This diploma thesis deals with the business plan for a coffee shop in Brno. The business plan will be drafted based on the processing of critical risk analysis, market analysis and marketing research.

The thesis aims petition leisure center in České Budějovice. The building will be used for education and sports activities citizens. Clients use the services of a cafe with gallery, multifunctional rooms, library and teaching space, the center also includes facilities for staff. The building is designed as a three-storey with a partial basement.

The Late Classic Period at Kaminaljuyú is one of the most poorly understood periods of occupation, possibly because the artifacts and architecture lack the ornate decoration found in earlier periods. One of the largest and best preserved areas of the site is located in the Parque Arqueológico de Kaminaljuyú in Zone 7 of Guatemala City. A major focal point of architecture atKaminaljuyú is the Acropolis, which has been the focus of various excavations, particularly the work of Gustavo Espinoza from 1958 to 1962. Despite this research, much of the important documentation and artifacts recovered from these excavations have been lost. In 2003, Brigham Young University and colleagues from the Universidad Del Valle in Guatemala City conducted excavations near the Acropolis and Palangana in order to collect additional artifacts and create a chronology of the structures found at the park. The team also focused on studying architecture and remapping the area, hoping to recover information vital to interpreting the construction and function of the buildings found there, with a particular focus on the relationship between the occupants of Kaminaljuyú and the people living at Teotihuacán. Using ceramics collected from the Brigham Young University/ Universidad Del Valle excavations, this thesis will focus on the Late Classic period of Kaminaljuyú in order to determine the function of the Acropolis during this period. A discussion of the status of the ancient inhabitants of the Acropolis will also be included. This thesis will provide the reader with a description of Late Classic ceramics and building phases. These findings will be explained in terms of the function of the Acropolis and the status of its residents during that period. The ultimate goal of this work is to illustrate that the Acropolis was used as a residential zone during the Late Classic Period. I will also argue that the people who lived near the Acropolis probably achieved an elevated status compared to residents of other parts of Kaminaljuyú, but lacked many of the luxury goods commonly associated with elites in Mesoamerica.

Ce mémoire porte sur l'alliance thérapeutique perçue par les jeunes, les parents et les intervenants en début d'intervention dans le cadre d'un programme d'intervention brève et intensive de crise. L'alliance thérapeutique est considérée comme un facteur favorisant la réussite des interventions offertes aux jeunes et aux familles en difficultés ou en situation de crise. Toutefois, il existe, à ce jour, peu de connaissances sur les caractéristiques des jeunes et des familles associées à l'alliance thérapeutique.Ce mémoire tente de pallier cette lacune en identifiant les caractéristiques des jeunes et des familles associées à l'alliance thérapeutique. L'échantillon à l'étude est composé de 123 familles ayant bénéficié du programme d'intervention CAFE en 2010-2011 dans un des sept Centres de la santé et des services sociaux (CSSS) de la Montérégie. Les résultats indiquent que le fait que le jeune et l'intervenant soient tous deux de sexe féminin, le ratio de flexibilité au sein de la famille et le manque de supervision parentale prédisent l'alliance thérapeutique évaluée par le jeune alors que le ratio de cohésion perçu à la fois par le jeune et le parent, le fait de vivre de nombreux évènements de vie stressants, la détresse cognitive chez le parent et la fréquence des conflits conjugaux perçue par le jeune prédiraient l'alliance perçue par le parent. Du coté de la perception de l'alliance par l'intervenant, l'engagement parental, perçu à la fois par le jeune et le parent, les évènements de vie stressants vécus par le parent et une relation parent-enfant détériorée sont associés à l'alliance thérapeutique, mais n'apparaissent pas comme étant des prédicteurs significatifs de l'alliance perçue par l'intervenant.

Le développement des structures de grains se formant durant les procédés de soudage par fusion a un large impact sur les propriétés et la résistance mécaniques des assemblages. Des défauts, tels que la fissuration à chaud, sont aussi liés à la texturation de grains propre à l'étape de solidification. La simulation directe du développement tri-dimensionnelle (3D) des structures de grains dans ces procédés, à l'échelle industrielle, est rarement proposée. Dans ce travail, une modélisation couplée 3D Automate Cellulaire (CA) - Eléments Finis (FE) est proposée pour prédire la formation des structures de grains dans les procédés de soudage multipasses GTAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) et GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding). A l'échelle macroscopique, la modélisation FE permet la résolution des équations de conservation de la masse, de l'énergie et de la quantité de mouvement pour l'ensemble du domaine en s'appuyant sur un maillage adaptatif. Pour le procédé GMAW avec apport de matière, le modèle FE est enrichi et développé dans une approche level set (LS) afin de modéliser l'évolution de l'interface métal / air due au développement du cordon de soudure. Le domaine FE contient ainsi la pièce étudiée et l'air environnant dans lequel le cordon se développe. Les calculs FE sont couplés avec l'approche CA utilisée pour modéliser le développement de la structure de grains. Un maillage fixe ('maillage CA') est superposé au maillage adaptatif FE ('maillage FE'). Les champs macroscopiques propres au maillage FE sont ainsi interpolés entre le maillage adaptatif FE et le maillage fixe CA. Une nouvelle stratégie d'allocation / désallocation de la grille de cellules CA est ensuite utilisée basée sur l'allocation / désallocation des éléments du maillage CA. La grille CA est constituée d'un ensemble régulier de cellules cubiques superposées au domaine soudée. A l'échelle micro-, la grille est utilisée afin de simuler les étapes de fusion et solidification, à la frontière entre le domaine pâteux et le bain liquide, durant le processus de soudage. Les évolutions de températures des cellules sont définies par interpolation du maillage CA. Un couplage du modèle avec les chemins de solidification et les évolutions enthalpiques tabulés est aussi implémenté, permettant de suivre la thermique et les évolutions de fractions de phase propre à l'évolution du procédé. Avec de réduire les temps de calcul et la quantité de mémoire informatique nécessaire à ces simulations, une optimisation des maillages FE/CA et des tailles de cellules CA est proposée pour les deux approches FE et CA. La modélisation 3D proposée est appliquée à la simulation de la formation des structures de solidification formées durant le soudage GTAW et GMAW multipasses de pièces d'acier inoxydables de nuances UR 2202. Dans le procédé GTAW, l'influence de l'évolution des structures de grains selon les paramètres procédés est étudiée. L'orientation normale des grains avec l'augmentation de la vitesse de soudage est montrée. Dans le procédé GMAW, la modélisation permet de simuler la refusion et la croissance des grains des couches successives. De manière générale, les structures de grains prédites montrent qualitativement les évolutions attendues présentées dans la littérature.

Le changement climatique et la variabilité ont des répercussions graves dans le secteur agricole des régions tropicales. Le secteur du café est sensible au changement climatique car il nécessite une température relativement froide et une plus grande durée des pluies. L'adaptation au changement climatique dans l'agroforesterie du café est donc importante pour traiter les impacts, mais il existe des obstacles et des limites. Le but de cette thèse était d'analyser les stratégies d'adaptation au changement climatique au centre du Kenya. Nous avons étudié différentes étapes de l'adaptation qui incluent (1) les connaissances sur le changement climatique et l'adaptation, la motivation à l'adaptation, (2) le choix actuel des stratégies d'adaptation et leurs déterminants, (3) les rôles du système d'innovation et du contexte institutionnel. Cette étude repose sur quatre sources d'information: - (1) groupes de discussion sur des questionnaires pré-définis, (2) enquêtes auprès des ménages, (3) entrevues auprès des intervenants et (4) données climatiques historiques sur le contexte de quatre types de systèmes de productions dans l’agriculture : les cultures vivrières, le café spécialisé, les systèmes diversifiés café-laiterie et les systèmes laitiers spécialisés, dans les zones caféières et vivrières. L'analyse des tendances de Mann-Kendal et l'estimateur de la pente de Sen ont été utilisées pour comparer les connaissances des agriculteurs sur les changements climatiques et l’historique des données climatiques, tandis que le modèle de Heckman a été utilisé pour analyser les stratégies d'adaptation et leurs déterminants. Les résultats soulignent des cohérences entre les connaissances des agriculteurs et l'analyse historique des données pour la température mais des incohérences avec le changement des précipitations. L'analyse de la perception par les agriculteurs révèle que les précipitations diminuent radicalement au fil du temps, alors qu'aucun élément de preuve concernant les précipitations ne permet d'appuyer la perception des agriculteurs. L'incohérence est donc corroborée par l'analyse des modèles. Les agriculteurs du secteur du café et des cultures vivrières se sont adaptés différemment aux changements climatiques. Les agriculteurs qui sont conscients des changements sont plus disposés à explorer les stratégies d'adaptation. Une partie des agriculteurs qui ne perçoivent pas le changement climatique adoptent des stratégies d’adaptation à des facteurs autres. L'adaptation au changement climatique est également déterminée par la performance institutionnelle et les différences de systèmes sectoriels d'innovation. La comparaison entre les secteurs du café et des produits laitiers révèle ainsi que les stratégies des acteurs du café sont limitées. En ce qui concerne l’élaboration des politiques, cette thèse contribue aux politiques d’accompagnement de l’adaptation au niveau des ménages, aux politiques de recherche agronomique et de négociation des accords internationaux. Les recommandations politiques au niveau des ménages se différentient selon trois scénarios. En premier lieu de l’intensification dans le café par l’innovation technologique. Les deux autres options politiques sont dans la diversification sectorielle dans la production laitière qui dépend de leur niveau de rentabilité. Les résultats de cette étude sont issus d’enquêtes sur l’analyse des systèmes d’innovation. D’autres options politiques sont proposées dans le développement de nouvelles infrastructures, des subventions pour accroitre les potentiels d’adaptation. Nous recommandons enfin de nouveaux sujets de recherche pour le futur. / Climate change and variability is the most widespread anthropogenic challenge affecting agricultural production and productivity particularly in the tropics. Coffee sector is sensitive to climate change as it requires relatively cold temperature and higher rainfall duration. Adaptation to climate change in the coffee agroforestry is, therefore, important to address the impacts, but there are barriers, and limits. The aim of this Thesis was to analyze the adaptation strategies to climate change in Central Kenya. We studied the steps in adaptation, which includes (1) the knowledge on climate change and adaptation, the motivation towards adaptation, (2) current choices of households’ adaptation strategies, and their determinants, (3) the roles of innovation system and institutional context to support adaptation. This study was based on four sources of information: - (1) Focus Group Discussions to predefine the questionnaires, (2) household surveys, (3) stakeholders interview, and, (4) historical climate data. The data collection considered four farming typologies; - food crops, specialized coffee, diversified coffee-dairy and specialized dairy farming systems in the coffee and food crops zones. Mann-Kendal trend analysis and Sen’s slope estimator were used to compare the farmers’ knowledge of climate change with the historical climate data, while Heckman model was used to analyze adaptation strategies and their determinants. The findings explore consistent results between farmers’ knowledge and historical data analysis for temperature, while inconsistency is observed in rainfall change. Analysis of farmers’ perception revealed rainfall is radically declining over time, while no evidence in rainfall record is found to support the farmers’ perception. The inconsistency is therefore, substantiated with analysis of patterns. Coffee and food crop farmers are found to adapt to climate change differently. Farmers who are aware of the changes are found more willing to explore adaptation strategies although some of the farmers who do not perceive the climate is changing are also adopting strategies for factors other than perception. The comparison between coffee and dairy sectors found that actors in the coffee are limited, the system is highly centralized with limited options for farmers to process and market their products, while the dairy sector is informally controlled by demand based business and comparatively, numerous actors. We conclude in this study that the patterns in rainfall affects the farming activities of the study area higher than the annual changes. Consequently, farmers adopt a series of adaptation strategies in response to their perception of changes in climate and economic pressure in the farm. This adaptation to climate change also depends on the nature of actors’ interaction and institutional context. In relation to policy development, this Thesis contributes to household level adaptation policies, research policies and international agreements and negotiations. The household level policy recommendations consists of three scenarios. Farmers’ intensification in coffee applying the right technological innovations. The second and third policy options are the diversification to dairy and complete sectoral transformation to dairy depending on the profitability and adaptation level of the sectors. The results in this study are derived from surveys and analysis of innovation systems. Other strategies such as new infrastructural development and institutional subsidies could be potential for adaptation. We therefore, recommend, these could be potential future research topics.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 437800.pdf: 2143579 bytes, checksum: 27291e3f6641f7a5b986a21239266159 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / The decaffeination of leaves of yerba mate is economically attractive, since it allows to obtain products of commercial interest and caffeine, a byproduct used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work we used the extraction and precipitation with supercritical carbon dioxide to obtain the decaffeinated yerba mate and micro/nanoparticles of the caffeine. The decaffeinated yerba mate and extract were obtained from the dry leaves on automated pilot plant. The mathematical modeling was realized with the extraction curves defining the condition of the pressure and temperature for higher yield and lower caffeine content in yerba mate. For the micronization process based on the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as antisolvent (SAS process, Supercritical AntiSolvent) it was used a semi-continuous pilot plant. The influence of the initial concentration, the temperature and the pressure in the yield, in the particle size, in the morphology and polymorphism were analyzed. The results demonstrated that carbon dioxide is selective for caffeine and the condition which obtains higher yields of extract and less content of the caffeine in the extracted yerba mate was 15.0 MPa and 323,15 K . The average reduction of caffeine in yerba mate was 40%. The particles were micronized from caffeine solution with dichloromethaneand the analysis of the product showed a narrower range of sizes (2.5 to 6.5 μm) in comparison to unprocessed caffeine (12.2 μm) with an increment of the purity of caffeine. We also found that with proper selection of process parameters such as temperature, pressure and initial concentration, it is possible to produce particles of caffeine with different degrees of crystallinity and distinct quantities of polimorphics. / A descafeiniza??o de folhas de erva-mate ? economicamente atrativa, pois possibilita a obten??o de produtos descafeinados de interesse comercial e cafe?na, um bioproduto utilizado na ind?stria aliment?cia e farmac?utica. Neste trabalho utilizaram-se a extra??o e a precipita??o supercr?tica com di?xido de carbono para obten??o da erva mate descafeinada e de micro/nanopart?culas de cafe?na. A ervamate descafeinada e o extrato foram obtidos a partir da erva-mate seca em uma planta piloto automatizada. Com as curvas de extra??o procedeu-se a modelagem matem?tica definindo qual a condi??o de press?o e temperatura de extra??o para maior rendimento e menor teor de cafe?na na erva-mate. O processo de microniza??o baseou-se no uso do di?xido de carbono supercr?tico como antisolvente (processo SAS Supercritical Antisolvent) em uma planta piloto semicont?nua. A influ?ncia da concentra??o inicial, temperatura e press?o no rendimento, tamanho de part?cula, morfologia e polimorfismo foram analisados. Os resultados demonstraram que o di?xido de carbono ? seletivo para a cafe?na e que a condi??o em que se obt?m o maior rendimento de extrato e menor quantidade em massa de cafe?na na erva-mate extra?da ? a de 15,0 MPa e 323,15 K. A redu??o m?dia da cafe?na na erva-mate foi de 40%. As part?culas de cafe?na foram micronizadas a partir de solu??es com diclorometano. A an?lise do produto apresentou uma faixa mais estreita de tamanhos (2,5 a 6,5 μm) em compara??o com a cafe?na n?o processada (12,2 μm), com aumento de pureza da cafe?na. Foi encontrado tamb?m que com adequada sele??o dos par?metros do processo como temperatura, press?o e concentra??o inicial, ? poss?vel produzir part?culas de cafe?na com distintos graus de cristalinidade e diferentes quantidades dos polim?rficos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:59:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 466218.pdf: 1839839 bytes, checksum: b88b0a1aef8f28f8586a8a5527e57608 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / The interest in micro and nanoparticles has grown recently, since the technological advancement increased the possibilities for production and manipulation of these particles. The applications in different sectors, such as pigments, explosives, polymers, pharmaceuticals and superconductors, nanotechnology has increasingly attracted the interest of governments, academic researchers and industry. Among the technologies for obtaining micro- and nanoparticles, stand out those which make use of supercritical antisolvent (SAS). This method enables the obtainment of smaller particles with a more homogeneous size distribution than traditional ones, often eliminating the presence of residual solvent in the particles. In this context, this work aims to build, implant and perform validation test of a SAS process pilot unit, seeking the incorporation of this equipment as a technological tool for development and innovation associated with the production of nanoparticles. The implementation of this project started with the propose of SAS process flowchart; followed by sizing and acquisition of vessels, piping, valves and other necessary items for the equipment assembly, based on the supercritical extraction pilot plant installed at LOPE / PUCRS. In order to validate the equipment, caffeine particles were produced under different experimental conditions. The best performance of the precipitation process was achieved at 100 bar and 60 ? C. The caffeine particles obtained using the deployed equipment were analyzed for morphology and size using images taken by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the results were similar to those found in the literature. / O interesse em micro e nanopart?culas tem crescido nos ?ltimos anos, uma vez que o avan?o tecnol?gico ampliou as possibilidades de produ??o e manipula??o dessas part?culas. Por ter aplica??es em diferentes setores, tais como os de pigmentos, explosivos, pol?meros, f?rmacos e supercondutores, a nanotecnologia tem atra?do cada vez mais o interesse de governos, pesquisadores acad?micos e ind?strias. Dentre as tecnologias para obten??o de micro e nanopart?culas, destacam-se as que fazem uso de antissolvente supercr?tico (SAS), visto que possibilitam a obten??o de part?culas menores e com distribui??o granulom?trica mais homog?nea do que os m?todos tradicionais, al?m de muitas vezes eliminarem a presen?a de solvente residual nas part?culas obtidas. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivo construir, implantar e realizar testes de valida??o de uma unidade piloto experimental do processo SAS, visando incorpora??o deste equipamento como instrumento de desenvolvimento tecnol?gico e inova??o associado ? produ??o de nanopart?culas. A execu??o do projeto iniciou com a proposi??o do fluxograma de processo SAS; em seguida foram dimensionados e adquiridos vasos, tubula??es, conex?es, v?lvulas e outros acess?rios necess?rios para a montagem do equipamento, tendo como base a unidade piloto de extra??o supercr?tica instalada no LOPE/PUCRS. Para valida??o do equipamento, part?culas de cafe?na foram produzidas em diferentes condi??es experimentais. A condi??o mais favor?vel para o melhor rendimento no processo de precipita??o foi a de 100 bar e 60 oC. A produ??o de part?culas de cafe?na no equipamento implementado reproduziu os resultados encontrados na literatura quanto ? morfologia e dimens?o das part?culas obtidas, analisadas atrav?s de imagens obtidas por um microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura (MEV).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 462325.pdf: 1364561 bytes, checksum: 19bc55cdfda395e1b4a89ba3de34a12a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-06 / Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. The prognosis for this cancer is poor, generally, the overall survival rate is 10-15% with about five years of survival. Adenosine is present in different tissues of various organisms and plays an extremely important role in the purinergic system. Adenosine is produced directly or indirectly by ATP and its target P1 receptors which are G-protein coupled (A1, A2A, A2B and A3). Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine antagonist and has low affinity for A3 great affinity for A1, A2A and A2B. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of P1 purinergic receptors and the action of caffeine on the proliferation of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, using the human lineage of squamous cell esophageal OE21. First we demonstrated that P1 receptors are expressed in the cell line by means of qRT-PCR and still A2A receptor expression was significantly reduced when these cells were treated with caffeine (100 &#956;M). In addition to the caffeine treatment also decreases cell proliferation (1, 5 e 10 mM) and this effect was most likely a type of non-apoptotic cell death. Similarly, adenosine decreases cell viability (1, 5 and 10 mM) and proliferation (5 mM) via apoptosis and dipyridamole (10 &#956;M) affect cell viability and did not alter the type of death caused. These results demonstrate the in vitro investigation of adenosine and caffeine in esophageal cancer receptors and this is a first step to understanding of purinergic signaling in esophageal cancer. / O c?ncer de es?fago ? o oitavo c?ncer mais comum no mundo. O progn?stico para esse tipo de c?ncer ? ruim, geralmente, a taxa de sobreviv?ncia global ? de 10-15% com cerca de cinco anos de sobrevida. A adenosina est? presente em diferentes tecidos de v?rios organismos e tem um papel extremamente importante no sistema purin?rgico. Ela ? produzida direta ou indiretamente atrav?s do ATP e tem como alvo receptores purin?rgicos P1 que s?o acoplados ? prote?na G (A1, A2A, A2B e A3). A cafe?na ? um antagonista n?o seletivo de adenosina e tem baixa afinidade pelos receptores A3 e grande afinidade pelos receptores A1, A2A e A2B. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel dos receptores purin?rgicos P1 e a a??o da cafe?na e da adenosina na prolifera??o de carcinoma de c?lulas escamosas de es?fago, utilizando a linhagem humana de carcinoma de c?lulas escamosas de es?fago OE21. Primeiro demonstramos que os receptores P1 est?o expressos na linhagem celular atrav?s de qRT-PCR, e que a express?o do receptor A2A foi significativamente reduzida (p<0,05) quando essas c?lulas foram tratadas com cafe?na (100 &#956;M). Em adi??o o tratamento com a cafe?na tamb?m diminui significativamente a viabilidade (1, 5 e 10 mM) das c?lulas e este efeito foi provavelmente um tipo de morte celular n?o-apopt?tica. De modo semelhante, a adenosina diminui a viabilidade celular (1, 5 e 10 mM) e a prolifera??o (5 mM) atrav?s de apoptose, e o dipiridamol (10 &#956;M) afetou a viabilidade celular e n?o alterou o tipo de morte causada. Estes resultados demonstram, atrav?s de investiga??o in vitro, a a??o dos receptores P1 adenosina e da cafe?na no c?ncer de es?fago e este ? um primeiro passo para entender de sinaliza??o purin?rgica no c?ncer de es?fago.

<p>This report presents the primary development process of an innovative milk foamer. The project is structured as the primary development process that is used at Electrolux Floor Care and Small Appliances AB, Global Primary Development and Innovation department in Stockholm, Sweden. The aim was to develop a milk foamer with innovative solutions to provide Electrolux with a unique product. The objective was to create a product that highly meets customer requirements and in the same time is feasible to develop into a selling product. All the aspects regarding a consumer product had to be considered. To create innovative solutions thorough investigations of the physics behind foaming and foam are studied and documented. The difference in foam quality when using different ways of foaming is documented and possible explanations is discussed. The primary development process range from pre-study and customer research to designing prototypes and verifications. Most of the report deals with standalone solutions but there is also a part of the report that deals with integrated solutions and cooperating solutions that would be used together with espresso machines. The result is a variety of concepts and four fully working standalone prototypes. Two prototypes are further developed and are highly interesting to Electrolux.</p>