Project Report / September 1981

Thesis (M.S. - Watershed Management)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. - Watershed Management)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. - Watershed Management)--University of Arizona, 1974. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-171).

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Wisconsin -- La Crosse, 2007. / Also available online. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Anthropology and Archaeology. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-105).

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Anthropology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-92).

No description available.

ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the Basketmaker III period of the Ancestral Puebloan culture commonly known as the Anasazi, which means ‘ancient stranger’ or ‘ancient enemy’ in the Navajo language, or as preferred by the Hopi; "Hisatsinom" for "The Ones Who Came Before." I use the terms Anasazi and Ancestral Puebloan interchangeably in this study. My particular focus concentrates on a Basketmaker III settlement (42Sa2112 – Hidden Village) in Montezuma Canyon in southeastern Utah. My thesis presents data and an interpretive hypothesis that village formation and complex social organization emerged earlier than most standard texts (Plog 1997) assume. Analysis of the data I use shows that the Basketmaker III peoples lived in larger, more complex, and more permanent social groups in southeastern Utah than generally thought. Data from other researchers are presented for the existence of substantial Basketmaker III villages in the Four Corners region that consisted of multi-component habitation structures, storage facilities, farming terraces, and great pit houses. By focusing on Basketmaker III village descriptions and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Locational data I show how these settlement patterns support a cultural-ecological framework for settled village life. Furthermore I use the (GIS) site data developed for Hidden Village (42Sa2112), Montezuma Canyon, Utah to illustrate a site plan that may reflect village planning particular to Basketmaker III social organization, which may be the antecedent to later Puebloan social structure. Spatial analysis provides insight to problems dealing with site distributions (Hodder and Orton 1976). GIS and spatial analysis presentopportunities for large-scale regional analyses and predictive modeling of settlement patterns and land use. Previous research and a GIS applications program (ESRI ArcView) are used to show the development of settlement patterns for the Ancestral Puebloan peoples across the Four Corners region of the Southwest. The potential of GIS as a tool for the organization and analysis of spatial data presents research opportunities for the development of new models and methods. GIS applications allow archaeologists to deal with large amounts of spatial data and develop models and methods for analysis. Using the software applications, I created a GIS map of Hidden Village to demonstrate a method for site mapping that examines the clustering of structures and features within a site. This method can also be used to map sites within a geographic region (Montezuma Canyon) and provides applied methods to test for the organization of villages and communities within a given geography.

Forty-three Pueblo III sandals and sandal fragments from four sites in Tsegi Canyon, Arizona, were analyzed to develop tie terminology, identify possible correlation of tie system to sandal construction, and identify characteristics for future tie research. Each piece of sandal tie cordage was analyzed for tie system type, tie attachment method, and tie cordage structure. Three overall tie systems were found: toe-heel tie systems (nine sandals), criss-cross tie system (one sandal), and side loop tie systems (fifteen sandals) Five additional sandals (narrow, two-warp plainweave construction) had possible toe-heel tie systems. Tie systems of six sandals were not distinguishable between toe-heel and criss-cross. Five sandals had unidentifiable tie fragments, and two sandals had no tie information. Terminology had to be developed for several tie components. Toe loops were found with a single loop (either intact or tied over the toe) and multiple loops (overlapping, adjacent, or parallel). Side loops were overlapping (continuous, mirror image, or reversing), adjacent, and parallel. Ankle/heel loops included single, double, and double intertwined horizontal loops (back of heel), and two vertical loops (side of heel). Loop variations for two-warp plainweave were through weft, around weft, flat loop, and upright loop. Numerous attachment methods were used for the toe, ankle/heel, and side loops, including sole knots and running stitches. Tie materials included four constructions of leaf: unprocessed leaf, S-twist leaf, Z-twist leaf, and plied leaf (Z-2S, S-2Z, Z-3S). Twelve constructions of yarn were identified, including two- and three-ply yarns of various twist combinations, re-plied yarn, and splicing. Toe-heel and criss-cross tie system sandals tended to have only one cordage type used on an individual sandal; side loop system sandals tended to have several cordage types used on an individual sandal. A comparison of tie system and sandal construction methods revealed that coarse-braided and two-warp plainweave sandals more frequently used the toe-heel system. Fine-braided and four-and five-warp plainweave sandals used the toe-heel and side loop systems nearly evenly. Markers for future tie researchers to examine include number of toe loops, types and attachment methods of toe and side loops, and style variations and attachments of ankle/heel loops.