treatment level. One treatment remained unburnt and was used as a control in each experiment. The quarters were burnt at the research site in Holliston, MA. The Crow-Glassman Scale (CGS) was used to burn one treatment to level 2 and one treatment to level 3-4. They were then placed on site, no closer than five meters apart, surrounded by modified lobster cages and allowed to decompose. Notes, photographs, and insect collections took place every 2 hours on day 2 and twice a day for days 2 through 7. A final collection was then made on day 10 after the majority of tissue and insects were no longer present. The amount of insect activity was documented, photographs were taken, and samples were both preserved and reared through to adults. It was hypothesized that there was a correlation between insect activity and the level of burning. This was found to be true based on the results of this study, and with further research, will have the potential to aid in the determination of the post mortem interval (PMI) when burnt remains are found at the scene.

Tropical wildfires account for up to 93% of global burnt area and approximately 85% of the resulting carbon emissions, yet are significantly under-represented in existing fire models. These models are predominantly process-based, require a multitude of input datasets, parameters and calculations, and are difficult to reproduce or use independently from a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM). The aim of this thesis is to develop empirical parameterisations of tropical fire occurrence and spread that represent an improvement in accuracy over existing models and that can be easily implemented both as standalone models or within a DGVM. These models are based on well-documented relationships from the literature. An index of potential fire is produced based on the observed peak of fire activity at intermediate levels of productivity and aridity. This can be converted into expected fire counts using a simple, observation-derived parameter map. Fire sizes have been shown to follow an approximately fractal distribution in a range of ecosystems, which is used to develop a new burnt area model. Replacing the fire count and burnt area calculations of existing fire models with these new parameterisations improves the spatial distribution of the resulting estimates, while giving temporally comparable predictions to the original models. The magnitude of the resulting burnt area estimates is also improved. The use of empirical fire modelling is therefore a viable alternative to current process-based methods, and makes practical use of theories that are well-documented in the literature. These models require few input variables and can be easily incorporated into a DGVM. However, further work to improve the temporal accuracy and dynamicity of these models would be beneficial, as would a method to link these models to parameterisations of combustion and trace gas emissions.

Desenvolveu-se nesse trabalho uma metodologia para identificar e quantificar quinzenalmente a área queimada na região contínua do Cerrado brasileiro a partir de imagens diárias do sensor AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) do satélite NOAA-14 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), utilizando as bandas 1 (0.6 um), 2 (0,9 um), 3 (3.7 um) e IVDN (Índice de Vegetação de Diferença Normalizada). A variação temporal de características das áreas queimadas e outras superfícies, obtida de mosaicos quinzenais das imagens AVHRR, foi a base para elaborar um algoritmo de identificação de \"cicatrizes\" de queimadas. Os resultados foram validados e ajustados com dados de alta resolução espacial obtidos em imagens TM/Landsat (Thematic Mapper). A análise estatística de regressão linear entre os dados de queimadas obtidos pela aplicação do algoritmo nos mosaicos AVHRR e aqueles das imagens TM gerou duas equações para estimar a área queimada no Cerrado com r2 = 0,8 e 0,7. Com a aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida, estimou-se em ~429.000 km2 a área queimada (entre 404.000 km2 e 455.000 km2 com intervalo de confiança a 95%) no período de 01/maio/98 a 30/abril/99, correspondendo a 19% (18 a 20%) da área total estudada. A relação entre focos de queimadas obtidos do AVHRR/NOAA-12 e área queimada permitiu cálculos preliminares de área queimada no Cerrado no período de 01/maio/99 a 31/outubro/00. Os dados TM mostraram que as queimadas pequenas, menores que 0,5 km2, embora muito numerosas (53% do total), respondem por apenas ~2 % da área queimada. Por outro lado, as queimadas grandes, maiores que 10 km2, são poucas (8%), mas responsáveis por cerca de 74% da área queimada no Cerrado. Os resultados desse trabalho mostraram pela primeira vez que é possível estimar regularmente a área queimada no Cerrado com erro inferior a 15% no cálculo anual a partir dos dados diários do AVHRR. Tais estimativas poderão subsidiar estudos sobre o papel ecológico do fogo no Cerrado, planejamento ambiental em nível regional, localização das áreas críticas com ocorrências mais freqüentes de queimadas, implantação de planos de uso, manejo e fiscalização do uso do fogo em escala regional, cálculos de emissões de queimadas, etc. / This work presents the development of a methodology to identify and quantify the surface burnt in the Brazilian contiguous Cerrado on a bi-weekly basis using daily images of the AVHRR (Advanced Very High resolution Radiometer) sensor on-board the NOAA-14 (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) satellite after its bands 1 (0,6 um), 2 (0,9 um) and 3 (3,7 um), as well as the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The temporal variation of the burnt areas and of other surface covers in bi-weekly AVHRR mosaics was the basis for an algorithm to identify the \"scars\" from vegetation fires. The results were validated and adjusted with high resolution data from TM-Landsat (Thematic Mapper). The statistical analysis of linear regression between the fire data obtained with the use of the algorithm and those of the TM produced two equations to estimate burnt area in the Cerrado, with r2 = 0.8 and 0.7. Applying the methodology developed, ~429,000 km2 burned in the period of May/01/98 to April/04/99 (range of 404,000 to 455,000 km2 for the 95% confidence interval), corresponding to 19% (18 to 20 %) of the total study area. The relation between active fires obtained with AVHRR/NOAA-12 and the burnt area supplied preliminary estimates of burnt area in the Cerrado from May/01/99 to Oct/31/00. The TM data showed that small scars, with less than 0.5 km2, although numerous (53 % of the total), account for just ~2 % of the burnt area. Large scars, with more than 10 km2, correspond to a small number (8 %), but to 74 % of the Cerrado burnt area. The results of this work showed for the first time that it is possible to estimate on a regular basis the Cerrado yearly burnt area with an error smaller than 15 %, using daily AVHRR data. These estimates should provide important information to understand the ecological role of fire in the Cerrado, identify areas with higher fire frequency, help environmental planning at regional levels, and plan soil use and control, as well as provide subsidies in biomass burning emission studies. Data from new sensors in satellites to be made available in 2001 should improve even further the methodology developed.

Desenvolveu-se nesse trabalho uma metodologia para identificar e quantificar quinzenalmente a área queimada na região contínua do Cerrado brasileiro a partir de imagens diárias do sensor AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) do satélite NOAA-14 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), utilizando as bandas 1 (0.6 um), 2 (0,9 um), 3 (3.7 um) e IVDN (Índice de Vegetação de Diferença Normalizada). A variação temporal de características das áreas queimadas e outras superfícies, obtida de mosaicos quinzenais das imagens AVHRR, foi a base para elaborar um algoritmo de identificação de \"cicatrizes\" de queimadas. Os resultados foram validados e ajustados com dados de alta resolução espacial obtidos em imagens TM/Landsat (Thematic Mapper). A análise estatística de regressão linear entre os dados de queimadas obtidos pela aplicação do algoritmo nos mosaicos AVHRR e aqueles das imagens TM gerou duas equações para estimar a área queimada no Cerrado com r2 = 0,8 e 0,7. Com a aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida, estimou-se em ~429.000 km2 a área queimada (entre 404.000 km2 e 455.000 km2 com intervalo de confiança a 95%) no período de 01/maio/98 a 30/abril/99, correspondendo a 19% (18 a 20%) da área total estudada. A relação entre focos de queimadas obtidos do AVHRR/NOAA-12 e área queimada permitiu cálculos preliminares de área queimada no Cerrado no período de 01/maio/99 a 31/outubro/00. Os dados TM mostraram que as queimadas pequenas, menores que 0,5 km2, embora muito numerosas (53% do total), respondem por apenas ~2 % da área queimada. Por outro lado, as queimadas grandes, maiores que 10 km2, são poucas (8%), mas responsáveis por cerca de 74% da área queimada no Cerrado. Os resultados desse trabalho mostraram pela primeira vez que é possível estimar regularmente a área queimada no Cerrado com erro inferior a 15% no cálculo anual a partir dos dados diários do AVHRR. Tais estimativas poderão subsidiar estudos sobre o papel ecológico do fogo no Cerrado, planejamento ambiental em nível regional, localização das áreas críticas com ocorrências mais freqüentes de queimadas, implantação de planos de uso, manejo e fiscalização do uso do fogo em escala regional, cálculos de emissões de queimadas, etc. / This work presents the development of a methodology to identify and quantify the surface burnt in the Brazilian contiguous Cerrado on a bi-weekly basis using daily images of the AVHRR (Advanced Very High resolution Radiometer) sensor on-board the NOAA-14 (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) satellite after its bands 1 (0,6 um), 2 (0,9 um) and 3 (3,7 um), as well as the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The temporal variation of the burnt areas and of other surface covers in bi-weekly AVHRR mosaics was the basis for an algorithm to identify the \"scars\" from vegetation fires. The results were validated and adjusted with high resolution data from TM-Landsat (Thematic Mapper). The statistical analysis of linear regression between the fire data obtained with the use of the algorithm and those of the TM produced two equations to estimate burnt area in the Cerrado, with r2 = 0.8 and 0.7. Applying the methodology developed, ~429,000 km2 burned in the period of May/01/98 to April/04/99 (range of 404,000 to 455,000 km2 for the 95% confidence interval), corresponding to 19% (18 to 20 %) of the total study area. The relation between active fires obtained with AVHRR/NOAA-12 and the burnt area supplied preliminary estimates of burnt area in the Cerrado from May/01/99 to Oct/31/00. The TM data showed that small scars, with less than 0.5 km2, although numerous (53 % of the total), account for just ~2 % of the burnt area. Large scars, with more than 10 km2, correspond to a small number (8 %), but to 74 % of the Cerrado burnt area. The results of this work showed for the first time that it is possible to estimate on a regular basis the Cerrado yearly burnt area with an error smaller than 15 %, using daily AVHRR data. These estimates should provide important information to understand the ecological role of fire in the Cerrado, identify areas with higher fire frequency, help environmental planning at regional levels, and plan soil use and control, as well as provide subsidies in biomass burning emission studies. Data from new sensors in satellites to be made available in 2001 should improve even further the methodology developed.

In this thesis, an attempt is made to summarize the previous archeological research associated with two feature types in Sweden made from fire-cracked stones: the fire-cracked stone embankment and the burnt mound. The ?lim is to study how trends in interpretation and focus have developed. Furthermore, a compilation of ten excavation reports of burnt mounds between 2002 and 2013 is presented with the aim of determining their purpose, their usage of methods in general and petrography. The result of the summary confirms that there are discernable trends present and the result from the compilation of reports show that the larger scope is prioritized and that there are a number of commonly used methods, but that petrography is not among them.