Conservation biologists often use biological indicators to measure and monitor changes in biological diversity. This study examines butterflies as indicators using a gradient-based study approach. The urban gradient was characterized by Environmentally Sensitive Policy Areas (ESPAs), urban parks, golf courses, residential areas, and industrial areas. This thesis has been divided into two separate chapters. Chapter 1 summarizes an extensive review of existing data on butterfly presence/absence in the Region of Waterloo to determine what species are relatively uncommon or rare in the Region and examine how butterfly presence/absence has changed over the last 80 year. Each butterfly species that occurs in the region was assigned a regional status which resulted in the identification of 46 uncommon and rare species. Chapter 2 examines changes in butterfly abundance and diversity along a gradient of urbanization to determine how different land uses are potential affecting butterfly communities. Transects, 500 meters in length, were established at fifteen sites, each of which represented a land use within the urban gradient identified. Each transect was walked once a week for a total of 28 weeks over two years (2009 and 2010). Overall butterfly richness was observed to be highest within ESPAs, followed by urban parks and industrial areas and lowest within golf courses and residential areas. Shannon diversity scores were compared using a Kruskal Wallis test and indicated that species richness and evenness was significantly different between ESPAs and urban parks and compared to the remaining land uses, while species richness and evenness was not significantly different among residential areas, golf courses, and industrial areas in either 2009 or 2010. Significant differences in species richness and evenness was observed across the same land uses in 2009 and 2010 for all types except residential areas. Overall butterfly abundance was observed to be highest in industrial areas and lowest within golf courses and residential areas, a trend which was observed in both 2009 and 2010. Abundance was observed to be heavily influenced by counts of two non native species- the cabbage white (Pieris rapae) and European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola). ESPAs were identified as 1) supporting the most diverse butterfly community out of the 5 land uses examined and 2) providing habitat for the highest number of rare and uncommon species, indicating that current regional policies in place for protecting rare species are effective. Through an extensive literature review it was concluded that butterflies are effective indicators in temperate regions within a small geographic area such as the Region of Waterloo. Therefore it is expected that the results of this study indicate how other terrestrial taxonomic groups, which are known to show a similar response to urbanized land uses, may be impacted by urbanization in the Region. It is anticipated that the results of this study may be used to guide urban land use planning as it identifies rare and uncommon butterfly species within the region as well as what land uses need habitat enhancement to support more diverse communities.

In this study, a novel technique (TO-Butterfly package) for butterfly-type laser module packaging based on the coaxial type structure is proposed. By applying the low cost TO packaging technique, the cost and fabrication time can be reduced, and the yield rate can be increased. The achievement can be employed to package the novel butterfly-type laser module in the fiber optics communication. In traditional butterfly-type module package, the PWS was large while saddle clip and fiber ferrule being jointed by laser welding after the fiber ferrule and laser being aligned. Therefore, the coupling efficiency and the yield rate are low with long fabrication time. On the contrary, the TO-Butterfly package, similar to TO-Can laser module, includes upper part and lower part. The direction of the main PWS in TO-Butterfly laser module parallels to the optical axis, in which direction the components are constrained. Therefore, the PWS takes less influence on the coupling efficiency. Furthermore, the aligning process between the fiber and the laser and laser welding process is completed on Newport LW4000 workstation to build up a TO-Butterfly TOSA. After that, the TO-Butterfly TOSA is taken out of the workstation and combined with the case through solder. As a result, the fabrication time can be reduced to one-third. And the coupling efficiency and yield rate can also be improved. After several times of process modification, the coupling efficiency of the 19 TO-Butterfly TOSA modules by applying the novel packaging technology was all over 70%. The average and the highest coupling efficiency were 81.3% and 95.7%, respectively, and the standard deviation was 6.5%.

ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on Bakhtinian¡¦s three approaches, chronotope, carnivalesque and heteroglossia in David Henry Hwang¡¦s M. Butterfly. Since it is released, most critics mainly emphasize on the relationship between Gallimard and Song Liling. Gay issue becomes an underlying theme when readers study this play. Therefore, my thesis, based on Mikhail Bakhtin¡¦s theory, will analyze the parodic functions produced by Hwang to oppose to the empirical ideology in Madame Butterfly. The introduction, Chapter one, begins with a short summary of M. Butterfly and an overview of the theoretical frame of Bakhtin¡¦s theory as well as an explanation of the connection between Bakhtinian approach and M. Butterfly. In Chapter two, I discuss how chronotope, time and space, affects Gallimard. Chronotope represents changing concepts that appear in different situations. From Gallimard¡¦s prison to Song Liling¡¦s apartment, each event is considered a crucial form-shaping ideology. Chapter three chiefly deals with Song Liling¡¦s transvestism and Bakhtin¡¦s carnivalesque. Song Liling, like a carnival clown, turns over the western authority by masquerading her/himself and brings forth the concept of equality of all races. Chapter four aims to manifest a multiple constructed society. Bakhtin¡¦s heteroglossia designates to destroy the unification and centralization that colonialists use to dominate the non-white. Heteroglossia helps reveal the centrifugal discourses saturated in the society to secure the oppressed voice in this play. In the concluding chapter, I reiterate the analysis of M. Butterfly and Bakhtin¡¦s three approaches as well as describe the consequence of western ideology.

In this study, the capacitance displacement system (CDS) is employed to measure the post-weld-shift (PWS) induced by laser welding in butterfly type laser module package. The advantage of CDS is able to simultaneously and immediately measure the direction and the magnitude of PWS. Furthermore, with the aid of notch clip, the PWS can efficiently and quantitatively be compensated by laser hammering technique to regain the coupling power. Reduction of the PWS is an important issue in developing low-cost and high-performance laser modules. The package yield of laser modules can be imp roved due to the real-time measurement and quantitative compensation. In comparison with the high-magnification camera with image capturing system (HMCICS) having 0.7£gm resolution, the capacitance sensor achieves 25.4nm and 0.1£gm in its resolution and accuracy, respectively. Besides, during the package procedure, the real-time displacement detection can be used to adjust the package parameters. As a result, the PWS is reduced that contributes to less coupling power loss. After welding, the result reveals that the PWS was measured as X=0.15£gm and Y=-4.58£gm, while the coupling power is 43.19%.

Many of the European butterfly species have declined rapidly over the past decades. The cause is thought to be habitat loss due to factors such as increased tree cover, afforestation and intensified agriculture. I analyzed nation-wide data on butterfly occurrences in Sweden, to explore whether occurrences of individual species, grassland dependent species, grassland specialists, red-listed species, and moths, have increased or declined over a period of five years. I found that four species had significantly declined and eight had increased. The results were in accordance with other finds from Sweden, as well as from the UK, regarding the declining species. In contrast, the results regarding the increasing species only partly confirmed previous studies. I also found that grassland specialists and red-listed species had increased, possibly reflecting the fact that Sweden has a relatively large amount of boreal landscapes containing patches of clear-cuts and semi-natural grasslands.

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are well known to depend almost exclusively on milkweed (genus Asclepias) host plants for oviposition sites, as their larvae need to ingest compounds critical for adult butterfly chemical defense against predators. Many phytophagous insects make fast and accurate decisions on the quality of host plants, and whether or not to accept them as oviposition sites. We were interested in the cues that attract monarchs (males and females) to milkweed, while in flight, before contact stimulation can occur. We developed a novel flight apparatus to test monarch attraction behaviour, under a number of different experimental protocols, to both milkweed and control stimuli in order to identify the cues necessary or sufficient for monarch attraction to milkweed. Monarchs were found to be attracted to milkweed stimuli when the visual image alone of milkweed was available or when olfactory cues alone were available. Attraction behaviour was maximized when both cues were available. It was also discovered that attraction to milkweed was significantly diminished when ultraviolet reflection from milkweed leaves was prevented from being detected by monarchs in flight. / Thesis (Master, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-09 12:22:17.691

Conservation biologists often use biological indicators to measure and monitor changes in biological diversity. This study examines butterflies as indicators using a gradient-based study approach. The urban gradient was characterized by Environmentally Sensitive Policy Areas (ESPAs), urban parks, golf courses, residential areas, and industrial areas. This thesis has been divided into two separate chapters. Chapter 1 summarizes an extensive review of existing data on butterfly presence/absence in the Region of Waterloo to determine what species are relatively uncommon or rare in the Region and examine how butterfly presence/absence has changed over the last 80 year. Each butterfly species that occurs in the region was assigned a regional status which resulted in the identification of 46 uncommon and rare species. Chapter 2 examines changes in butterfly abundance and diversity along a gradient of urbanization to determine how different land uses are potential affecting butterfly communities. Transects, 500 meters in length, were established at fifteen sites, each of which represented a land use within the urban gradient identified. Each transect was walked once a week for a total of 28 weeks over two years (2009 and 2010). Overall butterfly richness was observed to be highest within ESPAs, followed by urban parks and industrial areas and lowest within golf courses and residential areas. Shannon diversity scores were compared using a Kruskal Wallis test and indicated that species richness and evenness was significantly different between ESPAs and urban parks and compared to the remaining land uses, while species richness and evenness was not significantly different among residential areas, golf courses, and industrial areas in either 2009 or 2010. Significant differences in species richness and evenness was observed across the same land uses in 2009 and 2010 for all types except residential areas. Overall butterfly abundance was observed to be highest in industrial areas and lowest within golf courses and residential areas, a trend which was observed in both 2009 and 2010. Abundance was observed to be heavily influenced by counts of two non native species- the cabbage white (Pieris rapae) and European Skipper (Thymelicus lineola). ESPAs were identified as 1) supporting the most diverse butterfly community out of the 5 land uses examined and 2) providing habitat for the highest number of rare and uncommon species, indicating that current regional policies in place for protecting rare species are effective. Through an extensive literature review it was concluded that butterflies are effective indicators in temperate regions within a small geographic area such as the Region of Waterloo. Therefore it is expected that the results of this study indicate how other terrestrial taxonomic groups, which are known to show a similar response to urbanized land uses, may be impacted by urbanization in the Region. It is anticipated that the results of this study may be used to guide urban land use planning as it identifies rare and uncommon butterfly species within the region as well as what land uses need habitat enhancement to support more diverse communities.

abstract: The molt from pupae to adult stage, called eclosion, occurs at specific times of the day in many holometabolous insects. These events are not well studied within Lepidopteran species. It was hypothesized that the eclosion timing in a species may be shaped by strong selective pressures, such as sexual selection in the context of male-male competition. The daily timing of eclosion was measured for six species of nymphalid butterflies. This was done by rearing individuals to pupation, placing the pupa in a greenhouse, and video recording eclosion to obtain the time of day at which it occurred. Four species exhibited clustered eclosion distributions that were concentrated to within 201 minutes after sunrise and were significantly different from one another. The other two species exhibited eclosion times that were non-clustered. There were no differences between sexes within species. The data support a relationship between the timing of eclosion each day and the timing of mating activities, but other as of yet undetermined selective pressures may also influence eclosion timing. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2017

The present thesis document delves into constructing a creative methodology within documentary ecology to approach narrative intersections between P'urhépecha families from Cherán, Mexico, living in Cobden, Illinois, and Monarch butterfly migration across North America. Doing so entails merging essential notions from Cultural Theory, Third Cinema, Native American and Indigenous Futurism, and Documentary futurism to draw a transdisciplinary approach invested in active negotiation across two sensitive realms in response to the experience of migration. "Footprints in the sky", the resulting creative project, merges elements from documentary film, experimental narrative, and the film essay, using Monarch butterfly migration as a metaphor in dialogue with the stories of migrant families from Cherán now living in Cobden. This multidisciplinary effort aims to shed light on the potential of the Monarch butterfly engaged with Indigenous Futurism as a multidimensional metaphor to negotiate trans-national corporate power, Nation-State borderland management, and the criminalization of immigration in a context marked by the continued prominence of neoliberal policies in North America.

Butterfly wing color patterns result from the arrangement of monochromatic scales containing chemical pigments and a delicate architecture that can cause interference or diffraction of light, generating iridescent colors. The latter mechanism is known as structural coloration and, despite its ecological importance, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of this trait. The Southern Dogface butterfly, Zerene cesonia, exhibits sexually dimorphic development of ultraviolet wing reflectance. Males possess a UV-reflective patch on the forewing that results from nano-structures on the wing scales, which are absent in females. This dimorphism offers an excellent opportunity to explore the genetic mechanisms involved in pattern formation and cyto-structural variation. We used RNA-seq data from imaginal wing discs through late larval and pupal development to identify genes involved in the regulation of color pattern and scale structure formation. We identified candidate genes for the regulation of wing color pre-patterning and sexually-dimorphic development of wing scales. Our results provide a genomic resource for the identification and characterization of genes that participate in the regulation of wing development in pierid butterflies.