No description available.

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2000--Aachen.

En este estudio se analizan las actitudes lingüísticas hacia la variedad canaria en comparación con la variedad español peninsular considerado estándar de veinte estudiantes universitarios en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. La investigadora utiliza una versión modificada del método matched guise que consiste en una grabación de cuatro versiones de un mismo texto leído por dos hablantes de la variedad canaria y dos hablantes de la variedad español peninsular considerado estándar. Los informantes escuchan el texto grabado y contestan consecutivamente un cuestionario, evaluando las voces de la grabación. Según el resultado obtenido existe una diferencia entre la valoración de la dimensión de estatus y la dimensión de solidaridad. Los informantes valoran más positivamente a la variedad español peninsular estándar al nivel estatus, mostrando actitudes desfavorables hacia la variedad canaria. En la dimensión de solidaridad se manifiestan actitudes contradictorias hacia la variedad canaria, indicando una posible oposición entre una variedad culta y una vulgar. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the language attitudes of twenty university students in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria towards the Canarian variety of Spanish compared to standard Spanish. The investigator uses a modified matched-guise technique to test the subjects´ responses to speech samples from four speakers reading the same text: two Canarian speaking voices and two voices speaking the standard Spanish variety. The subjects listen to the recording and thereafter answer a questionnaire that evaluates their language attitudes. The results show that prestige and solidarity are evaluated variously. In the dimension of prestige the respondents held more positive attitudes towards the standard variety of Spanish while the Canarian variety received less positive virtues and the respondents evaluated their own variety in an unfavorable way. In the dimension of solidarity the attitudes towards the Canarian variety are contradictory, indicating a possible division between the judgement of an educated variety and a vulgar variety.

Xenoliths are pieces from the surrounding bedrock, brought to the surface of the earth by host magma. On Gran Canaria, the largest island in the Canary Islands archipelago, strange xenoliths have been found. They are light in color, porous and very different from the basaltic magma carrying them. By studying petrological features and oxygen isotope content of the xenoliths, the focus of this report will be to investigate their origin. The minerals and texture of 14 samples were studied in thin section, and the δ18O–value was determined for 17 samples. The mineralogical composition of xenolith glass was examined by EPMa. The results show that the xenoliths are rich in silica rich glass, quartz and feldspars, but also have high calcium content. 9 of 14 xenoliths have textures and δ18O–values from 8.1 ‰ to 16.77 ‰, similar to sedimentary rocks. The remaining xenoliths are metamorphosed and exhibit altered phenocrysts, indicating they have been melted and recrystallized. The latter group also has extremely low δ18O–value, which could be explained by the effects of hydrothermal processes. Most likely all the xenoliths originate from the prevolcanic sedimentary deposits beneath Gran Canaria.

This work is studying the development and actual situation of landscape in Canary Islands with focusing on islands of Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura. The specific geologic and climatic conditions with huge impact of human activity and tourism started to change the landscape radically. First part contains analysis of the geographical, geological and nature conditions of all seven Canary Islands and the process of colonisation through the boom of tourism and its impact to the landscape. Second part of the study is focused on measures how to preserve the original character of the landscape in coordination with development of tourism and economic activity. The work also contains an application of the assessment method of larger areas created by Ing. Roman Bukáček.

De nombreux animaux évoluent dans un environnement social où les individus peuvent réaliser de l'écoute/observation clandestine, c'est-à-dire, obtenir des informations sur des compétiteurs ou partenaires sexuels potentiels en observant les interactions de leurs congénères. À l’inverse, les animaux engagés dans une interaction peuvent exprimer un effet d'audience: modifier leurs comportements en présence d’observateurs (audiences). Ce doctorat s'intéresse à la flexibilité et aux conséquences de ces comportements et recherche des stratégies individuelles dans leur utilisation chez le canari domestique. Les résultats indiquent que l'écoute clandestine influence les préférences sexuelles et l'investissement reproducteur des femelles. Ce dernier dépend également des statuts hiérarchiques et de la personnalité. Les effets d'audience sont mis en évidence chez les deux sexes et semblent complexes et flexibles. Leur expression dépend de la situation, du type d'audience, de la dominance et de la familiarité des individus impliqués mais pas de la personnalité. Ces résultats posent la question des bases cognitives impliquées dans l'écoute clandestine et les effets d'audience. / Many animals live in social environments where individuals can eavesdrop: get information on competitors or potential sexual partners by observing interactions between conspecifics. In such environments, interacting individuals might express an audience effect: they can change their behavior in the presence of eavesdroppers (i.e. an audience). This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the flexibility and the consequences of these behaviours and searches for individual strategies in their expression in domestic canaries. Results show that eavesdropping drives sexual preferences and reproductive effort in females. The latter is also influenced by dominance and personality. The existence of complex and flexible audience effects is demonstrated in males and females. Their expression depends on the situation, the type of audience, the dominance and familiarity of the interacting individuals but not on personality. Results raise the question of the cognitive foundations of eavesdropping and audience effects.

La prise d’information est très importante pour les animaux. En effet, le comportement sera mieux adapté s’il s’appuie sur l’évaluation précise des paramètres du milieu. Notre étude porte sur l’utilisation de l’information sociale chez deux espèces d’oiseaux. Deux expériences ont été menées sur le canari domestique (Serinus canaria) en laboratoire, au sein du LECC de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense. Quatre expériences portant sur le pigeon biset (Columba livia) ont eu lieu en milieu urbain au Jardin des Plantes au centre de Paris.Chez le canari, nous avons démontré une utilisation de l’information sociale, ceci en utilisant des indices visuels et/ou acoustiques dans une activité d’approvisionnement. Les ambiances de chants ont été plus utilisées par les canaris que les cris ; les oiseaux ont été par ailleurs sensibles aux informations ambigües. Chez les pigeons nous avons observé une capacité de discrimination et de reconnaissance d’individus hétérospécifiques (nourrisseurs humains). Deux profils comportementaux ont été mis en évidence (régulier vs occasionnel), ces profils étaient corrélés aux caractéristiques morpho-physiologiques des pigeons. Les pigeons ont été capables aussi d’utiliser des indices acoustiques tel que des cris de prédateurs (cris de : corneilles, goélands et faucons crécerelle), bruit d’envol des congénères et même des cris d’alarme hétérospécifique (merle noir) afin de détecter la présence de danger. Enfin nous avons constaté que la quantité de nourriture disponible influençait le comportement d’approvisionnement des pigeons. En conclusion, les canaris domestiques et les pigeons bisets sont capables d’utiliser différents types d’indices sociaux pendant leurs approvisionnements et extraient des informations à partir de ces indices afin de mieux exploiter les sources de nourrissage. / Social information, foraging behaviour, urban area, Serinus canaria, Columba liviaGetting information is very important for animals. Indeed, the behavior will be better suited if based on accurate assessment of environmental parameters. Our study focuses on the use of social information in two species of birds. Two experiments were conducted on the domesticated canary (Serinus canaria) in laboratory conditions, at the LECC of the University Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense (France). And four others were conducted on the rock dove (Columba livia) in urban area “Jardin des Plantes” in Paris.In canaries, we demonstrated the use of social information, this by using visual and acoustic cues in foraging activities. The songs noises were more used by the canaries that calls. The birds were still susceptible to ambiguous information. In pigeons, we observed a capacity of discrimination and recognition of heterospecific individuals (human feeders). Two behavioral profiles were identified (regular vs. occasional), these profiles linked to the morpho-physiological characteristics of pigeons. The pigeons were also able to use acoustic cues such as predator calls (crows, gulls, and kestrels), flight noise of conspecifics and even heterospecific alarm calls (Blackbirds) to detect the presence of danger. Finally we found that the quantity of food available played a role on foraging behavior of pigeons.In conclusion, domestic canaries and feral pigeons are able to use different types of social cues when foraging and extract information from these cues for an efficient exploitation of the feeding sources.

Cette étude a demontré l’influence du statut social sur différentes caractéristiques individuelles telles que le chant, la personnalité ou les capacités cognitives chez le canari domestique commun, Serinus canaria. Celui-ci associé à la familiarité jouent un rôle non négligeable dans les stratégies de fourragement. Il est considéré comme étant un trait de personnalité. L’existence de syndromes comportementaux et l’influence de la photopériode sur les différents traits répétables de personnalité ont également été mis en évidence. L’ontogénèse des individus, à savoir les conditions acousiques de développement a une influence sur les profils comportementaux. Ces derniers semblent liés à la production vocale telle que le chant, ainsi qu’avec les capacités cognitives à savoir l’apprentissage d’une tâche de recherche alimentaire. Le statut social semble également avoir un impact sur la cognition chez les canaris domestiques communs. Néanmoins aucun résultat n’a pu mettre en évidence la relation entre les différentes caractéristiques individuelles et le rythme cardiaque.cette recherche en thèse s'inscrit dans un projet sous administration de l'université franco-allemande en partenariat (collège doctoral franco-allemand) avec l'institut max planck. elle tend à montrer l'influence du contexte social, du statut social et de l'ontogenèse sur une manifestation comportementale propre à l'individu à savoir son chant. notre modèle, le canari domestique commun mâle possède son propre répertoire de chants et de syllabes et cette étude vise à mettre en évidence les différences inter individuelles qui sont le jeu des tendances comportementales sous influence de l'environnement et sans influence de cet environnement. nous supposons qu'un individu subordonné évoluant dans un contexte pauvre aura une production vocale plus simple qu'un individu dominant ayant évolué dans un contexte complexe (production exprimée par le nombre de types syllabiques utilisés et par la longueur des chants dans différentes conditions). nous présumons que les conditions ontogénétiques qui mènent à des répertoires de tailles différentes influencent notablement les habiletés d'apprentissage du chant et la plasticité des adultes. / This study demonstrated the social status influence on different individual caracteristics as song, personality or cognition in common domesticated canaries, Serinus canaria. Social rank associated with familiarity have an important influence on forraging strategies. This one is considered as personnality trait. Behavioral syndromes and photoperiods influence on repeatable personnality trait were suggested. Individual ontogeny as development acoustic condition has an impact on behavioral syndromes. These ones seem to be linked to the vocal production as song, and to the cognition as food research task learning. The social status influence the cognition in canaries. Nevertheless, no relation between different individual caracteristics and the heart rate has to be démonstrated.

Volcanoes with alkaline differentiated magma belong to the more explosive and destructive types, but knowledge about these systems is often limited. Unravelling the position and conditions in the source magma chamber systems that feed volcanism at the surface is vital to understand these systems better. Due to deep erosion and barren grounds the oceanic island of Gran Canaria, Spain, provides a natural laboratory to study unique chemical and structural volcanic features of alkaline volcanism. The centre of Gran Canaria is made up of the Miocene Tejeda intrusive complex including a cone-sheet swarm and shallow alkaline differentiated plutonic rocks that form the closing phase of the Miocene activity pulse on Gran Canaria. Cone-sheets and other high-level plutonic rocks can give important insights into the interior of a volcano, such as depth and geometry of the magma supply reservoir, and thus provide vital data for the interpretation of active volcanoes in the Canary Islands and beyond. This work uses the clinopyroxene-melt thermobarometric methodology by Putirka (2008) and Masotta et al. (2013), the latter being a re-calibration of the first making it specific to alkaline differentiated magmas, to further constrain the depth of mineral. Geochemical analysis was preformed with electron microprobe (EMPA) at Uppsala University to determine mineral compositions and to extend the dataset, chemical data from the extensive work by Schirnick (1996) was also utilised. When the calculated pressure from the method of Masotta et al. (2013), was converted to the depth, the results from syenite samples show that crystallization of clinopyroxene occurred at depths of ~ 4 km (100 MPa) to ~ 15 km (400 MPa), with the highest concentration between ~ 7 km (200 MPa) and ~ 11 km (300 MPa). The results indicates that crystallization took place through the pressure range equivalent to crustal levels and possibly reaching as far down as MOHO depth, with temperature estimates calculated to about 860 to 960 °C. After combining the thermobarometric results with other evidence of magmatic processes, from this work and previous publications, the magma system expresses characteristics of fractional crystallization trends and simultaneously evidence of magma mixing, small-scale convection, and magma contamination. To explain these contradictory features, this work promotes a network of interconnected magma chambers that allows for magma stagnation and evolution at different levels. The results have thus contributed to further constrain the depth of which the cone-sheet swarm originated from on Gran Canaria, Spain. / Vulkaniska system av den typ studerade i detta arbete tillhör de mer explosiva och destruktiva typer avsystem på jorden, men kunskapen om dem är begränsad. En viktig komponent som krävs för att bättreförstå dessa system är att utröna tryck och temperaturförhållanden i magmakammarna som livnärvulkanismen vid ytan. På grund av djup erosion och karg mark så fungerar ön Gran Canaria(Kanarieöarna, Spanien) som ett naturligt laboratorium för att studera både kemiska och strukturellaegenskaper. Den centrala delen av Gran Canaria består till stor del av det så kallade Tejeda intrusivakomplexet, vilket inkluderar en inverterad kon-intrusionssvärm samt djupbergarten syenit somtillsammans representerar den avslutande fasen av magmatisk aktivitet under epoken Miocen på ön.Inverterade kon-intrusioner kan ge viktiga insikter i det inre av en vulkan, såsom magmakammarensdjup, och därmed ge viktig data för tolkningen av aktiva vulkaner på Kanarieöarna och liknandeplatser.I detta arbete beräknades tryck och temperaturförhållanden utifrån kemin hos mineraletklinopyroxen och dess ursprungliga smälta. Detta gjordes med en metodik av Putirka (2008) samt enav Masotta et al. (2013) för att ytterligare begränsa djupet av mineraltillväxt. Geokemiskanalysutfördes vid Uppsala universitet med elektronmikrosond (EMPA) av insamlade stenprover för attbestämma de kemiska sammansättningarna som sedan användes i beräkningarna. Även kemiska datafrån omfattande arbete av Schirnick (1996) användes för att komplettera datasetet som anskaffadesunder detta arbete.När beräknat tryck från metoden av Masotta et al. (2013) omvandlats till djup, visar resultaten påatt kristallisation av klinopyroxen skedde på ca. 4 km (100 MPa) till ca. 15 km (400 MPa) djup, ochmed högst koncentration mellan ~ 7 km (200 MPa) och ~ 11 km (300 MPa) djup. Resultaten indikeraratt kristallisation skedde i tryckområdet motsvarande jordskorpans nivåer och möjligen nådde så långtner som till manteln, med temperaturer mellan ca 860 till 960 °C. Efter att ha kombinerat dessaresultat med andra bevis för aktiva magmatiska processer, från detta arbete och tidigare publikationer,uttrycker det magma systemet egenskaper som fraktionerad kristallisations trender och samtidigttecken på magma blandning, småskalig konvektion, och förorening av magma från jordskorpan. Föratt förklara dessa motstridiga egenskaper, främjar detta arbete ett nätverk av flera sammankopplademagmakammare som möjliggör magmatisk stagnation och utveckling på olika nivåer. Resultaten harsåledes bidragit till att ytterligare begränsa från vilket djup de inverterade kon-intrusionernahärstammar från Gran Canaria, Spanien.

Cone-sheet swarms are magmatic sheet intrusions and part of volcanic plumbing systems and are pathways for magma to the Earth’s surface, where they feed volcanic eruptions. The analysis of cone-sheets provides information on the geometry of the magmatic plumbing system of a volcano and allows to understand processes and dynamics of magma transport. This is important to interpret information during a volcanic crisis and to help reduce risks to humans and infrastructure. In order to create a realistic model, the structure and shape of cone-sheet complexes can be reconstructed in three-dimensional space. Most cone-sheet swarms are not sufficiently exposed to allow such a reconstruction. The Tejeda cone-sheet swarm on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), however, is an excellent location to study a cone-sheet complex in great detail, as it is exposed over 15 kmhorizontally and 1000 m vertically. This allows to determine its geometry in 3D space. The felsic deposits of the Miocene Tejeda caldera were intruded by cone-sheets between 11.7 and 7.3 Ma. Schirnick et al. (1999) assumed straight cone-sheets, based on 2D projections, and suggested that the Tejeda cone-sheet swarm is formed by a stack of uniformly dipping, parallel intrusive sheets that converge towards a common, static, laccolith-like source, forming a concentric structure around acentral axis that has the geometry of a truncated cone. This hypothesis was tested in this study, using structural data from Schirnick (1996) as well as additional data collected in the field. Using the software Move™, the extensive data set was visualized and projected in three dimensional space. The underlying magmatic source of the cone-sheets was reconstructed using two different approaches, with the first one based on sets of cross-sections to select intersection points, following an approach prognosed by Burchardt et al. (2013a). To improve the quality of the reconstruction of the magma chamber, a second method was developed using geometric calculations in MATLAB. The results indicate that individual cone-sheets are straight with parallel to slightly fanning dips, which can be steeper in the central part of the cone-sheet complex. They converge towards a common centre, creating a sub-spherical geometry of the source of the cone-sheet complex. Comparison of the two approaches used for the magma chamber reconstruction indicate that the second approach (geometric calculations) produces less uncertainties in data interpretation. The modelling results lead to the proposition of a dynamic model for the emplacement of the Tejeda cone-sheet complex. Cone-sheets would start to intrude from a reservoir situated at about 4500m below sea level that became successively shallower with time. / Inverterade koniska intrusionssvärmar är en del av det underjordiska vulkaniska systemet som möjliggör vägar för magma till jordens yta, där de livnär vulkaniska utbrott. Genom analys av inverterade koniska intrusioner kan information om geometrin hos magmatiska system erhållas vilket gör det möjligt att förstå magmans processer och transportdynamik. Detta är viktigt då det hjälper att tolka information under vulkaniska kriser och kan bidra till att minska risker för människor och infrastruktur. För att skapa en realistisk modell, kan strukturer och former av komplexa inverterade koniska intrusionssvärmar rekonstrueras i ett tredimensionellt utrymme. De flesta inverterade koniska intrusionssvärmar är inte tillräckligt blottade på jordens yta för att möjliggöra en sådan rekonstruktion.Tejedas inverterade koniska intrusionssvärm på Gran Canaria (Kanarieöarna, Spanien) är dock utmärktbelägen för att studera ett inverterat koniskt intrusionskomplex i detalj, detta då den är blottad i över 15 km horisontell och 1000 m i vertikal utsträckning. Detta gör det möjligt att bestämma dess geometrii tre dimensioner. De felsiska avlagringarna av den Miocena Tejeda kalderan blev intruderade av inverterade koniskaintrusioner mellan 11,7 och 7,3 Ma. Schirnick et al. (1999) antog att dessa intrusioner var raka, baseratpå 2D-projektioner, och föreslog att Tejedas inverterade koniska intrusionssvärm bildades som enlikformigt stupande stapel av parallella intruderande plan som konvergerar mot en gemensam, statiskoch lakkolitisk källa, vilken i sin tur bildar en koncentrisk struktur runt en central axel med samma geometri som en inverterad stympad kon. Denna hypotes undersöktes i detta arbete, med hjälp avstrukturell data från Schirnick (1996) samt ytterligare data insamlat från fält. Den omfattande datamängden visualiserades och projicerades i tre dimensioner med hjälp av mjukvaran Move™. Denunderliggande magmatiska källan till det inverterade koniska intrusionskomplexet rekonstruerades medhjälp av två olika metoder, den första är baserad på tvärsnitt där planens skärningspunkter kan studeras, följt av ett tillvägagångssätt framställt av Burchardt et al. (2013a). För att förbättra kvalitén pårekonstruktionen av magmakammaren utvecklades en andra metod med hjälp av geometriskaberäkningar i MATLAB. Resultaten tyder på att enskilda inverterade koniska intrusioner är raka med parallellt till svagt flacktstupning, vilka kan vara brantare mot den centrala delen av komplexet. De konvergerar mot ettgemensamt centrum, vilket skapar en sub-sfärisk geometri hos källan till det inverterade koniskaintrusionskomplexet. Jämförelse av de två metoderna som används för magmakammarens rekonstruktion tyder på att denandra metoden (geometriska beräkningar) ger färre osäkerheter i tolkningen. Modelleringsresultatettyder på en dynamisk modell för bildningen av Tejedas inverterade koniska intrusionskomplex. Enligtdessa resultat skulle de inverterade koniska intrusionerna till en början ha utgått från en reservoarungefär 4500 m under havsytan som med tiden förflyttade sig mot grundare nivåer.