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Development of a PC-based cost engineering algorithm for capital intensive industries based on the methodology of total absorption standard costingAlsawaf, Anas January 1992 (has links)
No description available.
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Determining a method to measure the capital intensity for enterprises listed in the industrial sector of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange for the period 1989 to 1996Erasmus, Petrus Daniel 04 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A definite need exists for a measure which can be used to determine the degree of capital
intensity of an enterprise. One of the main reasons why it is important to determine if an
enterprise is capital or labour intensive is that the two types of enterprises react to
changes in the economic environment in different ways. Some changes in the economic
factors will have a totally different effect on a capital intensive enterprise than they would
have on a labour intensive one. The degree of capital intensity of an enterprise can
therefore be used to predict how it will react to economic changes, and it is therefore a
valuable source of information for financial decision-making.
The measurement of capital intensity, however, presents a major problem. A large
number of different measures have been developed and used in the literature. These
measures include the measures of total assets to revenue; property, plant and equipment
to revenue; property, plant and equipment to total assets; depreciation as a percentage of
revenue; as well as property, plant and equipment per employee. A number of measures
are also based on value added figures, and these include salaries to revenue; value added
per employee; property, plant and equipment to value added; and salaries to value added.
In the literature most researchers provide no or little justification for their preferred
measure of capital intensity.
The main objective of the study is to determine an appropriate method to measure capital
intensity. For this purpose the above-mentioned measures, which are generally used to
determine capital intensity, are considered critically and evaluated by classifying
enterprises listed in the Industrial Sector of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange during the
period 1989 to 1996. During this period the South African economy experienced a
decline, followed by an upswing in the economic cycle. Principal component analyses (PCA) are used to analyse the data. These analyses are
carried out for each year separately as well as for the period as a whole. Biplots are used
to provide a multidimensional graphic representation of the results.
The results indicate that the five traditional measures of capital intensity which are not
based on value added figures are all suitable to use as measures of capital intensity. Only
one of the measures based on value added figures, however, are able to indicate capital
intensity. The five traditional measures of capital intensity which are not based on value
added figures, as well as the measure property, plant and equipment to value added, are
therefore included in the principal component analyses. The principal component scores
obtained from the first principal component are proposed as a composite measure of
capital intensity. These principal component scores represent a linear combination of the
six measures of capital intensity. The relative contributions of the various measures to
this composite measure are also investigated, and it is found that all six the measures
provide an important contribution. The results indicate that a number of enterprises listed
in the Stores and Food sectors are relatively less capital intensive, while enterprises listed
in the Building and Construction, Engineering, Steel and Allied, and Electronics sectors
are relatively capital intensive. A visual evaluation of the results indicates that the
proposed method IS able to distinguish between capital and less capital intensive
enterprises.
The results of the study provide researchers with a more efficient way of measuring
capital intensity, and can be used to provide more information about the effect of changes
in the economic cycle on the expected financial performance of enterprises. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Duidelike behoefte bestaan VIr 'n maatstaf wat gebruik kan word om die
kapitaalintensiteit van 'n onderneming te bepaal. Een van die vernaamste redes waarom
dit belangrik is om te bepaal of 'n onderneming kapitaal- of arbeidsintensief is, is die
verskillende wyses waarop die twee tipes ondernemings gedurende 'n verandering in die
ekonomiese siklus reageer. Sommige veranderinge in die ekonomiese faktore sal die
teenoorgestelde effek op 'n kapitaalintensiewe onderneming hê as wat dit op 'n
arbeidsintensiewe onderneming mag hê. 'n Onderneming se graad van kapitaalintensiteit
kan dus gebruik word om te voorspel hoe die onderneming op ekonomiese veranderinge
sal reageer, en is dus 'n belangrike bron van inligting by finansiële besluitneming.
Die meting van kapitaalintensiteit is egter 'n belangrike probleem. 'n Groot aantal
verskillende maatstawwe van kapitaalintensiteit is ontwikkel en word algemeen in die
literatuur gebruik. Hierdie maatstawwe sluit totale bates tot inkomste; eiendom, aanleg
en toerusting tot inkomste; eiendom, aanleg en toerusting tot totale bates; depresiasie as
'n persentasie van inkomste; asook eiendom, aanleg en toerusting tot aantal werknemers
in. 'n Aantal maatstawwe wat op waarde toegevoeg gebaseer is, is ook ontwikkel, en sluit
die maatstawwe salarisse tot inkomste; waarde toegevoeg per werknemer; eiendom,
aanleg en toerusting tot waarde toegevoeg; asook salarisse tot waarde toegevoeg in. In
die literatuur verskaf die meeste navorsers min of geen motivering vir die spesifieke
maatstaf wat hul voorkeur geniet nie.
Die primêre doelstelling van die studie is om 'n geskikte metode te vind om
kapitaalintensiteit te meet. Ten einde hierdie doelstelling te bereik, word die
bogenoemde maatstawwe, wat algemeen gebruik word as maatstawwe van
kapitaalintensiteit, krities ondersoek en geëvalueer deur ondernemings wat genoteer is in
die Industriële Sektor van die Johannesburgse Aandelebeurs gedurende die periode 1989
tot 1996 te klassifiseer. Gedurende hierdie periode het die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie 'n
afname, gevolg deur 'n opswaai in die ekonomiese siklus beleef. Hoofkomponent analises word gebruik om die verskillende maatstawwe te evalueer. Die
analises word individueel uitgevoer vir elke jaar, sowel as vir die periode as 'n geheel.
Bi-stippings word gebruik om 'n meerdimensionele grafiese voorstelling van die resultate
te verskaf.
Die resultate toon dat die vyf tradisionele maatstawwe van kapitaalintensiteit wat nie op
waarde toegevoeg gebaseer is nie almal geskik is om as maatstawwe van
kapitaalintensiteit gebruik te word. Slegs een van die maatstawwe wat op waarde
toegevoeg gebaseer is, is egter in staat om kapitaalintensiteit aan te toon. Die vyf
tradisionele maatstawwe van kapitaalintensiteit, sowel as die maatstaf eiendom, aanleg en
toerusting tot waarde toegevoeg, word derhalwe ingesluit in die hoofkomponent analises,
en die hoofkomponenttellings wat verkry word uit die eerste hoofkomponent word as 'n
saamgestelde maatstaf van kapitaalintensiteit voorgestel. Hierdie hoofkomponenttellings
verteenwoordig 'n liniëre kombinasie van die ses maatstawwe van kapitaalintensiteit.
Die relatiewe bydraes van die verskillende maatstawwe tot die saamgestelde maatstaf
word ook ondersoek. Die resultate dui aan dat 'n aantalondernemings wat in die
Winkels en Voedsel sektore genoteer is relatief minder kapitaalintensief is, terwyl
ondernemings wat in die Boubedryf, Ingenieurswese, Staal en Bedrywe, asook die
Elektronika sektore genoteer is, relatief kapitaalintensief is. 'n Visuele evaluasie van die
resultate toon aan dat die voorgestelde maatstaf in staat is om tussen kapitaalintensiewe
en minder kapitaalintensiewe ondernemings te onderskei.
Die resultate van die studie stel navorsers in staat om 'n meer effektiewe meting van
kapitaalintensiteit te verkry, en kan ook meer inligting verskaf oor die invloed van
veranderinge in die ekonomiese siklus op die verwagte finansiële prestasie van
ondernemings.
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Decision-making framework for inventory management of spare parts in capital-intensive industriesDu Toit, Deirdre 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Effective management of spare parts inventory is essential to companies because
it influences inventory costs and asset utilization. The vast and diverse
portfolio of spare parts, intermittent demand patterns and contradicting objectives
between departments are examples of some of the factors that complicate
Spare Parts Management (SPM). Managers of spare parts are faced
with trade-off decisions between risk and cost on a daily basis. These decisions
include, amongst many, determining appropriate stock levels and order
frequencies. Despite the importance of SPM, decisions are however often made
intuitively in practice with little factual support, and the decision-making process
is commonly constrained within departmental silos. Even though there
is a large body of academic knowledge on this topic, practical applications of
spare parts inventory solutions lag behind theoretical studies.
The majority of studies in literature focus on single components of SPM, such
as demand forecasting and parts classification, whereas fewer studies consider
the decision-making process itself. This study proposes a decision-making
framework for spare parts inventory management. The framework is based on
a wide-ranging literature review that focuses on capturing the essence of Spare
Parts Management (SPM), but also acknowledges the interconnectedness of the
problem. Therefore, core inventory management principles, as well as closely
related topics such as Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Physical Asset Management (PAM), are studied in the context of spare parts. The broad
scope of the literature study leads to a holistic approach to the problem and
prevents sub-optimization.
The proposed framework condenses principles from various fields of study
(SCM, PAM, Classification and Inventory Management) into a stepwise methodology
presented as a decision-making framework. The objective of the framework
is to provide managers with a structured process, based on factual information,
to enable better decision-making in the field. Furthermore, the
framework aims to capture the fundamentals of SPM in a simplistic manner
to ease the adoption of the framework in practice. A case study is conducted
in the South African mining industry to validate the framework. The case
study demonstrates that the framework is practical, provides structured guidance,
and assists managers to make trade-off decisions in managing spare parts
inventory. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Effektiewe voorraadbestuur van onderdele is belangrik vir maatskappye omdat
dit voorraadkoste en die benutting van bates beïnvloed. Die bestuur van onderdele
is ’n komplekse probleem. Ondermeer is die portefeulje van onderdele
items breed en divers, die vraagpatrone sporadies en word die voorraadvlakke
geaffekteer deur kontrasterende doelwitte tussen verskillende departemente.
Bestuurders van onderdele word daagliks gekonfronteer met besluite rakende
risiko’s en kostes, soos om toepaslike voorraadvlakke te bepaal en om te besluit
wanneer om bestellings te plaas. Hierdie besluite word dikwels intuïtief
geneem met min feitelike ondersteuning en insette in die besluitnemingsproses
word gereeld beperk tot sekere departemente. Ten spyte van die geweldige
akademiese belang in die onderwerp, is daar min suksesvolle praktiese toepassings.
Die meerderheid van studies in die literatuur fokus op spesifieke elemente van
onderdele bestuur, soos vooruitskatting en klassifisering van parte, terwyl minder
op die besluitnemingsproses konsentreer. Hierdie studie stel ’n besluitnemingsraamwerk
vir die bestuur van onderdele voorraad voor. Die raamwerk is
gegrond op ’n deeglike literatuurstudie wat die essensie van onderdele bestuur ondersoek, maar ook die interverbondenheid van die probleem in ag neem.
Voorraadbestuurbeginsels en verwante onderwerpe soos Voorsieningskettingbestuur
en Fisiese Batebestuur word dus bespreek. Die breë omvang van die
literatuurstudie lei tot ’n holistiese benadering wat sub-optimering van die
probleem voorkom.
Die voorgestelde raamwerk som beginsels uit verskillende relevante studievelde
op in ’n stapsgewyse metode wat voorgestel word as ’n besluitnemingsraamwerk.
Die doel van die raamwerk is om bestuurders te voorsien met ’n gestruktureerde
proses, gebaseer op feitelike inligting, om besluitneming in die
veld te verbeter. Verder poog die raamwerk om die fundamentele konsepte
in voorraadbestuur vas te vang in ’n eenvoudige manier sodat die raamwerk
maklik geïmplementeer kan word in die praktyk. Die voorgestelde raamwerk is
gevalideer deur middel van ’n gevallestudie in die Suid-Afrikaanse mynbedryf.
Die gevallestudie toon dat die voorgestelde raamwerk prakties is, die besluitnemingsproses
op ’n gestruktureerde wyse lei, en bestuurders help om beter,
ingeligte besluite te neem.
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