From introduction: This is a study of the physical landscape, climate, natural vegetation, historical geography and rural land use of the Bedford, Adelaide, Fort Beaufort, Stockenström and Victoria East magisterial districts. These five districts may be regarded as a natural region bounded by the crest of the Amatole-Winterberg range in the north and by the Great Fish River in the west. The southern boundary is a zone of semi-arid scrub bordering the Great Fish River valley. The Ciskei may be regarded as the eastern boundary of the region.

This study analyses the methods and policies of the colonial government which shaped Stutterheim's African communities between c.1870 and 1910. In 1870 the Stutterheim magisterial district had not yet been officially established. However, creation of the British Kaffrarian administration (1847-1865) had already ensured the entrenchment of colonial rule over the humiliated Xhosa chiefdoms west of the Kei. This work studies transformations in late colonial Ngqika society and the development of Stutterheim as a magisterial district. It analyses the entrenchment of colonial bureaucracy and changes in indigenous social, economic and political structures. In the period c.1860-1877, direct administration of the Ngqika was first attempted. While recovering from the 1856-57 cattle killing, the Ngqika were brought under colonial administration by the annexation of British Kaffraria to the Cape Colony in 1865. The thesis also examines the process and implications of the breakup and resettlement of the Ngqika location after the 1877-1878 war and the mechanisms and complications in forming a new postwar settlement. The focus then narrows to Stutterheim magisterial district (finalised in 1880), where, after the removal of the main Ngqika population to the Transkei formal structures of quitrent settlement were established around mission stations. A new form of social behaviour underpinned by principles of individualism evolved under missionary influence. Urged on by legislation that sought to intensify implementation of individual tenure, this social behaviour predominated under the new administration. Attention is also given to the allocation of farm land in the district. On part of what had once been communally owned land, an immigrant farming community originally intended strictly for whites emerged. Numerous Africans later managed to hold property in this area. An urban area with a mixed African and white population resulted where allotments initially allocated to the German Legion were later auctioned. On crown lands, leasing and purchasing was initiated. By the early twentieth century, settlement patterns were in chaos: on the mission settlements, quitrenters disobeyed settlement regulations, farms were overpopulated by tenants and interracial urban settlements faced imminent segregationist policies. By 1910 local administration was in difficulties and the Africans were becoming politically mobilised against local and colonial policies.

From Preface: In 1778 Joachim van Plettenberg declared the Fish River as boundary between the Trekboer and the Xhosa. The area between the lower reaches of the Fish and Kei Rivers was to become the main centre of conflict in nine frontier wars. It was here, too, that successive governors carried out experiments to stabilize land and people in the area. But after 1820, while official attention was focused on this trouble spot, a new and related zone of conflict was gradually and almost unnoticed opening up. This was in the north-east where the first encounters between Trekboer and Thembu were beginning to take place. By 1825 the spearhead of the Thembu, harassed by the amaNgwane raids, had migrated across the Kei River to settle south of the Stormberg in what is now the district of Queenstown. By this time the first Trekboers in their perennial search for water and pasturage had crossed the Stormberg Spruit to settle on the waste land north of the Stormberg. The history of the Stormberg area is predominantly an account of the interaction between these two peoples.

In recent years, increasing interest has been taken in the career of Andries Stockenstrom. Detailed study of his policy as Landdrost of Graaff-Reinet , as Commissioner-General of the Eastern Districts, and as Lieutenant-Governor, has brought about a realization of the soundness and value of much of his work. This appreciation of the sterling qualities of Stockenstrom's character- despite his undoubtedly difficult temperament - has led to the tacit assumption that the accusations which were levelled against him, and the odium in which he was held in Albany, after his evidence before the Aborigines Committee 1835 -1836, were largely the result of unfortunate newspaper propaganda. That evidence, it is implied - coming as it did at a time when public opinion was peculiarly sensitive to criticism - was in fact, not as black as it had been painted. Yet the events of the period between the Commissioner-Generalship and the Lieutenant- Governorship have not only coloured the judgment upon Stockenstrom of almost every writer on South African history, but so influenced contemporary public opinion as to materially impair the efficiency of his Lieutenant-Governorship. In writing this thesis, it has heen my purpose to make a detailed study of such material as is available for the period 1833-1836, and to endeavour, by an analysis of the evidence more particularly in the light of the years before 1833, to set this significant period in Stockenstrom' s career in its right perspective.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / This research investigated experiences of the Saamwerk equity scheme as a framework to analyze the ways in which the scheme has achieved the objectives of land reform. It reviewed the role of this scheme in relation to the experiences and perceptions of beneficiaries about the extent to which this scheme has or has not improved their living conditions. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae (Integrated Water Resource Management) / The Eerste River is a river system which has, over the years, been subjected to human interference. The purpose of this study was to investigatge temporal and spatial trends in the water quality of the Eerste River between 1990 and 2005. The study results revealed that the major trends in the water quality of the Eerste River are more spatial than temporal. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Cerebro-vascular accidents or stroke remain a leading cause of death worldwide accounting for 5.5 million deaths, leaving individuals disabled in many aspects of functioning. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a framework that assesses disability in relation to impairments, activity limitations, participation restrictions and environmental factors and many individuals post stroke have reported restrictions in these areas. Literature has proven that participation restrictions post stroke are very common, which means that individuals are not able to return to their normal functioning as before. Once these individuals are discharged into the community, supportive networks become an essential aspect aiding participation. There is some literature present which shows positive relations between social support and participation, however this is minimal. The aim of this study was to determine participation restrictions and social support in patients with stroke, living in the Western Cape. To further understand the relationship between social support and participation restriction post stroke, a systematic review was conducted. The databases searched were Ebscohost full text, which included CINAHL +, Health Source: Nursing, Academic edition, Medline, Psych articles and Soc index, Science Direct, Biomed Central, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Pedro Central, and Wiley Online between the years 2001 - 2013. Once the methodology of the review was completed, a total of three articles were the only articles that met the study‟s inclusion criteria and were included in the review. These articles highlighted the importance of the quality and quantity of social support on participation. The review presented level 4 and 6 evidence, based on the hierarchical evidence model which showed a positive relationship between social support and participation. Thus, social support is found to be an important factor aiding participation. The methodology of the survey included a target population of all individuals attending the Community Health Centres in the Southern Western and Klipfontein Mitchell‟s Plain Metro District Health Service who were sampled by convenience. This study was cross-sectional in design, using descriptive surveys. All individuals diagnosed with a stroke and living in the community for at least six months were included in this study. The World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. (WHODAS 2.0.) was used to determine the participation restrictions in the participants, while the Social Support Questionnaire 6 (SSQ6) was used to determine the individual’s social support. Completed questionnaires wereanalysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 where descriptive statistics were used to define continuous and categorical variables. The Pearsons correlation test was used to determine the association between social support and participation, with significance set at 0.05. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study and participants were required to provide verbal and written informed consent. All questionnaires and consent forms were available in English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa to accommodate all participants. Participants were assured that their participation in the study was completely voluntary and that their agreement, refusal or withdrawal would not impact their treatment at the Community Health Centre. A total of 106 participants met the inclusion criteria for this study and agreed to partake. An equal number of males and females participated, with a mean age of 61.5 years. The results showed that 89.9% of participants in the study were classified as having low levels of social support, with family support playing an important role in the social support of participants (P=0.000). The majority of participants (30.2%) indicated that their children, and families, were the people providing the most support to participants. Caregiver strain and burnout was highlighted as an aspect of importance. The majority of participants (51.8%) were severely affected in the domain of participation, reporting common problems joining in community activities (28.3%), emotional status (18.9%) and financial status (45.3%) which affected participation adversely. Extreme difficulty with concerns of barriers in the community (19.8%), and time spent on health condition (8.5%), with regard to participation were reported. It has been highlighted that many participants had not returned to work post stroke, a factor to consider when planning interventions in the clinical setting. When comparing the respective domains of the WHODAS 2.0., mobility, household activities and participation was discovered to be amongst the highest scoring domains. Pearsons correlation test between social support and participation produced a non-significant result (P = 0.146). This study outlines that although an insignificant result was obtained, the participants (10.1%) who scored the highest for social support had only been moderately affected in the domain of participation. A limitation of this study include design, and it is thus recommended that additional studies be conducted in the form of controlled trials to determine the effects of social support on participation restrictions post stroke.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / The phenomenon juvenile delinquency is an enormous concern for communities in the ZFM district, Northern Cape, South Africa. Juvenile offences have increased since 2010 in this area. From existing theories, it is clear that the causes of this phenomenon are complex and interrelated. Some of these contributing factors are rooted in the character of the delinquent and his or her family. Other factors are peer, community or economic related. Against this background, it is clear that each community/area should be individually assessed concerning its contributing factors as these factors can differ from community to community, individual to individual and family to family. Thus, the research question: What are the psychosocial contributing factors of juvenile delinquency in the ZFM district, Northern Cape, South Africa? The research goal of this study was to determine the psychosocial factors contributing to juvenile delinquency in the ZFM region in the Northern Cape, South Africa. The objectives to arrive to the aim were to explore and describe the psychosocial factors contributing to juvenile delinquency in the ZFM region in the Northern Cape, South Africa and to make recommendations for interventions through probation services by probation officers and the Department of Social Development in the Northern Cape, South Africa. A qualitative approach was used, with an exploratory, descriptive design. Non- probability; purposive sampling was used to select probation officers from the Department of Social Development in the ZFM district in the Northern Cape. These Probation officers have each identified a parent of a juvenile in their caseloads. Because both parents of delinquents and probation officer’s perceptions are shaped by their own context, social constructivism was used as theoretical framework. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews with a checklist. The spiral for data analysis was used to analyse data, which was then clustered in themes, sub- themes and categories. Probation officers, participants identified a range of familial and community contributing factors to juvenile delinquency, and emphasises the interplay between these factors. Their also stressed the issue of parental control and guidance. Participants further indicated that harsh and ineffective parental discipline, lack of parental involvement, family conflict, child abuse and/or neglect and rejection by parents have also been identified as important factors related to delinquent behaviour. Another finding was that single parents, especially single mothers and the lack of a father figure are a great risk factor for juvenile delinquency. Parents also stressed the issue of their lack of control due to peer dependence and the juvenile’s involvement in alcohol and drugs. Probation officers also stressed the lack of parental involvement, continuous communication & parental guidance as some of the important contributing factors of delinquent behaviour amongst children. Parents also indicated a general lack of close relationship amongst family members, as well as emotional insecurity, and the inability to control their children. Both parents and probation officers agreed that peer pressure is a mayor risk factor concerning juvenile delinquency.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Background: A subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease is thought to represent a complex interaction between environmental factors, a defective immune system, the gastrointestinal microbiome and genetic susceptibility. Aim: The focus of this study was to investigate the association between environmental exposures during childhood and the subsequent development of Crohn’s disease, thus the two primary aims were to: 1) conduct a systematic review of the literature evaluating environmental risk factors during childhood, defined by studies either as, age intervals (e.g., 0-5, 6-10 and 11-18 years), or more 'broadly' as 0-18 years; and 2) investigate the association between childhood environmental exposures during three age intervals (0-5, 6-10 and 11-18 years), as well as frequency of childhood infections and the future development of Crohn's disease based on a score analysis, using a subset of previously collected data from a completed doctoral thesis involving a case control study design in study population, in the Western Cape, South Africa. The aim included a primary analysis of the latter dataset for childhood infections. Design: For the first aim of the study, a systematic search was conducted during March 2015 in electronic databases, such as EMBASE, EBSCOhost (Medline), Ovid, Scopus and World Cat, PubMed and Biomed Central, to identify epidemiological studies that examined the association between childhood environmental exposures and the subsequent development of Crohn's disease. Studies evaluating childhood exposure either by age intervals, or more broadly, from birth until 18 years were included. The environmental exposures evaluated in the review were; farm animal contact, place of upbringing, sibship size, household pets, primary water source and hot water availability. Of the 181 identified articles, 16 were included in the final systematic review. The second aim of the study involved a post hoc analysis of a subset of findings from the completed doctoral research by Abigail Basson with regard to the multiple logistic regression analysis evaluating environmental risk factor exposure during three age intervals; 0-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-18 years. In the present research, two different methodological approaches were undertaken. Briefly, exposure variables, of similar nature, were combined into subgroups and assigned weighting scores. The two 'subgroup models' were designated as: Group A and Group B. Based on these premises, a score analysis was performed, and the difference in scores, between case and control groups, was compared. In addition, multiple logistic regression models were conducted on a subset of original data from the aforementioned completed doctoral study to assess the association between the frequency of childhood infections between 0-20 years and risk of Crohn’s disease development. Following this, a score analysis was again performed. Results: Sixteen studies were included in the systematic review. Of the five studies that investigated the association between place of upbringing during the age interval 0-5 years and the subsequent development of Crohn's disease, three found no significant association; however of the three studies evaluating place of upbringing during the age intervals 6-10 and 11-18 years, only one study identified a significant association. Three studies investigated exposure to farm animals during the age interval 0-5 years, of which, two identified a significant association. Of the latter three studies, two investigated farm animal contact during the age intervals 6-10 and 11-18 years, but only one reported a significant association during these age intervals. Notably, this was the study which had failed to identify an association during the 0-5 year age interval. Both studies which broadly evaluated farm animal exposure during 'childhood' reported that not having contact with animals significantly increased the risk of developing Crohn's disease. Of the five studies that investigated exposure to pets during the age interval 0-5 years, only one identified a significant risk association, namely with exposure to cats. Of the three which investigated pet exposure during the age intervals 6-10 years and 11-18 years, one identified a significant association, for both age intervals. Five studies investigated pet exposure during 'childhood'; one found that having a pet significantly increased the risk of developing Crohn's disease, two reported that not having a pet significantly increased risk in developing Crohn's disease, whereas the remaining studies found no significant association. Only one study evaluated primary water source during the three age intervals; during the age interval 0-5 years and 11-18 years, having piped tap or bottled water was significantly associated with CD development. Of the four studies investigating primary water source during ‘childhood’, only one reported a significant association between primary water source and the development of Crohn's disease. The availability of hot water during the age interval 0-5 years was significantly associated with Crohn's disease development in one of the three relevant studies. Two studies investigated hot water availability during 6-10 and 11-18 years, however both failed to identify a significant association. When broadly evaluated, hot water availability during 'childhood' was significantly associated with Crohn's disease risk, in two of the three relevant studies. None of the studies which investigated sibship size and the risk of future Crohn's disease development during defined age intervals reported a significant association. Only two of the seven studies that evaluated sibship size during childhood reported a significant association. Results of the score analysis revealed a significant difference during all three age intervals between the case and control groups with Group A and Group B, with cases having significantly lower exposure scores (approximately 30% and 40% lower, respectively), when compared with that of controls. On multiple logistic regression analysis, subjects who never had tooth decay/cavity (OR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.05-3.04), periodontitis (OR = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.10, 3.48), diarrhoea (OR = 2.71; 95% CI, 1.62-4.62), gastritis (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.30-3.35), or mouth ulcers (OR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.12-3.70), at least once per year or more, were at an increased risk for later development of Crohn's disease, when compared to those who were exposed to these infections at least once per year or more. There was a significant difference in exposure scores between the case and control groups (OR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82-0.94), thus indicating that cases had 12% less exposure to childhood infections from birth until the age of 20 years, when compared to the controls. Conclusion: The systematic review of the literature provides evidence in support of the hygiene hypothesis, in that delayed exposure to immunostimulatory microbes through the environmental exposures increases the risk for future CD development, in genetically susceptible individuals. In addition, the literature supports that the childhood environment plays an important role in the aetiology of Crohn's disease. However, the lack of consistent findings between studies, particularly those which have broadly defined ‘childhood’ implies that timing of exposure plays a crucial role in this ever evolving paradigm. Results from the score analysis provide insight into the 'compound' effects from multiple environmental exposures in the aetiology of Crohn's disease. While the present research was unable to provide any explanation for the underlying mechanism of disease pathogenesis, overall, the findings have important implications for future IBD-related studies as they demonstrate the importance of accounting for environment as a 'whole' when conducting epidemiological studies, as opposed to focusing on individual environmental factors, as well as that it is imperative to investigate environmental exposures within the context of defined age intervals.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The Keimoes Suite is a group of poorly defined granitoids that characterize the Namaqua Front and Foreland zones. There is a lack of knowledge on its content and distribution. A significant amount of work has been done on the geochemical and geochronological aspects of the Keimoes Suite but no structural analysis using a comparison between joint occurrences in the suite and the country rock has been found in the literature. This study provides insight on whether these joints formed as a result of the emplacement and subsequent cooling of the granitoids or whether they are the result of later deformation processes. This was achieved through remote sensing, detailed field mapping and structural analysis of joint data to determine the type of stress regime associated with their deformation. Eleven granitoids of the Keimoes Suite were mapped in the Kakamas-Keimoes area in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Up to four joint sets were mapped and characterized according to orientation, abutting relationship, in-filling material and spacing properties. The orientation analysis revealed two prominent joint sets (NNW and NE) that are consistent throughout the Keimoes Suite granite. However after careful analysis of their abutting relationship it has been concluded that these joints are the youngest joints formed in the Keimoes Suite. The fourth set is the E-W set which does not occur at a wide spread scale. The oldest joint set (NNE) is defined by the quartz and feldspar filling and these joints only occur in the oldest granite of the suite. Field observation revealed shear displacement, forming a conjugate joint set. This conjugate set closes at an acute angle of 60˚ and the joints displace each other. The presence of en echelon sigmoidal veins suggests these joints formed as mode II fractures and that they are tectonic joints. The dominant joint set NNW is parallel to the regional foliation, shear zones and faults which were formed during the D2 deformational vent of the Namaqua Orogeny. This NNW joint set post-dates the D2 deformational event and was formed during the D3 deformational environment of the Namaqua Orogeny. Principal stress analysis of all the joints in the study area suggests a strike-slip environment, which coincides with the D3 deformation event of the Namaqua Natal Province. Even though the country rock and the Keimoes Suite granites were subjected to same stress field during the D3 event, the analysis of principal stresses between the Keimoes Suite granites and the country rock reveals a slight difference in the orientation of the principal stresses. This is caused by the difference in competency between the Keimoes Suite granites and the country rock thus caused the refraction. In conclusion Structural evidence on various members of the Keimoes Suite indicates three episodes of intrusions with respect to the D2 Namaqua deformation event based on foliation and mineral filled joints. The Vaalputs Granite is pre tectonic relative to the main D2 deformation event and the thermal peak M2 metamorphisms, while Louisvale, Kanon Eiland and Klip Kraal Granites are syn-tectonic to these deformation events. The granites that lack foliation are classified as post-tectonic granites and these are the Keboes, Kleinbegin, Gemsbokbult, Colstone and Cnydas Granites as well as the Friesdale Charnockite. However the presence of foliation in some granites suggests that a compressional episode existed for a period of time and ended sometime before the onset of the post-tectonic granites. Therefore the D2 pre-dates the last episode of Keimoes Suite granite emplacement. This study partly validates the work done by previous workers on the Keimoes Suite, although there are some slight differences which are subjected to change. Conclusion can be drawn that this study provided additional insight in the findings of other workers nonetheless also differs with some of their findings regarding the timing of emplacement of the Keimoes Suite.