No description available.

FACTORS RELATED TO ACCESS TO NUTRITIOUS FOODS AND THE ASSOCIATION WITH CANCER MORTALITY IN THE SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES (Under the direction of Lee Mobley, PhD) Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States. However, nutrient rich diets are known protective factors against this disease. Unfortunately, many areas in the United States do not have adequate access to nutritious foods. This study aims to examine cancer mortality rates in these counties in relationship to access to food. The main hypothesis is that greater accessibility to nutritious food sources in counties is associated with lower county cancer mortality rates. Methods: Exploratory spatial cluster analysis was used to determine whether patterns of observed cancer mortality were spatially random or not. Finding spatial structure, spatial regression was used to determine the association between several factors related to nutritional access in relation to cancer mortality rates in counties in the Southeastern US. Results: Results from this study indicated that cancer mortality rates are clustered in the southeast into areas with higher than average and areas with lower than average risk. The patterns are statistically significantly different than would have been observed by chance, using a 5% level of significance. Spatial regression indicated a positive statistically significant relationship between the number of households that live more than one mile away from a grocery store with no vehicle access and increased cancer mortality (p=.00002). Conclusion: Further research should be conducted to determine which factors in counties are contributing to cancer mortality. Results showed that although individuals have access to healthy foods, they may also have equal access to unhealthy food selections. Behaviors should be assessed to find out what factors influence food choices.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 buitragosanchez_f_me_botfm.pdf: 280716 bytes, checksum: a974f556f8eb7fd716a4968b04ed954a (MD5) / Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde (FEPECS) / A super-expressão do HER-2 tem sido associada a maior agressividade biológica do tumor e a resistência a alguns tipos de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o valor prognóstico da super-expressão do HER-2, nas pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama. Estudo coorte que analisou 90 pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma ductal infi ltrante de mama atendidas no Hospital Regional de Sobradinho no período de 1 de Janeiro de 2005 até o 31 de dezembro de 2010. A investigação da super-expressão do HER-2 foi realizada por técnica de Imunohistoquimica. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos: Grupo A presença de super-expressão do HER-2 (HER-2 positivo) e grupo B ausência de super-expressão (HER-2 negativo). Ambos os grupos foram comparados às características clinicas, patológicas, eventos adversos, sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença. A prevalência da presença do HER-2 na amostra foi de 15,55%. A meia de idade no momento do diagnóstico, o tamanho do tumor, o estado menstrual, o estádio clinico e estado linfonodal não foram fatores signifi cativos de prevalência para a presença do HER-2 positivo. O receptor de estrogênio (p=0,0356), receptor de progesterona (p=0,0059) e mostraram associação signifi cativa com o HER-2. A análise multivariada mostrou que a prevalência do HER-2, em pacientes com câncer é 2,92 vezes maior naqueles com receptor de estrogênio negativo (p= 0,0007) e 8,84 vezes maior naqueles com receptor de progesterona positivo (p< 0,0001). A sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global é igual em pacientes com HER-2 positivo. A sobrevida livre de doença para pacientes com axila com mais de 4 linfonodos comprometidos é menor (p=0,0009) assim como a sobrevida global (p<0,0001). O tamanho tumoral também é fator adverso mostrando que tumores maiores de... / The overexpression of HER-2 has been associated with increased aggressiveness of the tumor and resistance to some types of treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of overexpression of HER-2 in patients with breast cancer. A cohort study that analyzed 90 patients diagnosed with infi ltrating ductal carcinoma breast treated at the Regional Hospital Sobradinho the period 1 January 2005 until December 31, 2010. The investigation of the presence of overexpression of HER-2 was performed by immunohistochemical techniques. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A who had the overexpression of HER-2 and the B group who had no overexpression and compared the clinical, pathological, adverse events, overall survival and disease-free survival. The prevalence of the presence of HER-2 in the sample was 15.55%. The age at diagnosis, tumor size, menopausal status, clinical stage and lymph node status were not signifi cant factors prevalence for the presence of HER-2. The estrogen receptor (p = 0.0356), progesterone receptor (p = 0.0059) and showed signifi cant association with HER-2. Multivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of HER-2 in cancer patients is 2.92 times higher in those with estrogen receptor negative (p = 0.0007) and 8.84 times higher in those with progesterone receptor positive (p < 0.0001). The disease-free survival and overall survival is equal in patients with HER-2 positive. The disease-free survival for patients with more than 4 axillary lymph nodes is lower (p = 0.0009) and overall survival (p <0.0001). The tumor size is also an adverse factor showing that tumors larger than 2 cm have a lower disease-free survival (p = 0.0103) and shorter overall survival (p = 0.0103). The presence of over-expression of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

PURPOSE: To examine the prospective association of serum iron, copper, and zinc with cancer mortality. METHODS: The study sample included 3000 men and 3244 women free from cancer at baseline who participated in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vital status at follow-up was identified by the Social Security Administration's death file and the National Death Index. Iron, transferrin saturation (TS), copper, and zinc were categorized into 4 levels using the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles for cutoffs. Relative risks (RRs) were derived from the proportional hazard models after adjustment for a number of potential confounders. RESULTS: Three hundred seven cancer deaths (ICD-9 140-195, 199-208) were identified during 83,664.4 person-years of follow-up. Cancer mortality per 1000 person-years was 3.7 (4.7 for men and 2.8 for women). For men and women combined, the adjusted RRs (95% confidence intervals, CI) for the four levels were 0.96 (0.57-1.61), 1.00 (reference), 1.12 (0.80-1.58), 1.86 (1.07-3.22) for iron; 0.97 (0.56-1.70), 1.00 (reference), 1.36 (0.99-1.87), 1. 82 (1.10-3.02) for TS; 0.76 (0.44-1.31), 1.00 (reference), 1.10 (0.77-1.58), 1.89 (1.07-3.32) for copper; and 0.75 (0.50-1.13), 1.00 (reference), 0.64 (0.47-0.88), 0.84 (0.53-1.33) for zinc. When the exposures were analyzed as continuous variables, the adjusted RRs (CI) were 1.66 (1.03-2.68) for 100 μg/dl iron increase, 1.17 (1.01-1.36) for 10% TS increase, 1.98 (1.12-3.50) for 100 μg/dl copper increase, and 0.57 (0.16-1.96) for 100 μg/dl zinc increase. Sex differences in the adjusted RRs for iron, TS, and copper were suggestive. CONCLUSION: People with higher serum iron, TS, or copper concentrations had an increased risk of dying from cancer.

近年來，許多專家學者廣泛探討偵測稀有疾病的發生率或稱為叢集上的空間或空間對時間的統計方法及模型。這些方法大部分都是處理個別資料或是只能偵測接近圓形的叢集。在這篇論文中，根據Choynowski在1959年所探討的方法，我們進一步提出針對整體資料去偵測非圓形叢集的方法，並且會將此方法與Nagarwalla’s Spatial Scan Statistic做比較。同時，我們會呈現模擬結果中的型一、型二誤差來衡量此方法的可行性。另外，我們也會將此方法實際應用到台灣的癌症死亡資料做探討。 / In recent years, many statistical methods have been proposed for detecting excesses of rare diseases, i.e., clusters, in space or in space-time. Most of these methods deal with case-event or individual-level data and can only detect clusters with shape close to circles. In this study, adapting Choynowski's (1959) idea, a simulation-based approach is proposed to detect non-circular clusters with aggregate or group-level data. The proposed cluster detection method will be used to compare with a frequently used method: Nagarwalla’s Spatial Scan Statistic. Computer simulation is used to illustrate the validity, with respect to Type-I and Type-II errors, of the proposed approach. In addition, the cancer mortality data in Taiwan area are also used as a demonstration of the proposed test.

published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Background Smoking is a well-established causal risk factor of premature death. The prevalence of smoking has been estimated to be more than 50% in Chinese men. However, previous reviews of the association between smoking and mortality from all-causes and lung cancer were mainly relied on developed countries. The current systematic review of cohort studies aims at summarizing the existing studies on the association of smoking with all-cause and lung cancer mortality in China. Methods Articles published from 1980 to 2014were searched systematically in databases including PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Google scholar. Main results of all studies were extracted and summarized. Results A total of 14 cohort studies examining the association of smoking with all-cause and lung cancer mortality in Chinese populations were identified. Compared with never smoking, current smoking was associated with higher risks of all-cause and lung cancer mortality in all studies. The relative risks (RR) for current smokers were from 1.20 to 2.29 for all-cause mortality and from 2.44 to 9.40 for lung cancer mortality. Former smokers also showed higher RRs for all-cause mortality (RR=1.20-1.48) and for lung cancer mortality (RR=2.06-6.50) compared with never smokers. Furthermore, dose-response associations of increasing smoking categories with all-cause mortality and lung cancer mortality were observed in most of the studies. Conclusions The risk estimates for all-cause and lung cancer mortality from smoking in China were lower than those from the western countries suggesting that the tobacco epidemic is at an early stage in China. Further large cohort studies giving updated risk estimates are warranted for advocating stringent tobacco control policies in China. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Surgery / Master / Master of Surgery

Orientador: Gilberto Uemura / Coorientador: Maria Cristina Ferreira Sena / Banca: Eduardo Carvalho Pessoa / Banca: Adriano Bueno Tavares / Resumo: A super-expressão do HER-2 tem sido associada a maior agressividade biológica do tumor e a resistência a alguns tipos de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o valor prognóstico da super-expressão do HER-2, nas pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama. Estudo coorte que analisou 90 pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma ductal infi ltrante de mama atendidas no Hospital Regional de Sobradinho no período de 1 de Janeiro de 2005 até o 31 de dezembro de 2010. A investigação da super-expressão do HER-2 foi realizada por técnica de Imunohistoquimica. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos: Grupo A presença de super-expressão do HER-2 (HER-2 positivo) e grupo B ausência de super-expressão (HER-2 negativo). Ambos os grupos foram comparados às características clinicas, patológicas, eventos adversos, sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença. A prevalência da presença do HER-2 na amostra foi de 15,55%. A meia de idade no momento do diagnóstico, o tamanho do tumor, o estado menstrual, o estádio clinico e estado linfonodal não foram fatores signifi cativos de prevalência para a presença do HER-2 positivo. O receptor de estrogênio (p=0,0356), receptor de progesterona (p=0,0059) e mostraram associação signifi cativa com o HER-2. A análise multivariada mostrou que a prevalência do HER-2, em pacientes com câncer é 2,92 vezes maior naqueles com receptor de estrogênio negativo (p= 0,0007) e 8,84 vezes maior naqueles com receptor de progesterona positivo (p< 0,0001). A sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global é igual em pacientes com HER-2 positivo. A sobrevida livre de doença para pacientes com axila com mais de 4 linfonodos comprometidos é menor (p=0,0009) assim como a sobrevida global (p<0,0001). O tamanho tumoral também é fator adverso mostrando que tumores maiores de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The overexpression of HER-2 has been associated with increased aggressiveness of the tumor and resistance to some types of treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of overexpression of HER-2 in patients with breast cancer. A cohort study that analyzed 90 patients diagnosed with infi ltrating ductal carcinoma breast treated at the Regional Hospital Sobradinho the period 1 January 2005 until December 31, 2010. The investigation of the presence of overexpression of HER-2 was performed by immunohistochemical techniques. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A who had the overexpression of HER-2 and the B group who had no overexpression and compared the clinical, pathological, adverse events, overall survival and disease-free survival. The prevalence of the presence of HER-2 in the sample was 15.55%. The age at diagnosis, tumor size, menopausal status, clinical stage and lymph node status were not signifi cant factors prevalence for the presence of HER-2. The estrogen receptor (p = 0.0356), progesterone receptor (p = 0.0059) and showed signifi cant association with HER-2. Multivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of HER-2 in cancer patients is 2.92 times higher in those with estrogen receptor negative (p = 0.0007) and 8.84 times higher in those with progesterone receptor positive (p < 0.0001). The disease-free survival and overall survival is equal in patients with HER-2 positive. The disease-free survival for patients with more than 4 axillary lymph nodes is lower (p = 0.0009) and overall survival (p <0.0001). The tumor size is also an adverse factor showing that tumors larger than 2 cm have a lower disease-free survival (p = 0.0103) and shorter overall survival (p = 0.0103). The presence of over-expression of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Background Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world and the third most common cause of death from cancer. The diagnosis and treatment are often complex and require a multifaceted approach. Hence, appropriate and timely management is essential for better patient outcomes. Our aim was to determine if rural inhabitation affects the mortality of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. If such an association exists, we propose to ascertain whether this is related to delayed diagnosis, differing tumor characteristics, or treatment inequalities. Methods The Cox model was applied to gastric adenocarcinoma cases diagnosed during 2004-2011 in American residents aged 20+ years in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program to determine the impact of rurality on mortality. Binary logistic regression was used to compare the odds of not receiving surgical treatment for localized tumors between rural and urban areas. It was also used to measure the association of rurality with stage at diagnosis (non-metastatic vs. metastatic). Results There was a significant association of rurality on 5-year mortality [HR 1.14 (1.09-1.20), p < 0.01]. No significant association was observed between rural-urban residency and stage at diagnosis, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.95 (0.87-1.03), p = 0.21. The median time from diagnosis to any first-course treatment was one month for both rural and urban counties. Rural residents were far more likely not to receive surgical treatment for localized tumors than their urban counterparts [OR 1.70 (1.41-2.05), p < 0.01]. A greater percentage of rural inhabitants had cardia tumors as compared to urban ones, 39.8% vs. 33.8% respectively. Non-cardia tumors were far less likely not to receive surgical treatment (i.e., more likely to receive surgical treatment) than cardia tumors [OR 0.35 (0.30-0.41), p < 0.01]. Conclusions Rurality is associated with worse gastric adenocarcinoma mortality. This may be due to a lesser probability of receiving surgical treatment for early-stage disease and differences in the primary site of the tumor between rural and urban counties, but not due to differences in stage at presentation. Future research should focus on improving health care access in rural communities.