Until present, many researchers relied on the conventional plug flow dispersion models to analyse the concentration profiles obtained from the tracer injection experiments to evaluate the dispersion coefficients in packed beds. The Fickian concept in the limit of long time duration is assumed to be applicable and it implies that the mean-square displacement of the tracer profile is constant with time and the concentration profile is Gaussian. There were very few studies on identifying the conditions under which this assumption is valid and delineate the range of applicability of the existing plug flow dispersion models. If the time scales of a tracer injection experiment are not sufficient for a tracer to traverse the bed radius and sample the velocity variations, this could give rise to persisting non-Fickian transients where the mean-square displacement of the tracer profile is not constant with time and the concentration profile deviates from the normal Gaussian distribution. These transients cannot be predicted by the conventional plug dispersion models. An extended axial non-Fickian macroscopic dispersion model is derived to describe the transient development of a solute tracer when injected into a fluid flowing through a cylindrical packed bed or empty tube and some non-Fickian effects in the dispersion process. The flow profile in beds packed with uniform particles exhibits radial non-uniformity due to the oscillatory variation in porosity because of the wall confinement (wall effect). Compared with the axial plug flow dispersion model, the extended model contains time-dependent coefficients such as the transient axial dispersion coefficient and higher order derivatives (higher than second order) of the cross-sectionally averaged concentration. Including them provides some insight on non-Fickian transport in the dispersion process. The model provides time criteria on the basis that the effelongitudinal dispersion coefficient in the packed bed reaches its asymptotic value and the non-Fickian transients will die out. Some experimental conditions in the literature were checked by these criteria and found to be either marginally satisfied, or not satisfied at all, which indicates that the Fickian concept is not valid. The model results for tracer dispersion in cylindrical packed beds show that the longitudinal dispersion coefficient converges to its asymptotic value on a time scale proportional to R2/(DT) where R is the column radius and (DT) is the area averaged lateral dispersion coefficient. The extended model encouraged study of the consequences of the additional dispersion terms in other applications such as the pulse spread in the field of capillary column inverse gas chromatography (CCIGC). CCIGC is used to evaluate the solute-polymer diffusion coefficient Dp and the partition coefficient K at infinite dilute conditions. The tube geometry in CCIGC is more complex than the conventional Taylor dispersion problem due to the polymer coating on the inside of the capillary wall. The extended CCIGC model presented in this study has advantages over the previous models by including the effects of Taylor dispersion and higher order derivatives of the pulse area-averaged concentration. Taylor dispersion effect causes more pulse spread in the longitudinal direction and by not including it in the CCIGC regression models may cause a significant error in the measured Dp values. The extended CCIGC model provides for the first time criteria on capillary dimensions for the transient coefficients (multiplying the second and higher order derivatives) to become constant and for the non-Fickian effects associated with the higher order derivatives to be neglected. Model results show that Taylor dispersion effect has a significant effect on the elution profiles at high values of Dp and/or low values of gas diffusion coefficients Dg and it can be used to increase the sensitivity range of the previous CCIGC models at extremely low and high Dp values.

In this diploma thesis, capillary columns with an inner diameter of 530 microns filled with gel particles were prepared. These columns are intended for gel chromatography. Three various methods of filling were used for their preparation. The first method was based on filling of wet particles in suspension with the organic solvent, followed by drying and swelling of particles with water into the form of gel. The second method used filling of wet particles in the suspension form with the aqueous phase. The last method started with suction of dry gel particles by air and continued with their subsequent swelling with water into the form of the gel. The prepared columns have been compared analysing hyaluronic acid and thiourea. The basic parameters specified for the gel column chromatography were determined by using phenylalanine. The pressure characteristics depending on the flow rate of mobile phase were used to compare the quality of packing of the columns prepared by various methods.

A cromatografia é uma técnica de separação cuja classificação se dá por meio do estado físico da fase móvel (líquido, gasoso, supercrítico, entre outros). Dentre as técnicas cromatográficas mais utilizadas e cujo conhecimento é bastante conhecido está a cromatografia gasosa. Embora esta técnica tenha sido bastante estudada existem ainda algumas vertentes que não totalmente estudadas, sendo uma delas a cromatografia gasosa de alta pressão na entrada da coluna (HIPGC). A HIPGC destaca por oferecer vantagens analíticas como alta eficiência, maior velocidade no tempo de análise e também facilita a migração de compostos com alta massa molecular. As desvantagens e dificuldades estão concentradas na instrumentação. O uso de alta pressão requer conexões que suportem tal pressão, sistema de injeção adequado a fim de eliminar vazamentos entre outros. Neste trabalho, sucessivos sistemas instrumentais foram montados visando o desenvolvimento, aprimoramento e avaliação de um sistema instrumental simples e versátil para HIPGC. Na avaliação do sistema foi utilizada coluna capilar empacotada pelo método \"slurry packed\". A escolha da coluna foi realizada a partir de curvas de eficiência de Van deemter. O sistema instrumental desenvolvido para HIPGC é apropriado para pressões de entrada de até 1800 psi. Além disso, este sistema apresentou boa reprodutibilidade nas análises e não apresentou vazamentos. Os resultados mostraram o potencial da técnica HIPGC na redução do tempo de análise. / Chromatography is a separation technique whose classification takes place by means of the physical state of the mobile phase (liquid, gas, supercritical, etc.). Among the most commonly used chromatographic techniques and whose knowledge is well known is gas chromatography. Although this technique has been widely exploited there are some topics which weren\'t fully investigated, one of them being high-pressure chromatography column input (HIPGC). HIPGC shows analytical advantages as high efficiency, faster analysis time and facilitates the migration of compounds with high molecular mass. The main difficulties in HIPGC are found in the instrumentation. The high pressure requires an appropriate connection that works in this range of pressure and one injection system suitable to transport the sample at different pressures. In this work, different instrumental systems were assembled to develop equipment to HIPGC that is simple and versatile. In the system evaluation was used capillary columns packed by methodology\'s \"slurry packed\" were used. The choice of the column was made from van Deemter efficiency curves. The system developed for instrumental HIPGC it is appropriate for inlet pressures up to 1800 psi. Furthermore, this system showed good reproducibility of analysis and didn\'t show leaks. The results showed the potential of HIPGC, such as shorter analysis time.

Atualmente as agências reguladoras estão focadas no controle de resíduos de antimicrobianos, pesticidas entre outros que são prejudiciais no meio ambiente, saúde humana e animal e que podem ser encontrados em alimentos, água de rio entre outros, como por exemplo, resíduos de sulfonamidas (SAs) no leite bovino. A quantificação desses compostos em amostras complexas requer o preparo da amostra, extração, préconcentração dos analitos e eliminação dos interferentes que são necessários para o desenvolvimento de métodos cromatográficos. Por isso, é vantajoso que se utilize métodos simples, rápidos, baixo consumo de reagente, alta sensibilidade, maior precisão analítica e automação das análises. Neste contexto, este estudo explora uma das técnicas de preparo de amostra baseadas em sorvente mais empregadas a SPE na sua vertente automatizada, SPE on-line. Recentemente, o uso de novos sorventes mais seletivos têm recebido grande interesse como os líquidos iônicos (ILs) imobilizados na sílica. Diferentes abordagens para a síntese da sílica modificada por ILs foram estudadas. O sorvente sintetizado pela reação sol-gel através via catálise básica apresentou maior eficiência de extração para as SAs. Os resultados obtidos por espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho e microscopia eletrônica de varredura sugerem que o IL foi ancorado à sílica. O sorvente baseado em sílica modificada por IL ([C4MIM] [PF6]) foi selecionada como fase extratora para o isolamento e pré-concentração de SAs em leite bovino utilizando um sistema SPE on-line -LC-ESIQToF / MS. O método desenvolvido mostrou um LOQ de 5-7,5 µg mL-1, enquanto que a faixa de recuperação relativa da extração foi de 74-93%. A faixa de precisão e exatidão intra e inter-dia obtida foi de 1,5-12,5 e 2,3-13,1, respectivamente. Outra vertente explorada neste trabalho foi o uso de colunas tubulares abertas (OT) em cromatografia líquida. Até agora, as colunas OT foram usadas principalmente para análise de peptídeos e proteínas, e seu potencial para a separação de pequenas moléculas ainda não foi totalmente explorado. Preparou-se uma coluna de SPE de 5 cm em um tubo capilar aberto composto por 84 canais (10 μm de diâmetro interno (id) cada) de um capilar de fibra de cristal e a parede interna de cada canal foi revestida com um polímero orgânico -OD –DVB – mPLOT SPE). A mPLOT SPE foi acoplada com uma coluna tubular aberta PS-DVB de 10 μm x 2 m com detecção em espectrometria de massa por nanospray (OTLC-MS) no modo positivo. Num estudo comparativo com colunas de SPE monolíticas e empacotadas a mPLOT SPE-OTLC melhorou significativamente a préconcentração e o formato do pico das SAs e seus metabolitos (~ 300 Da). A baixa backpressure e a geometria da mPLOT SPE combinada com a filtração automática (AFFL). / Nowadays health regulatory agencies are focusing on the presence of residues of antimicrobials, pesticides among other that are harmful to the environment, human and animal health that are found on food, river water among others, as example, the residues of sulfonamides (SAs) in bovine milk. The quantification of these compounds in complex matrices requires the sample preparation, extraction and preconcentration of the analytes, besides the elimination of the interferents for the development of chromatographic methods high sensitivity and analytical selectivity. Therefore, it is advantageous to use simple, fast methods that exhibit high selectivity, low reagent consumption, high sensitivity, higher analytical precision and automation of analyzes. In this context, this study explores one of the most employed sample preparation techniques, solid phase extraction (SPE) on automatization approach, the on-line SPE. Recently, the use of new sorbents more selective have received great interest as the ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized on the silica surface. Different approaches to the synthesis of silica modified by ILs were studied. The sorbent synthesized by sol-gel methodology through basic catalysis showed higher extraction efficiency for SAs. The results obtained by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy suggested that IL was anchored to the silica surface. The silica modified by IL ([C4MIM] [PF6]) was selected as sorbent for the isolation and preconcentration of SAs in bovine milk using an on-line SPE system -LC-ESI-QToF / MS. The method showed a LOQ of 5-7.5 μg mL-1, while the relative extraction recovery range was 74-93%. The accuracy and precision intra- and inter-day range was 1.5-12.5 and 2.3-13.1, respectively. Another aspect explored was the use of open tubular column (OT) for separation of small molecules. OT columns have been used primarily for peptide and protein analysis, and their potential for small molecules separation has not yet been fully explored. A 5 cm SPE column (mPLOT) was prepared in an open capillary tube composed by 84 channels (10 μm inner diameter (id) each) of a crystal fiber capillary and the inner wall of each channel was coated by organic polymer (PS-OD–DVB). The mPLOT was coupled with a 10 μm x 2 m PS-OD-DVB open tubular column with positive mode nanospray mass spectrometry (OTLC-MS) detection. Compared to the use of monolithic / particulate SPE columns, SPE-OTLC mPLOT significantly improved the preconcentration and peak forms of SAs and their metabolites (~ 300 Da). Low backpressure, mPLOT geometry and the combination with automatic filtration (AFFL) was essential to sample preparation and separation of small molecules on complex matrices.

Atualmente as agências reguladoras estão focadas no controle de resíduos de antimicrobianos, pesticidas entre outros que são prejudiciais no meio ambiente, saúde humana e animal e que podem ser encontrados em alimentos, água de rio entre outros, como por exemplo, resíduos de sulfonamidas (SAs) no leite bovino. A quantificação desses compostos em amostras complexas requer o preparo da amostra, extração, préconcentração dos analitos e eliminação dos interferentes que são necessários para o desenvolvimento de métodos cromatográficos. Por isso, é vantajoso que se utilize métodos simples, rápidos, baixo consumo de reagente, alta sensibilidade, maior precisão analítica e automação das análises. Neste contexto, este estudo explora uma das técnicas de preparo de amostra baseadas em sorvente mais empregadas a SPE na sua vertente automatizada, SPE on-line. Recentemente, o uso de novos sorventes mais seletivos têm recebido grande interesse como os líquidos iônicos (ILs) imobilizados na sílica. Diferentes abordagens para a síntese da sílica modificada por ILs foram estudadas. O sorvente sintetizado pela reação sol-gel através via catálise básica apresentou maior eficiência de extração para as SAs. Os resultados obtidos por espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho e microscopia eletrônica de varredura sugerem que o IL foi ancorado à sílica. O sorvente baseado em sílica modificada por IL ([C4MIM] [PF6]) foi selecionada como fase extratora para o isolamento e pré-concentração de SAs em leite bovino utilizando um sistema SPE on-line -LC-ESIQToF / MS. O método desenvolvido mostrou um LOQ de 5-7,5 µg mL-1, enquanto que a faixa de recuperação relativa da extração foi de 74-93%. A faixa de precisão e exatidão intra e inter-dia obtida foi de 1,5-12,5 e 2,3-13,1, respectivamente. Outra vertente explorada neste trabalho foi o uso de colunas tubulares abertas (OT) em cromatografia líquida. Até agora, as colunas OT foram usadas principalmente para análise de peptídeos e proteínas, e seu potencial para a separação de pequenas moléculas ainda não foi totalmente explorado. Preparou-se uma coluna de SPE de 5 cm em um tubo capilar aberto composto por 84 canais (10 μm de diâmetro interno (id) cada) de um capilar de fibra de cristal e a parede interna de cada canal foi revestida com um polímero orgânico -OD –DVB – mPLOT SPE). A mPLOT SPE foi acoplada com uma coluna tubular aberta PS-DVB de 10 μm x 2 m com detecção em espectrometria de massa por nanospray (OTLC-MS) no modo positivo. Num estudo comparativo com colunas de SPE monolíticas e empacotadas a mPLOT SPE-OTLC melhorou significativamente a préconcentração e o formato do pico das SAs e seus metabolitos (~ 300 Da). A baixa backpressure e a geometria da mPLOT SPE combinada com a filtração automática (AFFL). / Nowadays health regulatory agencies are focusing on the presence of residues of antimicrobials, pesticides among other that are harmful to the environment, human and animal health that are found on food, river water among others, as example, the residues of sulfonamides (SAs) in bovine milk. The quantification of these compounds in complex matrices requires the sample preparation, extraction and preconcentration of the analytes, besides the elimination of the interferents for the development of chromatographic methods high sensitivity and analytical selectivity. Therefore, it is advantageous to use simple, fast methods that exhibit high selectivity, low reagent consumption, high sensitivity, higher analytical precision and automation of analyzes. In this context, this study explores one of the most employed sample preparation techniques, solid phase extraction (SPE) on automatization approach, the on-line SPE. Recently, the use of new sorbents more selective have received great interest as the ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized on the silica surface. Different approaches to the synthesis of silica modified by ILs were studied. The sorbent synthesized by sol-gel methodology through basic catalysis showed higher extraction efficiency for SAs. The results obtained by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy suggested that IL was anchored to the silica surface. The silica modified by IL ([C4MIM] [PF6]) was selected as sorbent for the isolation and preconcentration of SAs in bovine milk using an on-line SPE system -LC-ESI-QToF / MS. The method showed a LOQ of 5-7.5 μg mL-1, while the relative extraction recovery range was 74-93%. The accuracy and precision intra- and inter-day range was 1.5-12.5 and 2.3-13.1, respectively. Another aspect explored was the use of open tubular column (OT) for separation of small molecules. OT columns have been used primarily for peptide and protein analysis, and their potential for small molecules separation has not yet been fully explored. A 5 cm SPE column (mPLOT) was prepared in an open capillary tube composed by 84 channels (10 μm inner diameter (id) each) of a crystal fiber capillary and the inner wall of each channel was coated by organic polymer (PS-OD–DVB). The mPLOT was coupled with a 10 μm x 2 m PS-OD-DVB open tubular column with positive mode nanospray mass spectrometry (OTLC-MS) detection. Compared to the use of monolithic / particulate SPE columns, SPE-OTLC mPLOT significantly improved the preconcentration and peak forms of SAs and their metabolites (~ 300 Da). Low backpressure, mPLOT geometry and the combination with automatic filtration (AFFL) was essential to sample preparation and separation of small molecules on complex matrices.

A cromatografia é uma técnica de separação cuja classificação se dá por meio do estado físico da fase móvel (líquido, gasoso, supercrítico, entre outros). Dentre as técnicas cromatográficas mais utilizadas e cujo conhecimento é bastante conhecido está a cromatografia gasosa. Embora esta técnica tenha sido bastante estudada existem ainda algumas vertentes que não totalmente estudadas, sendo uma delas a cromatografia gasosa de alta pressão na entrada da coluna (HIPGC). A HIPGC destaca por oferecer vantagens analíticas como alta eficiência, maior velocidade no tempo de análise e também facilita a migração de compostos com alta massa molecular. As desvantagens e dificuldades estão concentradas na instrumentação. O uso de alta pressão requer conexões que suportem tal pressão, sistema de injeção adequado a fim de eliminar vazamentos entre outros. Neste trabalho, sucessivos sistemas instrumentais foram montados visando o desenvolvimento, aprimoramento e avaliação de um sistema instrumental simples e versátil para HIPGC. Na avaliação do sistema foi utilizada coluna capilar empacotada pelo método \"slurry packed\". A escolha da coluna foi realizada a partir de curvas de eficiência de Van deemter. O sistema instrumental desenvolvido para HIPGC é apropriado para pressões de entrada de até 1800 psi. Além disso, este sistema apresentou boa reprodutibilidade nas análises e não apresentou vazamentos. Os resultados mostraram o potencial da técnica HIPGC na redução do tempo de análise. / Chromatography is a separation technique whose classification takes place by means of the physical state of the mobile phase (liquid, gas, supercritical, etc.). Among the most commonly used chromatographic techniques and whose knowledge is well known is gas chromatography. Although this technique has been widely exploited there are some topics which weren\'t fully investigated, one of them being high-pressure chromatography column input (HIPGC). HIPGC shows analytical advantages as high efficiency, faster analysis time and facilitates the migration of compounds with high molecular mass. The main difficulties in HIPGC are found in the instrumentation. The high pressure requires an appropriate connection that works in this range of pressure and one injection system suitable to transport the sample at different pressures. In this work, different instrumental systems were assembled to develop equipment to HIPGC that is simple and versatile. In the system evaluation was used capillary columns packed by methodology\'s \"slurry packed\" were used. The choice of the column was made from van Deemter efficiency curves. The system developed for instrumental HIPGC it is appropriate for inlet pressures up to 1800 psi. Furthermore, this system showed good reproducibility of analysis and didn\'t show leaks. The results showed the potential of HIPGC, such as shorter analysis time.

No description available.

Although the airbath oven is a reliable heating method for gas chromatography (GC), resistive heating is needed for higher analytical throughput and on-site chemical analysis because of size, heating rate and power requirements. In the last thirty years, a variety of resistive heating methods were developed and implemented for both benchtop and portable GC systems. Although fast heating rates and low power consumption have been achieved, losses in column efficiency and resolution, complex construction processes and difficulties experienced in recovering damaged columns have also become problematic for routine use of resistively heated columns. To solve these problems, a new resistively heated column technique, which uses metal columns and self-insulated heating wires, was developed for capillary gas chromatography. With this method, the total thermal mass was significantly less than in commercial column assemblies. Temperature-programming using resistive heating was at least 10 times faster than with a conventional oven, while only consuming 1—5% of the power that an oven would use. Cooling a column from 350 °C to 25 °C with an air fan only required 1.5 min. Losses in column efficiency and peak capacity were negligible when compared to oven heating. The major trade-off was slightly worse run-to-run retention time deviations, which were still acceptable for most GC analyses. The resistively heated column bundle is highly suitable for fast GC separations and portable GC instruments. Fabrication technologies for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) allow miniaturization of conventional benchtop GC to portable, microfabricated GC (µGC) devices, which have great potential for on-site chemical analysis and remote sensing. The separation performance of µGC systems, however, has not been on par with conventional GC. Column efficiency, peak symmetry and resolution are often compromised by column defects and non-ideal injections. The relatively low performance of µGC devices has impeded their further commercialization and broader application. This problem can be resolved by incorporating thermal gradient GC (TGGC) into microcolumns. Negative thermal gradients reduce the on-column peak width when compared to temperature-programmed GC (TPGC) separations. This unique focusing effect can overcome many of the shortcomings inherent in µGC analyses. In this dissertation research, the separation performance of µGC columns was improved by using thermal gradient heating with simple set-ups. The analysis time was ~20% shorter for TGGC separations than for TPGC when wide injections were performed. Up to 50% reduction in peak tailing was observed for polar analytes, which significantly improved their resolution. The signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of late-eluting peaks were increased by 3 to 4 fold. These results indicate that TGGC is a useful tool for bridging the performance gap between µGC and benchtop GC.

Nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) was selected as analytical tool to develop different methods for chiral separations. Nano-LC offers several advantages over conventional LC, e.g., low sample requirement, short analysis time, easy coupling with mass spectrometer, and use of small amount of reagents, with a consequent low environmental pollution. In case of chiral separations, where expensive chiral stationary phases or chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) have to be employed, nano-LC results very useful since it allows to perform analysis with small amount of this costly material. Initially, a derivatized β-cyclodextrin, heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin, was employed as CMPA for the chiral separation of some non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The role of different achiral stationary phases in the separative process was investigated. The employed capillary columns were packed in the laboratory, following the slurry-packing procedure. Subsequently, the performance of a reversed phase C18 particulate packed column was compared with that one of a C18 monolithic column, in combination with cyclodextrins (heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin) as CMPA. Finally, hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin was selected as chiral selector to prepare chiral monolithic columns by one-step synthesis. For this aim, the cyclodextrin was activated as the allyl derivative. The composition of the polymeric mixture of the continuous beds was varied... [to full text] / Skysčių nano-chromatografija buvo pasirinkta kaip įrankis kurti įvairius chiralinių junginių atskyrimo metodus. Skysčių nano-chromatografija turi eilę privalumų, lyginant su tradiciniais skysčių chromatografijos metodais, pvz.: mažą bandinio poreikį, trumpą analizės trukmę, suderinamumą su masės spektrometrija ir nedideles tirpiklių, reagentų sąnaudas, todėl mažą aplinkos taršą. Chiralinių junginių analizei atlikti, kai reikalingos brangios chiralinės nejudrios fazės ar chiraliniai judrios fazes priedai, skysčių nano-chromatografija yra ypač naudinga, nes leidžia atlikti analizę su minimaliomis šių brangių medžiagų sąnaudomis. Pirmiausia, derivatizuotas β-ciklodekstrinas, heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-metil) - β-ciklodekstrinas, buvo panaudotas kaip chiralinis nejudrios fazes priedas kai kurių nesteroidinių priešuždegiminių vaistų enantiomerams atskirti. Buvo įštirtas įvairių achiralinių nejudrių fazių vaidmuo atskyrimo procese. Šiuo tikslu naudojant suspensinį birių dalelių pakavimo metodą laboratorijoje buvo paruoštos kapiliarinės kolonėlės. Vėliau, buvo lyginama C18 biriais sorbentais pakrautų atvirkštinių fazių ir monolitinių kapiliarinių kolonėlių skiriamoji geba, chralinias judrios fazes priedais naudojant ciklodekstrinus (heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-metil)-β-ciklodekstriną arba hidroksipropil-β-ciklodekstriną). Galiausiai, vienpakopės polimerizacijos būdu buvo gautos chiralines kapiliarines kolonėles, chiralniu selektoriumi naudojant hidroksipropil-β-ciklodekstriną. Šiuo tikslu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC) was selected as analytical tool to develop different methods for chiral separations. Nano-LC offers several advantages over conventional LC, e.g., low sample requirement, short analysis time, easy coupling with mass spectrometer, and use of small amount of reagents, with a consequent low environmental pollution. In case of chiral separations, where expensive chiral stationary phases or chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) have to be employed, nano-LC results very useful since it allows to perform analysis with small amount of this costly material. Initially, a derivatized β-cyclodextrin, heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin, was employed as CMPA for the chiral separation of some non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The role of different achiral stationary phases in the separative process was investigated. The employed capillary columns were packed in the laboratory, following the slurry-packing procedure. Subsequently, the performance of a reversed phase C18 particulate packed column was compared with that one of a C18 monolithic column, in combination with cyclodextrins (heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin) as CMPA. Finally, hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin was selected as chiral selector to prepare chiral monolithic columns by one-step synthesis. For this aim, the cyclodextrin was activated as the allyl derivative. The composition of the polymeric mixture of the continuous beds was varied... [to full text] / Skysčių nano-chromatografija buvo pasirinkta kaip įrankis kurti įvairius chiralinių junginių atskyrimo metodus. Skysčių nano-chromatografija turi eilę privalumų, lyginant su tradiciniais skysčių chromatografijos metodais, pvz.: mažą bandinio poreikį, trumpą analizės trukmę, suderinamumą su masės spektrometrija ir nedideles tirpiklių, reagentų sąnaudas, todėl mažą aplinkos taršą. Chiralinių junginių analizei atlikti, kai reikalingos brangios chiralinės nejudrios fazės ar chiraliniai judrios fazes priedai, skysčių nano-chromatografija yra ypač naudinga, nes leidžia atlikti analizę su minimaliomis šių brangių medžiagų sąnaudomis. Pirmiausia, derivatizuotas β-ciklodekstrinas, heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-metil) - β-ciklodekstrinas, buvo panaudotas kaip chiralinis nejudrios fazes priedas kai kurių nesteroidinių priešuždegiminių vaistų enantiomerams atskirti. Buvo įštirtas įvairių achiralinių nejudrių fazių vaidmuo atskyrimo procese. Šiuo tikslu naudojant suspensinį birių dalelių pakavimo metodą laboratorijoje buvo paruoštos kapiliarinės kolonėlės. Vėliau, buvo lyginama C18 biriais sorbentais pakrautų atvirkštinių fazių ir monolitinių kapiliarinių kolonėlių skiriamoji geba, chralinias judrios fazes priedais naudojant ciklodekstrinus (heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-metil)-β-ciklodekstriną arba hidroksipropil-β-ciklodekstriną). Galiausiai, vienpakopės polimerizacijos būdu buvo gautos chiralines kapiliarines kolonėles, chiralniu selektoriumi naudojant hidroksipropil-β-ciklodekstriną. Šiuo tikslu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]