During the past decade much attention has been attracted to the great range lands of the West. The inherently low productivity of these arid lands coupled with abnormal drought and constantly heavy use by livestock because of lack of grazing control, have caused these lands to become greatly depleated over most of the West. That the vegetation on most range land in the intermountain states is depleted appreciably is evident to the careful observer. Undoubtedly the vegetation of much of the range has decreased in quantity, but more serious in many cases is the decrease in quality. Valuable forage species have been replaced by less valuable or even worthless ones. This situation has been recognized by students of range ecology, and, therefore, management plans have been formulated to preserve or improve the forage cover. These plans have undergone changes and are still being modified as basic facts concerning the growth habits of range plants are brought to light. Grazing plans in the past were, of necessity, based upon superficial study and general impressions; plans of the future will be based upon scientific facts supplemented by experience. The studies herein reported were made during the summer of 1938 in southern Cache Valley, Utah. The range under observation is roughly comparable to the northern intermountain grasslands. The observed range occupies the benches and foothills above the more moist valley floor.

The study of environmental history suggests that nature and culture change all the time, but that the rate and scale of such change can vary enormously. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Anglo settlement in the American West transformed landscapes and ecologies, creating new and complex environmental problems. This transformation was particularly impressive in Cache Valley, Utah's Bear River Range. From 1860 to 1910, Mormon settlers overused or misused the Bear River Range's lumber, grazing forage, wild game, and water resources and introduced invasive plant and animal species throughout the area. By the turn of the 20th century, broad overuse of natural resources caused rivers originating in the Bear River Range to decline. To address the water shortage, a small group of conservation-minded intellectuals and businessmen in Cache Valley persuaded local stockmen and farmers to support the creation of the Logan Forest Reserve in 1903. From 1903 to1910, forest managers and forest users attempted to restore the utility of the landscape (i.e., bring back forage and improve watershed conditions) however, they quickly discovered that the landscape had changed too much; nature would not cooperate with their human-imposed restoration timelines and desires for greater profit margins. Keeping in mind the impressive rate and scale of environmental decline, this thesis tells the heretofore untold environmental history of the Bear River Range from 1860 to 1910. It engages this history from an ecological and social perspective by (1) exploring how Mormon settlers altered the landscape ecology of the Bear River Range and (2) discussing the reasons why forest managers and forest users failed to quickly restore profitability to the mountain landscape from 1903-1910. As its value, a study of the Bear River Range offers an intimate case study of environmental decline and attempted restoration in the western United States, and is a reminder of how sensitive our mountain ranges really are.

The Box Elder Bug, Leptocoria trivittatue (say), is a hanipterous insect belonging to the family corisidae. Although it rarely is a pest of agricultural crops, its habit of invading homes and other buildings for hibernation and to warm itself has made it an annoying household pest. It has proven to be a difficult insect to control. Only a few of the contact insecticides, useful in control of related insect pests, have given satisfactory control of the Boxelder Bug. Because it has not been considered a critical problem, it has not received detailed attention from the scientific investigators. Its close association with boxelder trees has long been recognized. Elimination of boxelder trees has often been advocated for control of this insect. However, boxelder is not its only host and, furthermore, elimination of boxelder trees is not always practical or desirable.

The Cache Valley Shoshone are the survivors of the Bear River Massacre, where a battle between a group of US. volunteer troops from California and a Shoshone village degenerated into the worst Indian massacre in US. history, resulting in the deaths of over 200 Shoshones. The massacre occurred due to increasing tensions over land use between the Shoshones and the Mormon settlers. Following the massacre, the Shoshones attempted settling in several different locations in Box Elder County, eventually finding a home in Washakie, Utah. However, the LDS Church sold the land where the city of Washakie sat, forcing the Shoshones to adapt quickly. Much of our knowledge of the massacre stems from either white American sources or the oral histories that circulate among one Shoshone family group. This leaves the information incomplete. Adding the voices of more individuals expands our knowledge of the massacre itself and the adaptations the Shoshones continue to make in order to survive.

.Nineteenth-century Mormon settlers in Utah combined a unique set of religious beliefs with a fervent agrarianism and a strong sense of community. They encountered a specific arid environment along the Wasatch Front. A distinctive cultural set of irrigation institutions and practices developed out of the complex interchanges between nature and culture in Cache Valley, Utah, between 1860 and 1916. The structure of water flow, and conflicts over water rights and responsibilities, reflected the fundamental tensions within Mormon communities between individual gain and collective progress; it also reflected the patriarchal essence of Mormon culture. The season-to-season workings of irrigation institutions that distributed water from the Logan River, whether large irrigation districts or neighborhood canal cooperatives, showed how Mormon communities developed systems of exchange for water that allowed each individual irrigator to take water in direct proportion to the amount of labor, cash, or crops he contributed to the group's collective construction and upkeep of canals. The democratic nature of these exchanges, however, were tempered by natural hierarchies inherent in the geography of water canals, and by community hierarchies of power. A small group of elite town fathers held most of the responsibility for irrigation administration, and used their influence -in disputes over water. Those town fathers also tended to own more land than other irrigators. They often owned valuable land in proximity to the canals themselves. Between settlement in 1860 and the Call Decree in 1916, Logan River irrigators worked together to formulate a water distribution system that allowed for both the growth of local communities and for continued adherence to the basic religious principles on which the communities were founded. They also struggled to follow seasonal cycles of water use that fit within the natural cycles of the rise and fall of the water level in the river. Whether at the level of the high-line canal, the city block, or the family garden, Mormon water systems constituted an interesting example of the ways in which culture and the environment come together to shape natural resource use, especially in the arid regions of the American west.

The Hyrum Project is located in northern Utah near the Cache County seat of Logan, and includes lands bordering the towns of Hyrum, Wellsville, and Mendon, Utah. The primary features of the project include a dam and reservoir on the Little Bear River, and three canals that total slightly more than 20 miles in length. Its principal purpose is to provide supplemental irrigation water to 6,800 acres of fertile land. This project is the result of several investigations relative to the improvement of water utilization in Cache County. A report prepared in 1922 entitled, "Report on the Utilization of the Land and Water Resources of Cache Valley, Utah," stimulated interest and concern over the insufficient water supply. Beginning with this report, and until the final approval of the project in 1933, various county, state, and federal agencies worked together to devise a feasible method of increasing the supply of irrigation water in Cache Valley.

Cache Valley virus (CVV) induced malformations have been previously reproduced in ovine fetuses; however, no studies have established the CVV infection sequence of the cells targeted by the virus or the development of the antiviral response of the early, infected fetus that results in viral clearance before development of immunocompetency. To address these questions, ovine fetuses at 35 dg were inoculated in utero with CVV and euthanized at 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 dpi. On postmortem examination arthrogryposis and oligohydramnios were observed in some infected fetuses. Morphologic studies showed necrosis in the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle of earlier infected fetuses and hydrocephalus, micromyelia and muscular loss in later infected fetuses. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, intense CVV viral antigenic signal was detected in the brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscles and fetal membranes of infected fetuses. Viral signal decreased in targeted and infected tissues with the progression of the infection. To determine specific cell types targeted by CVV in the CNS, indirect immunofluorescence was applied to sections of the CNS using a double labeling technique with antibodies against CVV together with antibodies against neurons, astrocytes and microglia. CVV viral antigen was shown within the cytoplasm of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. No viral signal was observed in microglial cells; however, infected animals had marked microgliosis. The antiviral immune response in immature fetuses infected with CVV was evaluated. Gene expression associated with an innate, immune response was quantified by real-time, quantitative PCR. Upregulated genes in infected fetuses included ISG15, Mx1, Mx2, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-?, TLR-7 and TLR-8. The amount of Mx protein, an interferon stimulated GTPase capable of restricting growth of bunyaviruses, was elevated in the allantoic and amniotic fluid in infected fetuses. ISG15 protein expression was significantly increased in target tissues of infected animals. B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin-positive cells were detected in lymphoid tissues and in the meninges of infected animals. This demonstrated that the infected ovine fetus is able to stimulate an innate and adaptive immune response before immunocompetency that presumably contributes to viral clearance in infected animals.

This study synthesizes the deposition and tectonic evolution of the Tertiary deposits in southern Cache Valley, a narrow, north-trending valley in the northeastern Basin-and- Range Province. The surrounding mountains consist of Proterozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Southern Cache Valley is an east-tilted half-graben. The oldest Tertiary sediments are on the west side of the basin, and the overall dip is to the east. The Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Salt Lake Formation (Tsl) accumulated above the thin (to absent) Early to Middle Eocene Wasatch Formation (Tw) and the newly identified Fowkes and Norwood Tuff equivalents (Tfn; late Middle Eocene to Middle Oligocene). The two post-Wasatch units consist of felsic tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, pebble to boulder conglomerate, limestone, and sandstone. Pebble counts, generalized measured sections, and detailed mapping permitted subdivision of the Tertiary deposits into mappable subunits. Numerous faults and N-trending folds are present in Tertiary deposits in the SW part of the area. The Cenozoic-Paleozoic contact is offset by normal faults. The faults with ENE trends offset both the Paleozoic and Tertiary rocks, and thus are younger than 5 .1 Ma. Thick gravels, rich in Paleozoic carbonates, dominate exposures in the east, near the East Cache fault zone. Few cobbles are present within the Tfn except near the base, whereas conglomerates rich in clasts of Paleozoic carbonates are intertongued with tuffaceous sediments throughout the Tsl, especially eastward. Up to 8,000 feet (3439 m) of the Tsl accumulated as the narrow Cache Valley basin formed during the Neogene by rapid eastward downfaulting.

Experiment s were conducted to see if Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. overwinters inside living host tissue in Utah. Bacteria, collected from apple, pear, mountain ash, chokecherry and Pyracantha, were used in the experiment. Isolates taken from buds and inner bark plated on nutrient yeast dextrose agar, we re tested by serological and bacteriophage techniques. Those showing positive tests were then inoculated into Bartlett pear seedlings to test virulence. Both virulent and avirulent isolates were isolated from each species of plant in the experiment. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from diseased tissue near cankers, as well as from apparently healthy inner bark as far as six inches below the cankers. Pathogenic bacteria were also isolated from healthy appearing buds in the vicinity of cankers. Nearly 15 percent of isolates from hosts other than apple and pear were pathogenic to Bartlett pear seedlings. A good deal of variation existed among the bacterial isolates. Antisera developed from four isolates of Erwinia amylovora proved to be a good means of identification for the pathogen.

The purpose of this report is to investigate the feasibility of irrigating the lands of the Cache Valley Water Conservation District No. 1. The district, as it now stands, is very much in need of many improvements. The Main canals are now in use and are in a good condition to serve all the lands with the required amount of water, but the few laterals that are now constructed, are in a poor condition, with the remaining laterals yet to be finished. Before successful irrigation can be practiced, a large portion of the land will require leveling and small areas are water-logged, which will require drainage. The soils of the area are of an impervious nature, and alkaline to some extent, which will require a definite method of procedure to put them in condition for plant growth. This report consists of a study of the factors affecting the feasibility of irrigating this district and includes a suggested program of reclamation.