This report is the product of a study funded by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) entitled, The Arizona Strip Cultural Landscape and Place Name Study. The study has five main objectives: (1) to provide an overview of American Indian Cultural Landscapes and their relevance for federal agency practices, (2) to describe the ethnographic, historic, and cultural bases for Southern Paiute communities’ access to particular sites within the Arizona Strip, (3) to identify Southern Paiute place names, trails, and stories associated with selected cultural landscape sites within the Arizona Strip, (4) to include descriptions of the cultural significance of natural resources and physical environmental features at selected cultural landscape sites, and (5) to determine the need for future studies based on gaps identified in the historic and ethnographic record. The study is intended to serve as a foundation for identifying and managing Native American resources, cultural sites and cultural landscapes on the Arizona Strip. This report is focused on direct interviews with Southern Paiute people at places in the Arizona Strip. These locations were chosen to represent kinds of places that are culturally significant to Southern Paiute people. These include rock art sites, archaeology sites, springs, rivers, canyons, mountains, lava flows, and areas with special vistas. These places were chosen by representatives of the involved tribes, Arizona Strip BLM staff, and the project director at the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology at the University of Arizona. This is a first study of its kind funded by the Arizona Strip and so a study goal was to see what kinds of contemporary cultural importance would be assigned by Indian people to kinds of places. It was thus impossible to go to all places of cultural significance in the Arizona Strip so the study lays a foundation for more comprehensive studies in the future.

This ethnographic overview documents the contemporary values of American Indians regarding Fajada Butte. The study defines which Indian tribes have traditional or historic cultural ties to Fajada Butte and Chaco Culture National Historical Park (NHP). The study was funded by the National Park Service on September 15, 1992, and was managed by the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Office. The ethnographic overview is focussed on two broad issues: (1) Fajada Butte and its significance to American Indian people and (2) the traditional use of plants and their cultural significance to American Indian people. An additional goal of this study is to contribute information about to the process of general tribal -park consultation including Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. This study documented that 11 tribes and pueblos have cultural relationships with Fajada Butte and Chaco Culture NHP. American Indians feel a contemporary identification with the Fajada Butte and Chaco Culture NHP. There are three main ways for expressing this identification (1) direct descent ties, (2) tribal ties, and (3) ethnic ties. No tribal or pueblo representatives expressed knowledge of living families who are direct descendants from the people of Chaco; however, many of them stated that Chaco people were their direct ancestors. All tribes and pueblo representatives who participated in the on -site visit claimed tribal or pueblo ties to the people of Chaco. The research also was concerned with the plant life of the area both on and around Fajada Butte. This study documented the American Indian traditional use placess around Fajada Butte and elsewhere in Chaco Canyon. All Indian representatives expressed the desire that the park continues to protect these plants from disturbance and emphasized the need to have a park-wide ethnobotanical study.

The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) represents a challenge for exploration and production. Most of the sediments coming from North America has bypassed the shelf margin into Deep Water. In an Attempt to attack this challenge this thesis pretends to break the GOM's false bottom, mainly comprised by diverse salt structures and growth fault families. In this attempt, geological and geophysical data are integrated to find clues to potential hydrocarbons indicator (PHI) that could be of Reservoir Quality (RQ). 3D Pre stack depth migrated data comprised of Mississippi Canyon blocks, were interpreted: Top and base of salt, leading to the identification of a PHI represented by a consistent Amplitude Anomaly (AA) below and towards a salt structure. This AA may be of RQ and feasibility evaluation for further decisions may be taken. Following the structural sequences that Govern central GOM during Oligocene through out Miocene was important to support the results.

The purpose of this thesis was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of proposed sluiceway deflectors in Hells Canyon Dam with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A CFD model developed and validated by Politano et al. (2010) was used to assess the downstream performance of the deflectors. Relative performance is measured by effects of the deflectors on the flow field, Total Dissolved Gas (TDG) production, and probability of mechanical fish injury. The deflectors evaluated in this model included the deflector with dimensions determined from a physical model as well as three additional deflector geometries that adjusted elevation, length and transition radius based on the physical model deflector. Physical model testing, at a 1:48 scale, of deflectors on Hells Canyon Dam performed by Haug and Weber (2002) provided a baseline deflector for the deflectors modeled in this study. The physical model was built and tested by the IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering. The performance study that this thesis focuses on was performed at two different tailwater elevations, established with two different total river flowrates of 25 kcfs and 45 kcfs. Each deflector was evaluated considering the spillway jet regime, tailrace flow pattern, and total dissolved gas (TDG) production. According to the model, decreasing the deflector length or increasing the transition radius results in more TDG production at all tailwater elevations. At 45 kcfs, the height of the deflector does not appreciably affect the spillway jet regime or the TDG distribution in the tailrace. However, increasing the deflector elevation at this river flow increases the amount of powerhouse entrainment and induces a recirculation in the western region of the tailrace. The baseline deflector performed best because it had the smallest impact on the tailrace flow pattern and produced the least TDG. The performance of the selected deflector was further evaluated for additional river flow rates of 37 kcfs, 45 kcfs and a 7Q10 flow condition of 71.5 Kcfs, with the 7Q10 condition being tested with and without the deflector. Although the deflector was able to prevent the spillway flow from creating a large amount of downstream TDG the 7Q10 flow condition significantly increased the TDG values downstream of the deflector relative to the other tested conditions. With the chosen deflector TDG values returned to forebay levels after 1 and 3.5 miles for the 37 kcfs and 45 kcfs river flowrates, respectively. With the deflector installed the 7Q10 flow condition creates considerable TDG production however the deflectors are able to reduce TDG production by 10% from the test without a deflector installed. For all evaluated river flows, with the chosen deflector, entrainment from the powerhouse is observed in the simulations; this entrainment is caused by the sluiceway surface jets. As powerhouse flow increases there is an observed decrease in entrainment. This is due to the increase of flow velocity in the streamwise direction, or perpendicular to the direction of entrainment. An important western recirculation that is prominent in the 7Q10 flow condition is also caused by the introduction of deflectors onto the spillways. Reversed flows near the fishtrap region and water directed back into the aerated section of the spillway are consequences of this recirculation. The effect causes a 25% percent increase of entrained flow relative to the no deflector 7Q10 flow. Injury of fish traveling over the spillway and through the sluiceway was estimated with the use of inert spherical particles and the computed flow field. Acceleration and strain experienced by the particles was calculated over the length of the spillway region. Numerical results were compared against literature values published by Deng (2005). Including the deflectors in the design increases the probability that fish will be injured. The most extreme cases of fish injury probability were 37 kcfs and the 7Q10 kcfs flowrates. For these cases, injuries experienced by the fish were 10% and 3% for minor and major injuries respectively. With comparison of the 7Q10 flows it appears that the inclusion of the deflector increases the induced minor injury induce from 5% to 10% and the major injury from 1% to 3%. Fish tailrace residence time was calculated using inert particles introduced to the computed fluid flow field. These particles were tracked for 650 feet past the sluiceway inlets and their time to completion was recorded. Particles were released from the sluiceways as well as the powerhouses for the 37 kcfs, 45kcfs and 7Q10 flow conditions. Particles released from the sluiceways reduced in residence time with an increase in sluiceway flowrate. With some amount of powerhouse entrainment increasing the residence time of the particles released from the powerhouse. These particles follow the entrainment to the deep low velocity region in the stilling basin. As the lateral flow increases some of the particles released from the spillway will join the high speed jets produced by the deflectors and their residence time will be reduced. According to the model, deflectors consistently reduce overall residence time and are therefore not expected to increase fish migration time. Water surface elevation near the fishtrap was measured for the 25 kcfs, 37 kcfs, 45 kcfs and 7Q10 flow conditions. The wave height near the fishtrap for the 7Q10 deflector case was predicted to be about one foot above the estimated water surface elevation. According to the model the inclusion of the deflector reduces the wave height.

In 1948 Williams subdivided the Jefferson Formation of northeastern Utah into two formations. The upper formation was referred to as the Late Devonian Jefferson Formation and the lower formation the Early Devonian Water Canyon Formation (Williams, 1948, p. 1138). Since that ti.me detailed study of the Water Canyon Formation has not been made . It is the purpose of this investigation to describe in detail the lithology and paleontology of the formation and their implication as to the environment of deposition of Early Devonian time in northeastern Utah.

In spite of the great economic importance of north American Scolytidae, many taxonomic descriptions remain inadequate for the identification of species, and existing keys have been made obsolete by the recent description of new species. To bring these keys up to date and make them useful to students and practical foresters, detailed studies of the morphological structure of the various species are necessary. The purpose of the present investigation has been to clarify and revise existing keys and to describe briefly the species of Scolytidae occurring in the Logan Canyon area of Utah. The following keys and descriptions will be of value to students, foresters, and taxonomists in identifying the species of Scolytidae occurring in northern Utah. Information secured in this investigation also contributes toward the geographic and host distributional knowledge of the Scolytidae in Utah.

This section is a statement on the reason behind my conducting archeological excavations in West Canyon. In light of the large collections which had come out of the area, it was deemed important to excavate before any further destruction of sites in the canyon took place in order to establish, if possible, the cultural affiliations of the prehistoric inhabitants of that area. It was felt before excavation began that there was enough evidence already on hand to suggest Fremont culture affiliation, but this was not sufficient to demonstrate the same with confident conclusiveness. A second goal was to obtain a knowledge of the structural design used by the inhabitants of West Canyon insofar as it could be determined by excavation. A third aim was to locate evidence of agricultural activity in a demonstrable form. As previously mentioned Mr. Hutchings had some charred corn cobs in his display case which reportedly came from West Canyon, but these are not displayed or visibly recorded in association with other specific features of a specifically designated site as they appear in the display, so that the associations remain in question. A fourth project was a survey of the area to determine the extent of occupation and as well as the kinds of occupation, whether they were sedentary groups with definite evidences of sedentary constructions and activities, or nomadic groups whose habitation of the area was transitory. An extension of this same problem was a determination of the overall economic activity if possible, of either kind of group. As suggested in the introduction, I believe the previous archeological work that has been conducted in the canyon has not been sufficient to date. Therefore it was my goal to complete a general research in what must be considered a previously untested area. It is unfortunate that with so much activity of this kind in West Canyon, I must use the term "untested area".

Submarine channels are important conduits for sediment in deep marine environments, and understanding their formation is critical to modeling basin fill processes. Most models describing channel evolution focus on turbidity currents as the erosive and constructive force in channel initiation. However, slope failure and slumping can be significant drivers of channelization, particularly in upper slope and ramp environments. Determining the relative roles of slumping and erosion by turbidity currents can provide important insight into the timing of channelization and the geometries of subsequent deposits. Samples were collected from Guadalupe Mountains National Park from two primary localities at Salt Flat Bench (Figure 2). Three vertical sections were measured at both locations. A total of 16 samples were collected for petrographic analysis and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging. Spectacular outcrop quality makes the Middle Permian Brushy Canyon Formation in Guadalupe Mountains National Park an ideal location for the study of early channel evolution. A detailed facies analysis of fine-grained channel deposits was conducted in the Upper Brushy Canyon Formation in the Salt Flat Bench outcrops. After channelization, an interval of relative condensation dominated by hemipelagic settling of organic matter and silt was followed by an interval of incomplete sediment bypass by turbidity currents. This sequence of events suggests that sea level was at a relative highstand at the time of channel inception, whereas channel inception by turbidity currents is expected during a lowstand. Slumping rather than erosion by turbidity currents is the most likely mechanism to have initiated a channel at the study area. There is no evidence for the existence for high energy currents until after the interval of condensation. However, the action of weak contour currents during early channel evolution is observed in outcrop and microtextural features. Early carbonate cementation of channel-lining silts may have stabilized the slump surface with respect to erosion by later turbidity currents.

Spatial distributions of gaseous pollutants CO, NOx, and SO2 in a street canyon in Fung-Shan, Kaohsiung County were measured. The street runs west-to-east with two lanes in a single direction: traffic flows only from west to east. The street canyon is 60 m long (= L) and 20 m wide (= W). The heights of the five-story buildings on both sides of the street are about 16 m (= H). Therefore, the street canyon has an aspect ratio AR (= H/W) = 0.8, and a length to width ratio L/H = 3. Air was sampled on site on three consecutive days, 3 September to 5 September, in 2003. The sampling period were 20 h long, from 00:00 to 19:00 on September 4, but covered only the two rush hours, 07:00-10:00 and 16:30-20:00, on the other two days. Traffic emissions were also estimated using available emission factors from TANEEB (1992). Results show that motorcycles are dominant vehicle in the street. Emission estimations indicate that motorcycle contributed to about 75% of CO emission, automobiles contributed about 80% of NOx emissions, while motorcycles and automobiles each contributed about 50% of SO2 emissions. Variations of traffic emissions generally follow traffic flow rates, indicating reasonable estimations of traffic emissions. When wind blows perpendicularly to the street canyon, air pollutants tend to accumulate in the leeward side. For example, concentration of CO in the leeward side is about two times that in the windward side. Generally, concentrations of air pollutants decrease with height, about 10% to 20% reduction in concentration, particularly noticeable in the leeward side. Results also show that, on leeward side, concentrations of air pollutants in the corridor were lower than those outside the corridor, being about 53.3% difference in CO concentration. However, on windward side, concentrations of air pollutants in the corridor were higher than those outside the corridor, being about 100% difference in NO2 concentration. Keywords: Street Canyon, Mobile Sources, Air Quality, Emission Factor.

The objective for this study was to provide the insight into the link between benthic foraminiferal assemblages and the surrounding environment. Stained sediment samples were collected from the continental shelf and slope off the southwest Taiwan, including the Kao-ping Submarine Canyon. In addition to faunal census, total organic carbon (TOC), carbonate, and coarse fraction of the sediments were also measured. Nevertheless, the downcore record of the excess 210Pb from selected sites offers the constraint for stratigraphy time frame for discussion. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages were analyzed by statistics. Clusters analysis shows that all species present in this study could be divided into two groupings. One is those distributed in outer shelf and the other is those found in the inner shelf of the southwest Taiwan. Different from previous studies, the spatial distribution of stained benthic foraminifera seems not to be related with TOC contents in the sediment and water depth. Both the diversity index and Eqitability show that sites inside of the canyon have lower values. The higher Living/Total ratios and lower dead tests at the head of Kao-ping Submarine Canyon than adjacent area might be the effect of migration. Furthermore, the species within the canyon are similar to the southern and northern continental shelf. These findings indicate that the spatial distribution of benthic forams within canyon might be the effect of transport, which could result from the complex interaction between tides and currents. Augmented with the profiles of excess 210Pb, the temporal variation of benthic foraminifera was revealed. Generally there is a progressive decrease in the abundance of Ammonia sp.. It is possible that the diminishing trend was caused by the increase of anthropogenic activity for the last 30 years.