This research explores the concept of mimicking structural colour in nature as an alternative to traditional textile coloration techniques. In particular, the research focuses on certain species of buttery and beetle. Structural colours originate from the physical interaction of light with nanoscale structures. Firstly, this study explores the use of thin, multilayer films to aid designing and producing bi-component interference fibres, exhibiting structural colour similar to that of the Morpho buttery. In the textiles industry, a bicomponent fibre called the Morphotex® fibre has been produced. This fibre replicates the structure observed on the surface of the wings of the Morpho buttery, responsible for achieving the distinctive iridescent blue. The project aims to replicate and extend on previously implemented biomimetic structures on textiles. Secondly, this project investigates ways in which Cholesteric Liquid Crystals(CLC) can be printed onto a range of textile substrates using k-bar coating and inkjet printing methods, to exhibit structural colour similar to that of the Chrysina Gloriosa beetle. CLCs produce a wide colour gamut and provide angular colour effects that would be a welcome addition to the 'toolbox' of a textile designer. In this study, solvent based ink formulations containing CLCs are applied to pre-treated textile substrates, using a piezoelectric inkjet printer. Different ink formulations, with varying concentrations of nematic liquid crystal and chiral dopant, are investigated to create a range of coloured films. This research determines whether fibre content, fabric structure, thread density, film thickness and surface treatments have an impact on the colour perceived by the observer.

Proper aeration of cavitating hydraulic equipment can greatly reduce cavitation intensity, noise, and damage. This thesis quantifies the benefit, in terms of damage and noise, from aerating six inch butterfly valve. The incipient damage level of cavitation was obtained for both aerated and non -ae ra ted conditions. The level is defined as one pit per square inch of a soft aluminum test specimen per one minute of operation. A description of the cavitation pits that occurred plus where they appeared is presented. A graph showing the aerated and non-aerated limits of incipient damage is given along with a table showing the percent reduct ion of damage from aeration. A graph and table are also given depicting the reduction in noise. The proper location of aeration ports to allow natural aeration is outlined .

The post-weld-shift (PWS) introduced in the butterfly laser packaging is investigated in this study. The elastic-plastic-thermal coupled finite element model is employed in the stress and deformation analyses. The temperature dependent material properties are used to calculate the residual stresses and the post-weld shift distributions during the packaging process. The finite element package ¡¥MARC¡¦ is used in this study. And the commercial optical software, i.e. ¡¥Zemax¡¦ is also employed in laser power coupling efficiency simulation. The variations of laser welding sequence, Nd-YAG pulse laser power, and initial ferrule¡¦s alignment position on PWS for butterfly laser packaging are studied and discussed in this work. The results indicated adjust the sequence and pulse laser power properly can improve the PWS in butterfly packing significantly. Besides, the PWS correction technique, i.e. the ¡¥Laser Harmering¡¦, is also illustrated in this study. The simulate results showed that proper arrange the welding processes may improve the coupling efficiency over 75¢M.

Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype to express different phenotypes in different environments, allows organisms to cope with variation in resources and invade novel environments. Biologists have long been fascinated with the costs and tradeoffs that generate and maintain variation in plasticity, such as possible increases in brain size and delays in reproduction associated with the evolution of learning. However, the costs of plasticity vary: many studies have failed to find costs of plasticity, the degree of costs often vary with the system or environments considered, and many costs of plasticity are variable even within the lifetime of an individual. This research adopts a developmental perspective to predict the degree and incidence of costs of plasticity, using host learning in butterflies as a case study. Learning, a mechanism of plasticity that develops through a trial-and-error sampling process, should result in developmental costs and allocation of energy towards development (at the expense of reproduction). Furthermore, costs of learning should be less pronounced in environments for which organisms have innate biases and for learned traits underlain by short-term memory, relative to long-term memory (which requires more developmental re-structuring). This research found support for all three predictions across three levels of costs: behavioral costs, tissue costs, and fecundity trade-offs. Butterflies exhibited genetic variation in their ability to learn to recognize different colored hosts. Genotypes with higher proxies for long-term memory emerged with relatively larger neural investment and smaller reproductive investment. In contrast to these costs of long-term learning, proxies of short-term learning were only correlated with increased exploration of a range of possible resources (types of non-hosts) early in the host-learning process. Family-level costs of plasticity emerged from the ability to learn to locate a red host, for which butterflies do not have an innate bias. Costs of learning were also induced by learning itself: following exposure to novel (red) host environments, individual butterflies, regardless of genetic background, increased exploratory behavior, increased neural investment, and re-allocated energy away from reproduction towards other functions (e.g., flight). Considering developmental mechanisms helps to predict how costs will influence the evolution of learning and plasticity.

Sebastian Beverloo: "Damn Pinkerton, and all such as he! – Om orientalism i Madame Butterfly." Exa- mensarbete på kandidatnivå i musikvetenskap, Institutionen för musik- och teatervetenskap, Stockholms universitet, ht 2014. Orientalism är teorin att Väst, genom representation i konsten, har förmedlat en ofördelaktig bild av Ori- entens folk, seder och bruk. Begreppet förklarar de estetiska strömningar som följde med den ostindiska handeln och den europeiska kolonialismen. Problemen som teorin om kulturell orientalism sätter fingret på innefattar olika aspekter av representation; hur orientalerna (redan det ett problematiskt begrepp i sig) har gestaltats i konsten. Ett av de centrala problemen är att etnicitet lyfts fram före individualitet: en orien- talisk man är i första hand orientalisk, och bara i andra hand man. Det här arbetet problematiserar repre- sentationen av rollpersonerna i den kvartett av verk, som jag kallar för Madame Geisha-berättelsen (Lotis Madame Chrysanthème (1887), Longs Madame Butterfly (1898), Belascos Madame Butterfly (1900), Puc- cinis Madama Butterfly (1904-7)). Mer specifikt undersöks hur den japanska kvinnan gestaltas genom alla de fyra verken – i synnerhet med hänsyn till relationen mellan japansk kvinnlighet och västerländsk man- lighet. Ett av huvudproblemen är att centralfiguren i berättelsen är en japansk kvinna, trots att ingen av de inblandade författarna var varken japansk eller en kvinna. Verken studeras sida vid sida och jämförs utifrån orientalistiska och genusrelaterade problem. En del av undersökningen ägnas även åt Butterflys påstaådda verkliga ursprung.

Climate change is considered one of the greatest future threats against biodiversity. One predicted consequence of a global temperature increase is that biomes will move against the poles, which will force species to either adapt to an unsuitable habitat or follow their climatic range shift. A common way to assess the future geographical distribution of a species is to predict their future climatic range. However, this excludes factors that could interfere with the species ability to follow their range shift, such as dispersal ability. The importance of expansion-related traits are often assumed rather than quantified. This study investigated if the specialist butterfly Pyrgus armoricanus, living at its northern range limit in south Sweden, will be able to expand north as the temperature increases. The study also explored the importance of six traits on a butterfly’s range shift ability; habitat specialization, growth rate, emigration probability, establishment probability, dispersal vagrancy and dispersal probability. The study found that the butterfly Pyrgus armoricanus will not be able to expand north in Sweden due to low dispersal ability and habitat availability. The most important traits for a butterfly’s ability to expand north in Sweden was growth rate, dispersal ability and habitat generalisation. Specialized butterflies dependent on well managed meadows will have limited success in following their northern range limit, and restoration is necessary to avoid future biodiversity degradation.

Species are experiencing shifts in their phenology (i.e., seasonal timing of recurring biological events) due to climate change, leading to disruptions in the relative timing of interacting species. These shifts can be detrimental to the fitness of the consumer (e.g., herbivore) in the interaction. In its larval form, the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a specialist herbivore that feeds on milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.). Given that plants generally experience seasonal declines in quality, it is hypothesized that if climate change disrupts the timing of the larval stage relative to the availability of younger milkweed plants, monarch performance will be negatively affected. In this thesis, I explore the potential for negative consequences for the eastern monarch population due to potential shifts in the timing of their interaction with milkweed—due to phenological shifts in either species. I used field surveys around Ottawa, ON to determine monarch oviposition preference on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) plants and the seasonal availability of their preferred plants. To determine the potential consequences for monarch fitness where females oviposit on non-preferred plants, I conducted a field experiment to assess the effect of milkweed size on monarch larval performance. Based on field surveys, females preferentially oviposited on smaller milkweed plants in earlier developmental stages with low levels of discolouration. Plants in early developmental stages were consistently available in large proportion over the summer season. These results suggest that even if the relative timing of the monarch-milkweed interaction in the eastern population is shifted due to climate change, there will likely be suitable milkweed plants available for oviposition throughout the breeding season, which could act as a buffer to disruptions in the relative timing of the interaction. I found that bigger plants exuded more latex and had thicker leaves than smaller plants. However, larval performance was unaffected by these plant quality differences. While it is unclear how the relative timing of the monarch-milkweed interaction will change in the future, my results suggest that shifts in the relative timing of their interaction within the breeding season are unlikely to have negative consequences for larval performance in eastern Ontario. Future studies should determine how the relative timing of the interaction will change in the region and explore how climate change will affect the quality of milkweed plants.

Conventional wireless techniques are becoming inadequate for beyond fifth-generation (5G) networks due to latency and bandwidth considerations. To increase the wireless network throughput and improve wireless communication systems’ error performance, we propose physical layer network coding (PNC) in an Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS)-assisted environment. We consider an IRS-aided butterfly network, where we propose an algorithm for obtaining the optimal IRS phases. Also, analytic expressions for the bit error rate (BER) are derived. The numerical results demonstrate that the scheme proposed in this thesis significantly enhances the BER performance. The proposed scheme is compared to traditional network coding without IRS. For instance, at a target BER of 10−3, 28 dB and 0.75 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) gains are achieved at the relay and destination node of the 32-element IRS-assisted butterfly network model.

Butterfly valves are commonly used in industrial applications to control the internal flow of both compressible and incompressible fluids. A butterfly valve typically consists of a metal disc formed around a central shaft, which acts as its axis of rotation. As the valve's opening angle is increased from 0 degrees (fully closed) to 90 degrees (fully open), fluid is able to more readily flow past the valve. Characterizing a valve's performance factors, such as pressure drop, hydrodynamic torque, flow coefficient, loss coefficient, and torque coefficient, is necessary for fluid system designers to account for system requirements to properly operate the valve and prevent permanent damage from occurring. This comparison study of a 48-inch butterfly valve's experimental performance factors using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in an incompressible fluid at Reynolds numbers ranging approximately between 105 to 106 found that for mid-open positions (30-60 degrees), CFD was able to appropriately predict common performance factors for butterfly valves. For lower valve angle cases (10-20 degrees), CFD simulations failed to predict those same values, while higher valve angles (70-90 degrees) gave mixed results. (152 pages)

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