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Strategic environmental assessment of trunk road plans and programmesRichardson, Jeremy Hugh January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
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De veneuze overbruggingsplastiek in het femoro-popliteale trajectJörning, Paulus Jacobus Gerardus. January 1981 (has links)
Proefschrift Maastricht. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Engels.
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The relationship between central and local government : a case study of the Oxford inner relief road controversy, 1923-74Newman, Roland J. January 1977 (has links)
No description available.
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The predicted effect of the interstate bypass on Eloy, ArizonaHarmon, Myron Foss, 1925- January 1963 (has links)
No description available.
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Controle de sistemas passivos de resfriamento de emergencia de reatores nucleares por meio de linhas de desvioMACEDO, LUIZ A. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Controle de sistemas passivos de resfriamento de emergencia de reatores nucleares por meio de linhas de desvioMACEDO, LUIZ A. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados experimentais, de um circuito operando em circulação natural, que permitem analisar o comportamento de um sistema de resfriamento de emergência quando é aberta uma linha de desvio entre a fonte quente e a fonte fria. O trabalho tem ainda a importância de documentar os testes de caracterização hidráulica do circuito experimental, fornecendo inclusive os fatores de perda de pressão específicos para o circuito. Observou-se que, para uma mesma potência, quando é aberta a linha de desvio, a temperatura na saída da fonte quente aumenta substancialmente. Esse aumento ocorre porque a vazão através do aquecedor diminui. A vazão através do trocador de calor (fonte fria) aumenta ligeiramente, sendo sempre a soma das vazões na linha de desvio e no aquecedor. O trabalho mostra ainda que a posição de conexão da linha de desvio com a perna quente determina o sentido de escoamento, podendo ocorrer a inversão a partir de uma determinada cota. Para comprovar a possibilidade de simulação precisa dos experimentos foi ainda desenvolvido um modelo numérico das equações de conservação, utilizando o programa Engineering Equation Solver (EES). Esse modelo foi utilizado para reproduzir os experimentos de circulação natural pelo circuito externo. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Transportation and economic development evaluation modelAl-Dawood, Abdullah Saad 14 October 2005 (has links)
The system dynamics methodology is used to develop a computer simulation model to determine whether to add lanes to a congested highway or build a new, more direct, facility. Fundamental to this evaluation is the incorporation of non-user measures of effectiveness to go with the traditional highway user measures of effectiveness, such as the Benefit-Cost Ratio. In the system dynamics methodology three alternative forms of the model of a system are used: verbal, visual, and mathematical. The verbal description is diagrammatic and shows cause-and-effect relationships between many variables in a simple, concise manner. The visual model or "causal diagram" is translated into a mathematical model and system equations.
The model is comprised of four sectors:
1. population sector
2. economic sector
3. university sector
4. transportation sector
The model applies to the area of Blacksburg, Christiansburg and Roanoke (city and county). with special treatment to Virginia Tech through the university model. The simulation results of the non-user benefits along with user benefits is used to evaluate the alternatives in the Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Roanoke corridor. / Ph. D.
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Beteende hos lekvandrande lax i Klarälven – utvärdering av en fiskfälla / Behaviour of the migrating salmon in the river Klarälven - evaluation of a fish trapWolfbrandt, Jeanette January 2014 (has links)
During the migration season in 2013 a study on spawning migrating salmon and the effect of water flow on the behavior was conducted of the salmon at the Forshaga hydropower station in the River Klarälven. The River Klarälven with its nine hydropower plants on the Swedish side, constituting migration obstacles for the migrating salmon. Fortum Generation AB has together with the County Administrative Board restored a salmon trap at the lowermost hydropower station in Forshaga, aiming at making it possible for the salmon to swim into the trap, and thereafter be transported by truck past the power plants and then continue their journey to the spawning grounds on their own. Unfortunately, it is believed that the trap does not work as well as it should. In this study, I focused on salmon position in relation to water flow and if the number of salmon that swam into the fish trap differed between salmon with previous experience of the trap (experienced) and salmon without experience (unexperienced). My results showed that there were significantly more inexperienced salmon that entered the trap than experienced salmon. The salmon, regardless of experience, chose a position where the flow was highest. To increase catches of salmon in the fish trap I suggest that one use more attraction water and keep the trap open more hours. My results should be of interest to managers as the trap efficiency has never been evaluated, and no earlier studies about the effect of salmon experience on trap efficiency exist. / Vandringssäsongen 2013 genomfördes en studie på lekvandrande lax och hur vattenflödet påverkade laxens beteende vid Forshaga kraftstation i Klarälven. Klarälven med dess 9 vattenkraftverk på den svenska sidan utgör vandringshinder för den lekvandrande laxen. Fortum har tillsammans med Länsstyrelsen renoverat en laxfälla i det mest nedströms liggande kraftverket i Forshaga. Syftet med fällan är att laxen ska simma in i fällan till en uppsamlingsbassäng och därefter köras med lastbil förbi kraftverken, för att därefter fortsätta vandringen på egen hand. Fiskfällans effektivitet är ifrågasatt och man vet inte hur effektiv den är. I denna studie fokuserade jag på laxens ståndplats i relation till varifrån det huvudsakliga flödet kom, samt om antalet laxar som simmar in i fiskfällan skiljde sig mellan lax med tidigare erfarenhet av fällan (erfaren) och lax utan erfarenhet av fällan (oerfaren). Mina resultat visade att det var signifikant fler oerfarna laxar än erfarna laxar som simmade in i fällan. Laxen, oavsett erfarenhet, valde ståndplats där flödet var som högst. För att öka fångsterna av lax i fiskfällan skulle mer lockvatten och fler timmar då fällan är öppen kunna bidra med mer fångst. Denna studie borde vara av intresse för inblandade aktörer i laxens förvaltning eftersom fällans effektivitet aldrig utvärderats tidigare, och dessutom har man inte studerat om tidigare erfarenhet av en fälla påverkar laxen.
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Modèle électrique de collatéralité coronarienne : amélioration de l'outil de simulation d'élargissement du panel de patients / coronary collaterality electrical model : improvement of the simulating tool using a greater number of patientsHarmouche, Mazid 05 June 2015 (has links)
Les pontages aorto-coronaires sont réalisés afin d’assurer une reperfusion myocardique. Un modèle de circulation coronaire serait utile pour prédire les effets des interventions pharmacologiques et pathophysiologiques en particulier les pontages coronaires. Dans ce travail, nous étudions des patients avec des sténoses coronaires sévères. Nous avons créé un modèle basé sur l’analogie hydraulique/électrique qui décrit le système artériel coronaire mathématiquement. Les simulations permettant de calculer les pressions et les flux dans les artères natives sténosées, les branches collatérales et les capillaires. Dans notre modèle biomécanique, les capillaires sont représentés par leur résistance hydraulique ; la résolution des équations de mécanique des fluides dans un tel réseau est complexe raison pour laquelle nous avons utilisé un modèle électrique. Dans ce modèle, chaque segment d’artère coronaire est représenté par un modèle de circuit analogue avec une résistance R, une capacitance C et une inductance L. Notre système artériel coronaire a été modélisé en présence de pontages. Dans cette analogie hydraulique/électrique, les pressions et les flux correspondent au voltage électrique et au courant. L’imagerie diagnostique seule est insuffisante pour prédire les résultats d’un traitement donné pour un patient unique de par ses lésions. La notion de Pw (pression distale à la thrombose) est proportionnelle au flux collatéral dans cette région. Un index basé sur des mesures de pression a été proposé par Pijls afin de déterminer la significativité fonctionnelle de la collatéralité et de faciliter la prise de décision chez les patients avec une collatéralité équivoque. Cet index est nommé Collateral Flow Index (CFI). Toutefois, la relation entre le flux collatéral et la valeur de Pw n’est pas aussi simple en particulier lorsqu’il s’agit de vaisseaux multisténosés. Nous avons donc développé un CFI modifié et démontré que le nouvel index de pression du flux collatéral est plus sensible aux variations des pressions distales aux thromboses, Pw, pouvant ainsi décrire le rôle du flux collatéral plus précisément. De plus, ce nouvel index reflète la balance entre deux chutes de pression : (Pw-Pv) correspondant au flux distal à la thrombose et (Pao-Pw) correspondant au flux collatéral. Nous avons également analysé les facteurs les plus importants qui déterminent la perfusion du territoire droit. Sept nouveaux patients ont également été étudiés. Le caractère temps-dépendant des résistances capillaires a été introduit afin de prendre en compte le collapsus des vaisseaux coronaires en systole dû à la contraction ventriculaire. Une des conclusions majeures est que la revascularisation complète est totalement justifiée chez nos patients. Enfin, la dernière partie a été consacrée à l’étude du Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR). Notre modèle est maintenant utilisé afin d’évaluer la fonctionnalité de la circulation coronaire après revascularisation. / Bypass grafting is performed to obtain myocardial reperfusion. Coronary artery diseases induce the development of a coronary collateral circulation. However, developed collaterals are a risk factor for restenosis. We study the case of severe coronary diseases. We proposed a model based on hydraulic/electric analogy. The simulations allow to know the pressures and flow rates with the hope that these computations will augment the surgeons experience. The reductions of the stenosed arteries were estimated from angiographic observations. Flow rates are measured with a flowmeter.In the biomechanical model of this coronary network, the capillaries are represented by their hydraulic resistances. Full resolution of the fluid mechanics equations in such a network is complicated, reason why we used an analog electrical model. In the electrical model, each segment of the coronary artery is simulated by an equivalent analog circuit model. Our coronary artery system was modeled in the presence of bypasses. In this hydraulic/electric analogy, pressure and flow rate correspond to electrical voltage and current. The so-called coronary wedge pressure Pw (pressure distal to the thrombosis) is proportional to collateral flow to this area. An index based on pressure measurements has been proposed. This index is called Collateral Flow Index (CFI). However, the relationship between the collateral flow and the Pw value is not simple. That’s why we developed another CFI and demonstrated that the proposed new pressure based index of collateral flow is more sensitive to the variations of the values of the pressure distal to the thrombosis and could thus describe the role of collateral flow. Moreover, this new index is likely to reflect the balance between the two pressure drops: (Pw- Pv) driving the flow distal to the thrombosis and (Pao- Pw), driving the collateral flow. We also studied the flow rate toward the right heart territory and demonstrated that the influence of capillary and collateral resistances cannot be analyzed separately. We also analysed the most important factors that determine the right territory perfusion using a mathematical analysis which confirmed that the CFI does not fully reflect the flow rate delivered to the occluded territory. In particular, the capillary and collateral resistances are demonstrated to have a major influence on the perfusion of the right occluded territory. Even if the CFI may be improved by a more appropriate combination of the measured pressure values, collateral flow and microvascular status determination in patients with three-vessel disease remains a challenge. Another part of this work integrated seven new patients. Simulated profiles of flow rates and pressures were obtained in case of fixed and variable resistances. The last part was dedicated to the study of the Fractional Flow Reserve. Our model is now used to evaluate the functionality of the coronary circulation after revascularization.
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Der Einfluss der hydraulischen Impedanz auf die Prognose und lokale Hämodynamik femoro-infrainguinaler RekonstruktionenHeise, Michael 14 April 2004 (has links)
Durch die intraoperative Anwendung der extrakorporalen Bypassflow-Messung wurde zum ersten Mal die Messung und Berechnung der hydraulischen Impedanz möglich. Von den in der vorgelegten Untersuchung berücksichtigten Variablen des hydraulischen Impedanzkonzeptes zeigte sich, dass die Phasenverschiebung zwischen Druck- und Flusskurven, gemessen als erster Impedanzphasenwinkel, die größte klinische Bedeutung hatte. Mit Hilfe der Phasenverschiebung wurde die Langzeitprognose von femoro-poplitealen und insbesondere cruralen Bypässen eindeutig vorhersagbar. Sämtliche Bypässe zu Ausstromgebieten, die einen hohen Wellenwiderstand von < -40° aufwiesen, waren innerhalb von 16 Monaten nach der Operation verschlossen. Das Verhalten der Impedanzparameter nach Prostaglandinapplikation bestätigte die bisherigen tierexperimentellen Erfahrungen. Durch die induzierte Vasodilatation kam es neben der Senkung des linearen Strömungswiderstandes auch zu einem deutlichen Abfall des pulsatilen Wellenwiderstandes. Es zeigte sich, dass die isolierte Prostaglandinreaktion ein weiterer Prognosefaktor von cruralen Bypässen war. Sämtliche Rekonstruktionen, die zu Anschlussgefässen geführt wurden, welche keine Prostaglandinreaktion mehr zeigten, waren innerhalb von 9 Monaten postoperativ verschlossen. Hierdurch konnte die Genauigkeit der Vorhersagbarkeit von Bypassverschlüssen noch verbessert werden. Es zeigte sich außerdem in der vorgelegten Studie, dass konventionelle Angiographien weder mit der Prognose der peripheren Rekonstruktionen noch mit den intraoperativ gemessenen linearen oder pulsatilen Widerständen korrelierten. Dieses ist um so mehr von Bedeutung, da die Operationsplanung in der Regel anhand der Angiographien erfolgt. In kritischen Fällen, in denen der periphere Abstrom aufgrund einer schwachen Kontrastierung der Anschlussgefässe nicht sicher zu bestimmen ist, sollten aus diesem Grund zusätzliche dynamische Untersuchungen, wie die farbkodierte Duplexsonographie oder Magnetresonanz-Angiographie erfolgen. Der hohe lineare und pulsatile Widerstand ist zusammen mit der Anastomosengeometrie weiterhin dafür verantwortlich, dass es innerhalb der Anastomosen zu ausgeprägten Flussseparationen kommt. Wie mit Hilfe der Particle Image Velocimetry-Untersuchung gezeigt wurde, finden diese sich innerhalb der klassischen End-zu-Seit-Anastomosen im Bereich der Haube und der Fersenregionen. Darüber hinaus kommt es in Abhängigkeit von der Geometrie zu einer Stagnationszone auf dem Boden der Anastomose. Innerhalb dieser Flussablösungszonen fanden sich Scherstressmuster, die deutlich unterhalb des normalen Wandscherstressniveaus lagen. Zwischen dem Zentralstrom und den Separationszonen ließen sich darüber hinaus Übergangszonen mit deutlich höherem Scherstress nachweisen. Diese Befunde unterstützen die sogenannte low-shear Theorie, welche zur Erklärung der subendothelialen Intimahyperplasie herangezogen wird. Die räumliche Korrelation der typischen Prädilektionsstellen der Intimahyperplasie mit den durch PIV nachgewiesenen Flussablösungen zeigte eine sehr hohe Übereinstimmung. Neben den Hauben- und Fersenseparationen entwickelte sich eine Stagnationszone am Boden des Empfängergefässes. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt in diesem Zusammenhang war der erstmals erhobene Befund, dass in der Übergangszone zwischen Zentralstrom und Separationen normale Wandscherbedingungen vorlagen. Hierbei könnte es sich um das erforderliche Stopsignal für die Endothelzellen handeln, die Stimulation der subendothelialen Myozyten einzustellen. / The intraoperative use of the extracorporeal bypass flow method allowed for the first time measurement and calculation of hydraulic impedance. The phase shift between flow and pressure waves, as represented by the first phase angle, showed a strong correlation to graft patency. All grafts presenting with high impedance values of < -40°, were occluded within 16 month after the operation. The reaction of the impedance parameters following application of prostaglandin E1 correlated with the previously known experimental results. The induced vasodilation led to a significant decrease of the first phase angle. The prostaglandin reaction itself also proved to be a valuable prognostic factor. All reconstructions to a vasculature with a negative prostaglandin reaction were occluded within 9 months after the operation. The prostaglandin response therefore provided an enhancement of the prognostic tools associated with graft patency. In addition it was shown, that the conventional angiographies did not correlate with graft prognosis. This is particularly important, since angiographies are used for the preoperative planning of the operation. In critical cases, additional assessment of runoff by means of duplex sonography or magnetic resonance angiography is necessary. The high pulsatile resistance is responsible for flow separation inside distal anastomoses of peripheral bypasses. Using Particle Image Velocimetry it was shown, that significant separation areas were present at the heel, the hood and the floor of the anastomoses. The shear stress inside these areas was significantly lower than normal wall shear stresses. At the transition between separation and mainstream very high shear stresses were present, which could provide the stop signal for the signal cascades, leading to subendothelial hyperplasia, which leads to graft stenoses.
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