Le service intentionnel est décrit par le but métier que le service permet de réaliser. Les utilisateurs effectuent ainsi une découverte, dirigée par les buts, des services correspondant à leurs exigences fonctionnelles. Le service atomique est exécutable par des services logiciels, alors que le service agrégat introduit de la variabilité, en décrivant les différentes variantes permettant de réaliser le but du service. La description du service intentionnel est étendue à la qualité (QoiS-Quality of intentional Service), qui peut être une QoiS simple associée au service atomique ou une QoiS globale correspondant au service agrégat. La QoiS simple est définie comme étant les buts qualité que le service atomique permet de satisfaire partiellement. La QoiS permet ainsi d'établir la correspondance entre les exigences non-fonctionnelles des utilisateurs et la qualité des services logiciels. Afin de traiter la variabilité métier du service intentionnel, des contraintes de dépendances entre les services sont définies. Elles permettent de préciser que le choix d'une variante peut entrainer le choix ou l'exclusion d'une autre variante. Pour améliorer le consensus sur la qualité, le référentiel qualité est proposé. Celui-ci est utilisé par les fournisseurs pour décrire la qualité de leurs services, et par les utilisateurs pour décrire leurs exigences non-fonctionnelles. La méthode multicritères d'aide à la décision TOPSIS est adaptée pour sélectionner parmi les services agrégats ou parmi les configurations exécutables ceux qui correspondent le mieux au contexte qualité de l'utilisateur. Aussi, un outillage est proposé pour démontrer la faisabilité de la méthode de sélection proposée.

Parmi les éléments qui procurent de la performance au sein d'une organisation, la réalisation des objectifs organisationnels est identifiée par de nombreux articles. En effet, plusieurs articles et modèles sont présents dans la littérature concernant les meilleures pratiques pour la réalisation des objectifs. Or, à propos des obstacles à la réalisation des objectifs, les articles sont limités et les modèles inexistants. Cette étude vise à atteindre deux buts. Le premier but est de démontrer l'existence de cinq catégories d'obstacles auxquels font face les cadres et les gestionnaires dans la réalisation de leurs objectifs organisationnels. Le deuxième but de cette étude vise à établir un ordre d'importance parmi ces cinq catégories d'obstacles, allant du plus problématique au moins problématique pour la réalisation des objectifs. À la suite d'une quinzaine de groupes de discussion lors d'une recherche précédente, des obstacles ont été déterminés par les participants. Ces obstacles ont été regroupés en cinq catégories, à savoir les règles, les émotions, l'initiative, l'action immédiate et l'intégrité. L'étude a été réalisée dans le secteur public auprès de six organisations au sein desquelles 322 cadres et gestionnaires ont répondu au questionnaire en ligne. La collecte de données a été réalisée à même le Web avec l'aide de l'outil « surveymonkey ». Les résultats obtenus par analyses en composantes principales ont permis d'évaluer empiriquement les cinq catégories d'obstacles en obtenant une validité de contenu, à savoir la capacité de mesurer tous les éléments du concept (exhaustivité) et aucun autre élément (exclusivité). Puis, les résultats de cette étude nous ont permis de déterminer les catégories d'obstacles ayant procuré le plus et le moins de problèmes dans l'organisation pour la réalisation des objectifs. La catégorie de l'action immédiate a été identifiée comme étant celle procurant le plus d'obstacles à la réalisation des objectifs. Ce résultat concorde avec la littérature, en autres avec le rapport de la vérificatrice générale déposé au mois de novembre 2009. Parmi les découvertes, la catégorie des 10 ans d'expérience a été une révélation face aux difficultés des catégories d'obstacles. Ceux ayant moins de 10 ans d'expérience dans le même poste et ceux ayant plus de 10 ans n'ont pas la même perception des obstacles. La contribution de cette étude sera pertinente au niveau théorique, en ce sens qu'elle permettra de déterminer et de mesurer les obstacles. Au niveau sociétal, les cadres et gestionnaires seront en mesure de trouver les obstacles à l'atteinte des objectifs organisationnels au même endroit sans avoir à effectuer une lecture exhaustive de la littérature. ______________________________________________________________________________

Foreign aid is the subject in development economics that created controversies about its influences on the economy of the recipient countries. This study is an attempt to explain the effects that aid may have on trade, with a focus on the trade costs associated with the creation of business ties. Tied aid creates incentives for the developing countries to keep positive trading relationships with their donors, mainly because of the diminishing trad-ing costs associated with long term contacts. Subsequently, programs related to infra-structure and trade enforcement have been launched, that work towards the integration of the Least Developing Countries into the world economy.This study includes the analysis of the trade flows and foreign aid disbursement be-tween the “Group of Seven” countries (G7) and the Least Developing Countries, for a time span of 22 years (1988-2009). The results show that aid does have a significant ef-fect on the trade flows between the developed and developing countries. The explana-tion to this is related to the trading costs and the infrastructure development that tends to diminish the costs linked to distance- and border-related issues, and the sunk costs of market research and entry. In accordance, the distance coefficient is smaller after 1997, as result of decreased trade costs and increased export flows from recipients to donors.

With the rapid change of society, economy, education, and science & technology, and following the gradual crack of world, national boundaries, races and classes, modern women are stepping out their footsteps to open up the equal-rights reform for the two sexes, which reveals their different journey of life from the traditional women. Due to the social advancement, the trend of double salary for a family¡¦s income has prevailed, so it is very popular for women to enter the job field. Consequently, the situation starts the issue of equal rights between the opposite sexes. Looking into the contemporary job market, one can see that women are mistreated. For example, first, in the job field, they have to keep higher attempted motivation, more sufficient ability and stronger physical strength to compete with men. Then, they still have to play the major role of labor supplier for their families, that is, they have to deal with all the housework after they return home from work, which adds a ¡§second duty shift¡¨ to their responsibilities. Therefore, the double-folded responsibilities of both working hard in the office and taking well care of the family create a predicament to modern women who are like ¡§a candle burning at two ends.¡¨ As a result, modern women have to bear more responsibilities and heavier burdens than the traditional women do in the field of business affair and family matter. Since May 20, 1997, the government has stipulated, released, and implemented ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨. The method has been revised for four times until now. According to the statistics from the Ministry of Civil Service, there are 538 government employees who retain the jobs and suspend the salaries due to the reasons of ¡§nursing the babies,¡¨ ¡§waiting upon the parents,¡¨ and ¡§the severe injuries and sickness of the spouses and children.¡¨ Among them, male government officials are 86 persons (15.99%) while females are 452 (84.01%), that is, women¡¦s are 5.3 times as much as men¡¦s. Is the meaning in which the data show closely related to the situation that women are traditionally the main housework suppliers? In succession, what influence will it make for the future career development of the female government officials? I as a female government official feel very curios to this question and then become interested to it, so I set about my research into it. My research is centered on documental survey adopting the ¡§Analytical Approach of the Statistic Data on Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨ from the Ministry of Civil Service. My case objects of study are sampled from Chiayi County. They are nine Government employees who have retained the job but suspended the salary all because of the ¡§family cause.¡¨ My approach is to interview them with depth to see their experience and opinions, and following their thoughts, I probe into the problems and analyze the questions to study. My study discovers a fact that although the government employees work at a rather stable-income position, at the time of major events in the family, like ¡§nursing the babies,¡¨ ¡§waiting upon the parents,¡¨ and ¡§the severe injuries and sickness of the spouses and children,¡¨ they still hold the stereotype of the traditional concept of ¡§men dominate outside, women dominate inside¡¨ to deal with the problem, despite the condition that they already have the strong support from the government issued ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary,¡¨ since they are limited by gender discrimination and social recognition. Even though the trend of double salary for a family¡¦s income has prevailed, women still have to play the major role of labor supplier for their families, so female government employees are forced to retain the job and suspend the salary which may influence their promotion in the future career in the government. Therefore, the uneven relationship between the two sexes in family matters has greatly affected their future progress in private life and public service. ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨ surely serves as a buffer when the swing of choice between public affair and family matter comes. However, a complete set of rights and interests for the people who retain the job but suspend the salary is not established. For instance, they cannot participate in annual merit system to evaluate their efficiency of work, their seniority will be suspended, and their allowance for marriage, birth, and children¡¦s education will be cut short. Therefore, from the social welfare¡¦s point of view, I sincerely hope that our government should issue a perfect plan for women to balance their responsibilities for work and family.

The Serbian-born, German university educated Nebojša Jovan Živković is a virtuoso percussionist and an acclaimed composer of a large body of innovative music. The concert percussion community has embraced several of these works and this document examines two solo pieces: “ULTIMATUM I for Solo Marimba,” Opus 24.1 (1990/91), and “Generally Spoken It Is Nothing But Rhythm for Percussion Solo,” Opus 21 (1994/95). The intention of this study is to be a practical performance guide to aid in making decisions that will inform expressive interpretation. Both works are examined in the context of the formal structure and how the motivic, thematic, and harmonic elements relate to the form. Performance aspects such as instrument selection, setup optimization, interpretation, utilization of expressive dynamics and articulations, dynamic balance, extended techniques, universal four-mallet techniques, practice strategies, and suggestions for preparation are included. Overall, the challenges of “ULTIMATUM I” are many—technical, musical, physical, and emotional. The composer’s comments concerning Opus 24.1 focus on an energetic and expressive attitude. The energy is written into the music, but the performer must communicate this ultimative energy to the audience. Opus 24.1 has an angular texture, complex rhythms, fast tempos, and extremely loud dynamics. The aggressivo middle section contains many of the greatest challenges of the piece. Inherent to any multi-percussion setup are technical challenges and these are compounded in “Generally Spoken“ due to the inclusion of the vibraphone. Opus 21 is an excellent addition to any percussion recital and a performance will captivate the audience—due in particular to the unique sonorities achieved between tuned almglocken, tuned toms, Chinese gongs, and vibraphone. The music of Živković may have limited appeal to listeners unaccustomed to solo concert percussion. More scholarly research into Živković’s personal history, Balkan heritage, and compositional concepts may help widen audience appreciation. / Literature review -- Ultimatum I for solo marimba opus 24.1 (1994/95) -- Generally spoken, it is nothing but rhythm for percussion solo opus 21 (1990/91) / School of Music

Climate change is the greatest environmental international problem facing the world today. This paper begins with a review of the climate change regime to date showing the mistakes that were made leading to failure in Copenhagen. It looks at China’s unique position in the international community and concludes that a meaningful climate change solution is not possible without China’s participation. It examines the concepts of CBDR and fairness to determine whether it is fair for the world to demand China’s participation. It looks at characteristics which should be present in a fair climate change solution, and concludes with a brief look at international trade law to determine what alternatives would be available to a coalition of willing states to encourage China’s participation in a global solution or, in a worst case scenario, to form an effective solution without China’s willing participation.

Climate change is the greatest environmental international problem facing the world today. This paper begins with a review of the climate change regime to date showing the mistakes that were made leading to failure in Copenhagen. It looks at China’s unique position in the international community and concludes that a meaningful climate change solution is not possible without China’s participation. It examines the concepts of CBDR and fairness to determine whether it is fair for the world to demand China’s participation. It looks at characteristics which should be present in a fair climate change solution, and concludes with a brief look at international trade law to determine what alternatives would be available to a coalition of willing states to encourage China’s participation in a global solution or, in a worst case scenario, to form an effective solution without China’s willing participation.

Thèse (D. en psychologie)--Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. / En tête du titre: Université du Québec à Montréal. Bibliogr.: f. [152]-166. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thèse (M.A.) -- Université Laval, 2007. / Comprend un lexique. Bibliogr.: f. [145]-151. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

NUNES, Renata Aguiar. Procedimentos, matéria, efeitos: ética e estética nos contos de Lima Barreto. 2013. 124f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-20T14:14:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_ranunes.pdf: 1497183 bytes, checksum: 30f1942b7611747076fcb6e0e9e002cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-20T14:35:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_ranunes.pdf: 1497183 bytes, checksum: 30f1942b7611747076fcb6e0e9e002cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_ranunes.pdf: 1497183 bytes, checksum: 30f1942b7611747076fcb6e0e9e002cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A crítica em torno da obra de Lima Barreto apresentou um importante avanço nas últimas décadas, ao adotar uma postura mais coerente com os princípios éticos e estéticos assumidos pelo escritor. Com um projeto criador dissonante dos preceitos literários que o cercavam, Lima foi rechaçado pela crítica literária de sua época, cujas concepções literárias se chocavam com as suas. Apenas a partir dos anos 70, estudos desenvolvidos por Antonio Arnoni Prado (1989) e Osman Lins (1976) passaram a apresentar um novo olhar sobre os elementos que constituem a obra desse autor, sobretudo no que tange aos seus romances. Entretanto, os contos, importante parcela da obra barretiana, não receberam a devida atenção por parte da crítica, demandando estudos que lhes esclareçam a constituição e a relação com o propósito ético e estético do escritor. Tais textos apresentam a mesma postura crítica e concepção de forma que se destaca nos seus romances, sendo esta caracterizada por uma estrutura extensiva e solta. Se, para o gênero romanesco, a falta de unidade que subjaz a esse tipo de ordenação poderia representar um entrave na constituição de uma forma literária válida, tratando-se de uma narrativa curta, como o conto, a questão tornar-se-ia ainda mais complexa. A fim de denunciar e propor reflexões acerca das problemáticas que compunham o cenário da Primeira República, Lima submete a forma de seus contos à matéria e aos efeitos visados, desprendendo-se de modelos fixos. Dessa maneira, verifica-se que a estética e a matéria dos contos do autor seguem um caminho contrário não só aos padrões cultivados pelos escritores e intelectuais aclamados no início do século XX, mas também aos pressupostos defendidos por renomados teóricos do gênero, como Poe e Cortázar. Acredita-se que a composição dos contos de Lima Barreto está ligada ao seu projeto ético e estético, o qual tem por escopo a ruptura com os padrões literários vigentes em sua época somada ao conhecimento crítico e à denúncia de mazelas referentes ao início do período republicano. Diante disso, esta pesquisa investiga, nos contos barretianos, os elementos internos que os constituem e as suas relações com o propósito ético e estético que norteia o trabalho do escritor, a fim de evidenciar a intrínseca ligação entre os procedimentos literários empregados na composição dos contos, os efeitos visados a partir de sua organização e a matéria representada.