This paper holds a study of Swedish inequality from 1900-1985 with specific focus on the half-decades of 1900-1905 and 1980-1985. Subsequently constructed data and contemporary news outlets are presented to develop further understanding upon how inequality was depicted in comparison to data. Through a comparison of the time-periods, the developed understanding and changed stance of the public on the issue of inequality is examined. This method of examination gives new insight upon how the widening knowledge of inequality during the 1900s, through the development of micro-economic measurements, as well as more complete tax returns, has affected the depiction of the issue. The results of the study suggest that news articles of the latter period (1980-1985), tend to be more data-based than during the former time-period, where general assumptions were more frequent. It additionally suggests that the decreased inequality over the 20th century did not lessen the discussion of inequality, but rather the opposite. The news articles furthermore do not discuss inequality in relation to the presented data - the long-term changes are not clearly stated in the news outlets - but are in conclusion unconsciously considered, through the general knowledge of current inequality, through tax levels etc.

Esta tese pesquisou a questão da reciclagem no Brasil, destacando quatro dos mais significativos resíduos sólidos recicláveis: as latas de alumínio, o papel, as garrafas polipolietileno-tereftalato (PET) e o vidro. Busca oferecer maiores subsídios sobre um tema que só recentemente tem sido melhor estudado, dada a sua ligação com o meio ambiente e a polêmica sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável. / This thesis researched about recycling in Brazil highlighting four of the most significatives recyclily solid residues, e.g. tin (aluminium) cans, paper, bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the glass. Due to its liaison with the environment and the controversies about the sustainable development, this thesis offer great subsidies about a theme that only recently has been deeply studied.

Cette recherche explore l’impact de l’apparition des milliardaires et de l’abondance pétrolière sur la trajectoire du développement de la Russie, du Kazakhstan, et de l’Azerbaïdjan. L’accumulation très contentieuse de patrimoines extraordinaires se déroule en parallèle avec la récession économique et la transformation des anciens propriétaires des biens d’état en main-d’œuvre mal payée, avec des milliers de manifestants dans les rues de la Russie en 2017, qui 100 ans après la Révolution de 1917, posent les mêmes questions : ‘qui est propriétaire de quoi ?’ et ‘quel est le niveau d’efficacité ?’. Afin d’apporter des ‘données concrètes’ au débat, l’étude : premièrement, analyse le processus de l’émergence des milliardaires, avec concentration sur la légitimité et l’équité sociale ; et deuxièmement, évalue leur performance comparative. En analysant la période de 9 ans de 2007 à 2015, il considère 300 entités juridiques, composées de 3 groupes d’entreprises : 100 de milliardaires, 100 du gouvernement, et 100 d’entrepreneurs. Afin de recueillir les différences de performance, l’étude utilise 25 mesures financières, dans 2 catégories - 5 paramètres de comptabilité et 20 ratios financiers. Simultanément, le paradoxe de sous-performance économique de ces 3 pays pétroliers du Continent Eurasiatique est examiné. Dans le but de surmonter les difficultés de la route axée sur les ressources naturelles, l’étude suggère : 1. un nouveau cadre analytique : un algorithme diagnostic et un modèle de processus ; 2. le modèle de croissance, incluant le pétrole et les institutions ; 3. le modèle empirique, exposant les liens des éléments d’analyse avec la dynamique macroéconomique. / Present research is an inquiry into implications of emergence of billionaires and petroleum-abundance on development trajectory of Russia, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan. Highly-controversial accumulation of massive fortunes is going in parallel with economic downturn and transformation of collective owners of state assets into low-paid labor-force, with thousands of street-protesters in Russia in 2017, who 100 years after 1917 Revolution raise the same questions: ‘who owns what?’ and ‘how efficiently?’ In order to contribute ‘hard data’ to debate, current investigation: first, explores a process of formation of billionaires, focusing on legitimacy and social fairness; and second, evaluates their comparative performance. Analyzing 9-year 2007-15 timespan, it considers 300 legal entities, comprised by 3 groups of companies: 100 of billionaires, 100 of government, and 100 of entrepreneurs. To elicit performance differences this study refers to 25 financial metrics, composed by 2 categories – 5 core accounting parameters and 20 financial ratios. Alongside, a paradox of economic underperformance of these 3 petronations of Eurasian Continent is explored. To overcome adversities of resource-based path, the study suggests: 1. novel analytical framework: diagnosis algorithm and process model; 2. growth model’s setup, embracing petronational and institutional dimensions; and 3. empirical model, exposing links of analysis’ elements with macroeconomic dynamics.

Esta tese pesquisou a questão da reciclagem no Brasil, destacando quatro dos mais significativos resíduos sólidos recicláveis: as latas de alumínio, o papel, as garrafas polipolietileno-tereftalato (PET) e o vidro. Busca oferecer maiores subsídios sobre um tema que só recentemente tem sido melhor estudado, dada a sua ligação com o meio ambiente e a polêmica sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável. / This thesis researched about recycling in Brazil highlighting four of the most significatives recyclily solid residues, e.g. tin (aluminium) cans, paper, bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the glass. Due to its liaison with the environment and the controversies about the sustainable development, this thesis offer great subsidies about a theme that only recently has been deeply studied.