Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 G74 / Master of Science

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

The concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined in 12 llamas from the Condoriri Agricultural Experiment Center (Oruro Technical University) of Oruro, Bolivia during two seasons (wet and dry) and at three ages (newborn, juvenile, and adult). Samples of flesh were taken from the arm, leg, back, rib, and neck. Pasture samples (grassland and prairie) were used to determine the rate of biting of each animal studied. The blood samples were taken by extracting blood from a jugular vein. The minerals (Ca and P) in the flesh are highest in the wet season, 113.78 mg/100 g. The newborns were found to have the highest concentrations of minerals during the wet and dry season, 113.78 and 93.98 mg/100 g. The mineral concentrations of calcium and phosphorus for the newborns and adults were 120.58 and 144.5 mg/100 g. The lower concentration of juveniles had 7.52 mg/100 g of calcium in the meat and reported a 9.59 mg/100 g concentration during the wet season and 6.78 mg/100 g for the dry season. The juveniles and adults recorded higher concentrations of calcium with 9.2 and 8.78 mg/100 g with the newborns having a lower value of 6.58 mg/100 g. The phosphorus in the flesh was reported to be 9.59 mg/100 g for the wet season and 6.78 mg/100 g for the dry season. The concentration of the calcium and phosphorus in the grazed pasture during the wet and dry seasons was 0.56 and 0.12 % respectively. The females recorded higher concentrations of calcium and phosphorus with 0.38% while the males recorded only a 0.30% concentration. The calcium content is higher in the pasture (0.55%) than the phosphorus (0.13%). In the wet season the biomass contains 0.91% calcium and 0.22% phosphorus. During the dry season the high calcium content was 0.19% and for phosphorus it was 0.04%. The calcium and phosphorus exist in smaller quantities in the blood during the wet season (7.25 mg/dl) and greater quantities during the dry season (9.88 mg/dl). Juvenile females have a higher quantity of calcium (10.15 mg/dl) while newborns and adults have a lower quantity (9.52 and 7.2 mg/dl).

Three trials, involving 300 pigs were conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding 70 to 130% of the NRC recommended Ca/P levels from weaning to market weight on the relationships between measures of Ca/P status of postweaning swine, and to derive response surfaces relating diet and time effects to observed performance and bone characteristics. Pigs were slaughtered every 4 weeks following the start of the trials to obtain third and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals. Asymptotic response surfaces, relating the effects of dietary Ca/P level and time on test to the observed performance or bone characteristics were derived. The estimated lack of fit was significant for many criteria, although the magnitude of difference in fit appeared to be very small; therefore, the asymptotic response surfaces were found to reflect well the response of performance and bone criteria to dietary Ca/P levels of 70 to 130% of NRC recommendations over the period from weaning to market. The Ca/P level associated with 95 and 98% of maximum bone length, wet weight, radius and dry fat- free ash percentage of bones appeared to be the same or lower than that required to maximize body weight, average daily gain and feed intake; the performance criteria reached near maximum for Ca/P levels approximating the NRC recommendations. Bone wall thickness, cross—sectional area, bending and shear force, bending and shear stress, extracted weight of bone, and dry fat-free ash weight appeared to require higher Ca/P levels than recommended by NRC to reach 95 or 98% of maximum. Seventy-five pigs were biopsied at 4 week intervals, and a biopsy sample was also taken from 225 pigs at slaughter, to evaluate a bone biopsy procedure for use as a live-animal sampling method in swine nutrition studies. Biopsy cores from the live and the slaughter pigs were similar, indicating that repeated sampling of the live animal did not significantly alter the composition of the biopsy core. Biopsy core measures were significantly correlated with intact third and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal bone measures. Comparisons of the least squares means and standard errors of biopsy core and bone dry fat-free ash percentage indicated that the biopsy procedure may be more useful when NRC recommended or higher Ca/P levels are fed. There was strong indications, however, that use of the biopsy procedure warrants further consideration. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 312365 bytes, checksum: e0f44062b37f48c3517825cbdd3705f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Aiming to evaluate feeding programs (FP) with different levels of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) on rations containing phytase for piglets, one hundred sixty- eight barrows and females weighing 8.11 ± 0.61 kg were weaned at 28 days and blocked according to initial body weight. Inside each block, piglets were randomly distributed to one of seven feeding programs with eight replicates and three piglets per experimental unit.The treatments consisted of control FPwithout phytase and six with decreasing levels(%) of aP and calcium (Ca) with the addition ofphytase(2,000 FTU/kg), as follows: FP1: (aP: 0.435-0.385-0.315; Ca: 0.850-0.825-0.768); FP2: (aP: 0.370-0.320-0.250; Ca:0.850-0.825-0.768); FP3: (aP: 0.305-0.255-0.185; Ca: 0.850- 0.825-0.768); FP4: (aP: 0.435-0.385-0.315; Ca:0.690-0.665-0.608); FP5: (aP: 0.370- 0.320-0.250; Ca: 0.690-0.665-0.608); FP6: (aP: 0.305-0.255-0.185; Ca: 0.690-0.665- 0.608). The FP3, FP5 and FP6 resulted in higher average daily gain and feed intake in comparison to control,from 28 to 35 days. Only FP6 resulted in higher average daily gain in comparison to control, from 28 to 49 days. The FP6 resulted in lower verage daily gain when compared to FP1, from 28 to 63 days.The FP1, FP2, FP4 and FP5provided greater bone mineralization when compared to control. The FP1resulted in greater bone mineralization than FP3, FP5 and FP6. The FP3 resulted in less bone mineralization than FP1, FP2 and FP4. Bone Ca was lower on FP5 when compared to FP1. With the exception of the FP3, phosphorus (P) of the bone was higher on all treatments when compared to control, however, the FP3 treatment resulted in less bone P than FP1. The FP4, FP5 and FP6 resulted in lower bone Ca:P ratio when compared to control. The serum Pconcentrations were lower in FP3 and FP6 in comparison to control. Considering only treatments containing exogenousphytase, the FP3 resulted in lower serum P than FP1, FP4, FP5; and FP6 resulted in lower serum P in comparison to FP5 as well. In conclusion, the FP6 results in satisfactory performance of pigs from 28 to 63 days of agealthough providing lower growth rate when compared to FP5. / Objetivando-se avaliar planos nutricionais comdiferntesníveis de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo disponível (Pd) em rações contendo fitase, 168 leitões, machos castrados e fêmeas, com peso corporal inicial de 8,11±0,61kg foramdesmamados aos 28 dias de idade e distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, conforme o peso corporal, em sete tratamentos, com oito repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram planos nutricionais (PN), sendo um controle sem fitase e os demais com níveis (%) decrescentes de Pd e Ca com 2.000 FTU de fitase, conforme segue: PN1: (Pd:0,435-0,385-0,315; Ca: 0,850-0,825-0,768); PN2: (Pd:0,370-0,320-0,250; Ca:0,850-0,825-0,768); PN3: (Pd: 0,305-0,255-0,185; Ca: 0,850-0,825-0,768); PN4: (Pd: 0,435-0,385-0,315; Ca:0,690-0,665-0,608); PN5: (Pd: 0,370-0,320-0,250; Ca:0,690-0,665-0,608); PN6: (Pd: 0,305-0,255-0,185; Ca: 0,690-0,665-0,608). O ganho de peso e o consumo de ração diários dos 28 aos 35 dias foram maiores para o PN3, PN5 e PN6 em comparação ao plano controle. Dos 28 aos 49 dias, o ganho de peso diário proporcionado pelo PN6 foi maior em comparação ao controle. O ganho de peso diário foi menor no PN6 em comparação ao PN1, dos 28 aos 63 dias. Os tratamentos PN1, PN2, PN4, PN5 proporcionaram maior mineralização óssea comparados ao controle. O PN1 resultou em maior mineralização óssea que o PN3, PN5 e PN6. OPN3 proporcionou menor mineralização óssea que os PN1, PN2 e PN4. O PN5 resultou em menor Ca ósseo comparado ao PN1. Com exceção do PN3, todos os tratamentos resultaram em P ósseo maior em relação ao controle, mas o PN3 resultou em P ósseo menor que o PN1. O PN4, PN5 e PN6 resultaram em menor relação cálcio:fósforo ósseo em relação ao controle. O P sérico foi menor no PN3 e PN6 em relação ao tratamento controle. Dentre os tratamentos contendo fitase, o PN3 resultou em menor P sérico que o PN1, PN4, e PN5; e o PN6 em menor P sérico que o PN5. Conclui-se que oPN6, correspondente a 0,305-0,255-0,185 de Pd, 0,690-0,665-0,608 de Cae2000 FTU/kgde fitase, apesar de proporcionar menor taxa de crescimento em relação ao PN5, resulta em desempenho satisfatório de leitões dos 28 aos 63 dias de idade.