This thesis details the development and testing of a new scale for measuring human attachment to dogs which allows for the measurement of weaker attachment levels as well as stronger ones (the CDA scale). The correlation between dog-owner’s scores on the CDA scale and their dog’s actual attachment behaviour is assessed and discussed, as well as the dog-owners limited ability to predict the behaviour of their dog in a controlled situation (the Strange Situation Test (SST)) whereby the dogs meet a previously unknown person. The CDA scale was formed by utilising items from pre-existing scales (the Comfort from Companion Animals scale and the Lexington Attachment to Pets scale), trialed on the internet with a large self-selected sample of dog-owners and analysed and reduced using factor analysis. The CDA was completed with the addition of some negative items derived from a small sample of dog-owners who expressed drawbacks to keeping a dog. In addition 100 people living with dogs they did not consider themselves to be the primary carer of, and 100 people with dogs they considered to have behavioural problems also completed the CDA to allow for the assessment of reliability and validity, and for consideration of the possible links between human perceptions of attachment/dog behavioural problems and actual scores on the CDA. Dogs’ attachment behaviour was assessed by cluster analysis of behaviours observed in the SSD: 51 dog-owner pairs took part in the study which revealed a number of secure-base behavioural categories analogous to those typically observed in human mother-infant interactions in Ainsworth’s original (1969) SST. In addition five captive wolves were also observed in a modified version of the SST. Data from these observations is discussed in a case-wise manner and it is clear that captive wolves do not exhibit the suite of attachment behaviours (to their familiar handler) as previously observed in the dog study. However, the wolves’ familiar handler was very adept at predicting the behaviour of his wolves in this situation. These findings are important in furthering our understanding of human-canine attachments in general, but especially given the number of dog-owner pairings which appear to fail due to poor or misunderstood attachments. An effective attachment scale for people, and a valid measure and analysis of attachment behaviour in dogs is a further development in ensuring successful pairings of people with dogs in a variety of contexts such as pet dogs and service dogs.

O estudo objetivou avaliar as alterações propiciadas pela expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) na trajetória de erupção dos caninos superiores na fase da dentadura mista. Foram selecionados caninos no estágio 8 de Nolla e que estivessem localizados nos setores II, III ou IV e distribuídos em 3 Grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) - Caninos Potencialmente Impactados com Expansão (CPIE) (n=49), Grupo 2 (G2) – Caninos em Normalidade Sem Expansão (CNSE) (n=54) e Grupo 3 (G3) – Caninos em Normalidade Com Expansão (CNCE) (n=27). Foram avaliadas as posições vertical, horizontal e angular dos caninos e dentes adjacentes em 2 tempos (T1 e T2) com intervalo de 1 ano, em radiografias panorâmicas. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (p<0,05). Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos: Após a ERM (T2), os CPIs (Grupo 1) melhoraram seu posicionamento tornando-se semelhante aos caninos em normalidade (Grupo 2) em todas as variáveis. As maiores alterações horizontal e angular dos caninos após a ERM contribuíram para as mudanças dos CPIs para os setores menos severos e para manutenção de um alto percentual de normalidade no Grupo 3 (92,59%). O percentual de caninos no setor I aumentou de 0% para 44,9%. O percentual de caninos nos setores II, III e IV diminuiu de 65,31% para 51,02%, de 28,57% para 4,08% e de 6,12% para 0%, respectivamente. Em geral, a melhora vertical dos caninos foi significantemente maior nos Grupos 1 e 3, resultando num maior percentual de caninos erupcionados ou próximos à erupção. Os Grupos em normalidade (2 e 3) permaneceram semelhantes na maioria das variáveis, exceto para o posicionamento horizontal, onde o canino do Grupo 3 mostrou posicionamento ainda mais favorável do que o do Grupo 1. Como conclusão tem-se que a ERM apresentou impacto favorável na erupção dos CPIs, proporcionou a reversão do desvio do eixo de erupção dos CPIs, restabelecendo o desenvolvimento normal. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes caused by rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in the maxillary canine eruption path in the mixed dentition phase. Canines in stage 8 of Nolla and that were located in sectors II, III or IV were selected and distributed in 3 Groups: Group 1 (G1) - potentially impacted canines with expansion (PICE) (n = 49), Group 2 (G2) - canines in normality with no expansion (CNNE) (n = 54) and Group 3 (G3) - canines in normality with expansion (CNWE) (n = 27). The vertical, horizontal and angular positioning of canines and adjacent teeth were evaluated in T1 and T2 with a year interval using panoramic radiographs. The data were analyzed statistically (p <0.05). The following results were obtained: After RME (T2), PICs (Group 1) improved their positioning, becoming similar to canines in normality (Group 2) in all variables. The greater horizontal and angular changes of the canines after the RME contributed to the changes of the CPIs for the less severe sectors and to maintain a high percentage of normality in Group 3 (92.59%). In general, canine vertical improvement was significantly higher in Groups 1 and 3, resulting in a higher percentage of canines erupted or near the eruption. The groups in normality (2 and 3) remained similar in most variables, except for the horizontal positioning, where the canine Group 3 showed even more favorable positioning than Group 2. Conclusion: RME had a favorable impact on the eruption of PICs, provided a reversal of the deviation of the PIC eruption path, restoring normal development.

Die Welpensterblichkeit wird auf 10-20 % der lebend geborenen Welpen geschätzt. Zwei Virusinfektionen scheinen bei Welpensterblichkeit und Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen des Hundes eine wesentliche Rolle zu spielen: das canine Herpesvirus Typ 1 (CHV-1) und das Canine Minute Virus (CnMV, synonym Minute Virus of Canines). Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Verbreitung dieser beiden Viren unter Zuchthunden in Deutschland zu untersuchen. Das klinische Erkrankungsbild ist bei beiden Viren ähnlich. Bei erwachsenen Tieren verläuft die Infektion meist unauffällig. Infektionen während der Trächtigkeit können zu Fruchtresorption, Aborten, Missbildungen und Welpensterblichkeit führen. Infizierte Welpen erkranken meist in den ersten drei Lebenswochen und sind apathisch, zeigen Saugunlust, haben Atemwegsprobleme, Erbrechen und leiden oft auch unter Durchfall. Die Mortalität ist hoch. Zwischen Juli 2004 und Oktober 2005 wurden 429 Serumproben gesammelt. Die Bestimmung der Seroprävalenz von CHV-1 erfolgt im Serumneutralisationstest (SNT) mit Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)-Zellen ohne den Zusatz von Komplement. CnMV-spezifische Antikörper wurden mittels indirekter Immunofluoreszenz (IFT) auf zuvor mit CnMV infizierten Walter Reed Canine Zellen (WRCC) nachgewiesen. Des Weiteren wurden 37 Abstriche, 34 Spermaproben, 16 Kotproben und 37 verstorbene Welpen aus 14 Würfen mittels PCR und Virusisolierung auf CHV-1 und CnMV direkt untersucht. 27,7 % (119/429) aller Serumproben hatten neutralisierende Antikörper gegen CHV-1. Die Seroprävalenz für CnMV beträgt 5,6 % (24/429). Die statistische Auswertung ergab nur für das Geschlecht einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Serostatus von CHV-1. Alter, Zwingergröße, Anzahl Ausstellungsbesuche und Rasse spielten keine Rolle für die Seroprävalenz von CHV-1. Bei den klinischen Vorberichten Welpensterblichkeit (n = 24) und Fruchtresorptionen (n = 5) ist die Seroprävalenz von CHV-1 mit 37,5 % und 40 % bedeutend höher als die ermittelte Gesamtprävalenz von 27,7 %. Die Untersuchung der Abstriche, Sperma-, Kot- und Organproben von verstorbenen Welpen mittels PCR und zum Teil Virusisolierung auf CnMV und CHV-1 verlief in allen Fällen mit negativem Ergebnis. Der Nachweis von CnMV ist bis heute nur in wenigen Speziallabors möglich. Um die Nachweismöglichkeiten von CnMV zu verbessern und zu vereinfachen, wurde das Virusprotein-2-(VP2)-Gen von CnMV in den Vektor pET22b(+) kloniert. Das am C-terminalen Ende mit einem 6x His-Tag markierte Protein wurde im E.coli-Stamm BL21CodonPlus(DE3)RIL exprimiert, aufgereinigt und als Antigen im ELISA getestet. Die prokaryotische Genexpression des VP2 von CnMV ist für die Etablierung eines diagnostischen ELISA nicht geeignet. Während der Expression aggregierte das Protein zu unlöslichen Inclusion Bodies. Nach Aufreinigung ist das Protein immer noch mit E.coli-Proteinen kontaminiert. Im ELISA zeigte sich das rekombinante Antigen wenig spezifisch. In Fällen von Welpensterblichkeit (n = 14), waren diese in weit weniger Fällen als vermutet CHV-1 oder CnMV bedingt. Insgesamt scheint CnMV in Deutschland weit weniger verbreitet zu sein als in anderen Ländern der Welt.

O estudo objetivou avaliar as alterações propiciadas pela expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) na trajetória de erupção dos caninos superiores na fase da dentadura mista. Foram selecionados caninos no estágio 8 de Nolla e que estivessem localizados nos setores II, III ou IV e distribuídos em 3 Grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) - Caninos Potencialmente Impactados com Expansão (CPIE) (n=49), Grupo 2 (G2) – Caninos em Normalidade Sem Expansão (CNSE) (n=54) e Grupo 3 (G3) – Caninos em Normalidade Com Expansão (CNCE) (n=27). Foram avaliadas as posições vertical, horizontal e angular dos caninos e dentes adjacentes em 2 tempos (T1 e T2) com intervalo de 1 ano, em radiografias panorâmicas. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (p<0,05). Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos: Após a ERM (T2), os CPIs (Grupo 1) melhoraram seu posicionamento tornando-se semelhante aos caninos em normalidade (Grupo 2) em todas as variáveis. As maiores alterações horizontal e angular dos caninos após a ERM contribuíram para as mudanças dos CPIs para os setores menos severos e para manutenção de um alto percentual de normalidade no Grupo 3 (92,59%). O percentual de caninos no setor I aumentou de 0% para 44,9%. O percentual de caninos nos setores II, III e IV diminuiu de 65,31% para 51,02%, de 28,57% para 4,08% e de 6,12% para 0%, respectivamente. Em geral, a melhora vertical dos caninos foi significantemente maior nos Grupos 1 e 3, resultando num maior percentual de caninos erupcionados ou próximos à erupção. Os Grupos em normalidade (2 e 3) permaneceram semelhantes na maioria das variáveis, exceto para o posicionamento horizontal, onde o canino do Grupo 3 mostrou posicionamento ainda mais favorável do que o do Grupo 1. Como conclusão tem-se que a ERM apresentou impacto favorável na erupção dos CPIs, proporcionou a reversão do desvio do eixo de erupção dos CPIs, restabelecendo o desenvolvimento normal. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes caused by rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in the maxillary canine eruption path in the mixed dentition phase. Canines in stage 8 of Nolla and that were located in sectors II, III or IV were selected and distributed in 3 Groups: Group 1 (G1) - potentially impacted canines with expansion (PICE) (n = 49), Group 2 (G2) - canines in normality with no expansion (CNNE) (n = 54) and Group 3 (G3) - canines in normality with expansion (CNWE) (n = 27). The vertical, horizontal and angular positioning of canines and adjacent teeth were evaluated in T1 and T2 with a year interval using panoramic radiographs. The data were analyzed statistically (p <0.05). The following results were obtained: After RME (T2), PICs (Group 1) improved their positioning, becoming similar to canines in normality (Group 2) in all variables. The greater horizontal and angular changes of the canines after the RME contributed to the changes of the CPIs for the less severe sectors and to maintain a high percentage of normality in Group 3 (92.59%). In general, canine vertical improvement was significantly higher in Groups 1 and 3, resulting in a higher percentage of canines erupted or near the eruption. The groups in normality (2 and 3) remained similar in most variables, except for the horizontal positioning, where the canine Group 3 showed even more favorable positioning than Group 2. Conclusion: RME had a favorable impact on the eruption of PICs, provided a reversal of the deviation of the PIC eruption path, restoring normal development.

O estudo objetivou avaliar as alterações propiciadas pela expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) na trajetória de erupção dos caninos superiores na fase da dentadura mista. Foram selecionados caninos no estágio 8 de Nolla e que estivessem localizados nos setores II, III ou IV e distribuídos em 3 Grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) - Caninos Potencialmente Impactados com Expansão (CPIE) (n=49), Grupo 2 (G2) – Caninos em Normalidade Sem Expansão (CNSE) (n=54) e Grupo 3 (G3) – Caninos em Normalidade Com Expansão (CNCE) (n=27). Foram avaliadas as posições vertical, horizontal e angular dos caninos e dentes adjacentes em 2 tempos (T1 e T2) com intervalo de 1 ano, em radiografias panorâmicas. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (p<0,05). Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos: Após a ERM (T2), os CPIs (Grupo 1) melhoraram seu posicionamento tornando-se semelhante aos caninos em normalidade (Grupo 2) em todas as variáveis. As maiores alterações horizontal e angular dos caninos após a ERM contribuíram para as mudanças dos CPIs para os setores menos severos e para manutenção de um alto percentual de normalidade no Grupo 3 (92,59%). O percentual de caninos no setor I aumentou de 0% para 44,9%. O percentual de caninos nos setores II, III e IV diminuiu de 65,31% para 51,02%, de 28,57% para 4,08% e de 6,12% para 0%, respectivamente. Em geral, a melhora vertical dos caninos foi significantemente maior nos Grupos 1 e 3, resultando num maior percentual de caninos erupcionados ou próximos à erupção. Os Grupos em normalidade (2 e 3) permaneceram semelhantes na maioria das variáveis, exceto para o posicionamento horizontal, onde o canino do Grupo 3 mostrou posicionamento ainda mais favorável do que o do Grupo 1. Como conclusão tem-se que a ERM apresentou impacto favorável na erupção dos CPIs, proporcionou a reversão do desvio do eixo de erupção dos CPIs, restabelecendo o desenvolvimento normal. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes caused by rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in the maxillary canine eruption path in the mixed dentition phase. Canines in stage 8 of Nolla and that were located in sectors II, III or IV were selected and distributed in 3 Groups: Group 1 (G1) - potentially impacted canines with expansion (PICE) (n = 49), Group 2 (G2) - canines in normality with no expansion (CNNE) (n = 54) and Group 3 (G3) - canines in normality with expansion (CNWE) (n = 27). The vertical, horizontal and angular positioning of canines and adjacent teeth were evaluated in T1 and T2 with a year interval using panoramic radiographs. The data were analyzed statistically (p <0.05). The following results were obtained: After RME (T2), PICs (Group 1) improved their positioning, becoming similar to canines in normality (Group 2) in all variables. The greater horizontal and angular changes of the canines after the RME contributed to the changes of the CPIs for the less severe sectors and to maintain a high percentage of normality in Group 3 (92.59%). In general, canine vertical improvement was significantly higher in Groups 1 and 3, resulting in a higher percentage of canines erupted or near the eruption. The groups in normality (2 and 3) remained similar in most variables, except for the horizontal positioning, where the canine Group 3 showed even more favorable positioning than Group 2. Conclusion: RME had a favorable impact on the eruption of PICs, provided a reversal of the deviation of the PIC eruption path, restoring normal development.

No description available.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF DAVID WELKER, for the Master of Arts degree in CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, presented on OCTOBER 18, 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: POLICE PROGRAMS, CANINES, AND CONTINGENCY THEORY: AN EXPLANATION OF CANINE NUMBERS AMONG LARGE POLICE DEPARTMENTS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Joseph Schafer Canines have provided services for humans over many centuries. More recently, they have been used for police work. Canines are used to apprehend suspects, track people, and find drugs. They are also seen as a less-than-lethal weapon and can be used in a number of different programs such as D.A.R.E./crime prevention education, S.W.A.T., and drug task forces. But research on canine use and effectiveness is lacking. This study tries to fill that gap using secondary data from the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey of police agencies. In this study, adoption of canines was predicted by contingency theory based on contingencies such as tasks and structural programs in the various departments. Contingency theory was also used to test the canine's role in enhancing the effectiveness of the police organizations. This study tries to explain the variation of canine use across departments by using contingency theory and the effectiveness of canines by assessing monetary values from drug forfeitures.

Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease, is transferable through wild animals to other animals and humans directly and indirectly through contact with urine on mucous membranes. This disease can pose hazards for humans because of their increased contact with wild animals through increased urbanization and greater wildlife rehabilitation efforts and also through increased contact with domesticated animals. Furthermore, humans also have the potential of contracting this potentially fatal disease through recreational activities in contaminated waters or soils. The disease can present itself mildly, similar to symptoms of the flu, or more severely, leading to end-organ damage of multiple systems. Having been reinstated as a nationally notifiable disease by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in January 2013, leptospirosis has been recognized as a re-emerging zoonosis that has global public health implications. Understanding the disease is important in limiting its transmission; thus, this thesis aims to provide a review of the biology and transmission of leptospirosis to animals and humans, providing a basis in understanding the possible ways to limit the transmission and prevent future outbreaks. Furthermore, this thesis describes the manifestations, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for leptospirosis in canines and humans, as the increased prevalence of canines in households may pose a risk to humans in the future in the transmission of leptospirosis. According to current research, leptospires are extremely viable bacteria that can survive for long periods of time in a variety of environments and host species. Researchers have conducted various experiments to evaluate the factors that increase the virulence of leptospires. Experiments include the osmolarity, presence of serum, temperature chances, and the presence of iron. Results demonstrate that virulence increases with increased osmolarity, presence of serum, increased temperature, and the presence of iron. These characteristics of pathogenic leptospires allow them to avoid destruction by the immune system and colonize in the host, specifically in the renal tubules, allowing for excretion into the environment. Limiting the transmission of the disease is very important to prevent future outbreaks for animal species and humans. One method of limiting this transmission includes the use of vaccines. A major issue is the transmission of disease surround renal shedding, or excretion of the bacteria in urine. Canine polyvalent vaccines, containing multiple serovars, have been proven to be effective for a year, providing immunity and decreasing renal shedding of the bacteria. While vaccines for humans have been developed, they are not widely used due to the variation of serovars that are able to infect humans around the world and also the geographic distribution of disease, with prevalence mainly in tropical regions. Since leptospirosis is a disease that is not well-known, but can be found globally, there is necessity for greater emphasis on education, improved diagnostic testing, and treatment regimens. Emphasis on education is not only important for future veterinarians but also for those working in at-risk occupations. Furthermore, since experiments have shown that pet owners may not be aware of the prevalence and danger of zoonotic diseases, veterinarians should provide education for pet owners as well. Currently, the disease is underreported, which is accounted for due to the currently used diagnostic methods that are not efficient for early diagnosis, such as microscopic agglutination test, polymerase chain reaction, and cultures. In regards to treatment, antimicrobial treatment is considered controversial and there is not an agreed upon method of treatment. Thus, an emphasis should be placed on a developing a treatment method that is able to directly affect leptospires and usable across varying populations.

A number of studies have examined the ability of dogs (Canis Familiaris) to follow human given cues. Dogs have been shown to reliably follow pointing cues. To date, few studies have investigated whether emotional cues are a factor in these canine choices. We tested dogs using a two-way object choice food task. Sixty large and medium breed dogs were tested in one of four conditions (positive baited, silent baited, negative non-baited and negative baited). Results showed that dogs reliably followed human pointing cues over emotional cues in three of the four conditions. In the negative non-baited bowl, dogs did not select the non-indicated, baited bowl over chance. This suggests that canines use pointing as a more salient cue than emotions in object choice tasks.

Search-and -rescue (SAR) teams spend days and sometimes weeks in the field following a disaster. After completing their assigned mission, handlers and canines return to base, potentially bringing contaminated material with them. There were 3 objectives for this study; (1) the effects of cleanser and equipment materials on the efficiency of decontamination protocols, (2) the effects of improved treatments on the efficiency of decontamination protocols and (3) the use of field kits and improved training on decontamination techniques in the field. In the first study, straps (n = 54) were cut from biothane, leather and nylon. Straps were washed with three kinds of cleansers; Dawn dishwashing detergent, Johnson and Johnson’s Head-to-toe baby wash and Simple Green. In addition, three different types of treatments: 5-minute soak (A), double 5-minute soak (B) and a 3-minute soak with a 2-minute agitation (C). In the second study, straps (n = 40) of leather and nylon were utilized. Unlike the previous study, only Dawn dishwashing detergent and Johnson and Johnson’s Head-To-Toe-Baby Wash were selected as cleansers for decontamination. In addition, improved treatments (PW or SK) were created and utilized to further decontaminant the straps. The finally part of the study utilized canine teams (n = 10), composed of canine and handlers and were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Groups were structured as follows: TRAINED (n = 5) received 30-minutes of interactive training (using the illustrated guide contained in the kit) on proper utilization of equipment provided; UNTRAINED (n = 5) received the same field kit and an illustrated guide with no interactive training. An oil-based pseudocontaminant (GloGerm®) was topically applied to the straps in the first two studies and then to four anatomic sites on the canine participants: cranial neck, between the shoulder blades, left medial hindlimb and hind left paw in the last study. Pre- and post-images were taken of the straps and at the four anatomical locations prior to and following decontamination. Images were analyzed via two methods 1) categorical scores; 2) measured fluorescent reduction. Categorical scores were assigned, using two blinded reviewers (Venable et. al., 2017). The categorical scores were allotted as follows: 0 = <24% contaminant reduction; 1 = 25-50% contaminant reduction; 2 = 51-75% contaminant reduction; and 3 = >76% contaminant reduction (Lee et al., 2014). No score discrepancies >1 were observed between reviewers. Score data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), as a Chi Square with PROC FREQ and measurement data were analyzed using PROC ANOVA. Results in the first study indicate that material (P = .2331), cleanser (P = .2156) and treatment (P = .9139) had no effect on contaminant reduction. However, when treatments were improved in the second study, power wash was more effective at contaminant reduction (P = .0004). In addition, material was also determined to have an effect on decontamination (P = .0135). Although, the kind of cleanser used had no effect (P = .3564). Additionally, in the last study, TRAINED handlers were more effective at contamination reduction (P = .0093) as compared to their UNTRAINED counterparts. The initial results indicate that no combination of material, cleanser or treatment had any effect on reducing the oil-based contaminants. Nevertheless, with improved treatments there is a potential to more thoroughly decontaminate the collars and leashes. In addition, study three indicates that handlers, when properly trained, can achieve reduction of oil-based contaminants with a basic field kit and a garden hose. These data have implications for management of canines in the field that may be exposed to unknown substances and require timely decontamination.