Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1925. / "Reprinted from the Culver-Stockton quarterly, vol. II, no. 2." "The abridged form" of the thesis. Bibliography: p. 57.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 1930. / "Reprinted from the University of Missouri studies [a quarterly of research] vol. v, no. 4; October 1, 1930." Bibliography: p. 63-66.

Fourth-century Cappadocia was a pivotal time and place for the Christian church. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the development of the daily office of prayer within that context. The comparative methodology of Anton Baumstark is examined in some detail, as is the proposal by Paul Bradshaw that liturgical scholars should adopt the hermeneutics of suspicion. Based on the latter, a methodology for the analysis of texts is derived from the socio-rhetorical exegesis of Vernon K. Robbins. The idea, formerly current, that the daily office derived from synagogue wor-ship, is examined in the light of modern scholarship and shown to be falla-cious. Other influences from Judaism and paganism are, however, found but these are seen to be at a fundamental level. A major movement in fourth-century Christianity was the development of mo-nasticism in which the Cappadocian Fathers, particularly Basil of Caesarea, played an important part. The out-dated belief that monasticism originated in the Egyptian desert, from where Basil adopted it, is examined in the light of re-cent scholarship and rejected. Instead, existing Anatolian monastic practice, and the influence of Basil’s sister Macrina must be acknowledged, with the consequence that the daily office of Cappadocian monastics is seen to have developed from domestic prayer. Two major texts from Basil are examined. His so called ‘Longer Rule’ provides a scheme of daily prayer times which has had major influence. His letter num-ber 207 has been seen as a description of an all-night vigil for a Cathedral congregation, but in-depth analysis shows that this is a monastic dawn service. Evening prayer, and in particular the lamp-lighting hymn known as Phōs Hilaron, is considered. Two distinct Christian lamp-lighting ceremonies are identified. Various proposed origins are examined with the conclusion that in the case of the Phōs Hilaron, a domestic origin is most likely. Finally, particular aspects of the Cappadocian Fathers’ theology of worship are examined, demonstrating a strong eschatological theme.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of rock types and morphologic classes on the locations of underground cities existing in Cappadocia. To achieve this purpose four databases are created that contain related information of underground cities, present settlements, rock types and morphologic classes. Four main analyses are carried out using the data created fort the study. These analyses are: 1) Distance analysis to determine the distances between underground cities and present settlements, 2) Density analysis to inspect the areas where the underground cities are concentrated, 3) Distribution analysis to explore the spatial distribution of underground cities within the rock types and morphologic classes, and 4) Neighbourhood analysis to examine whether the underground cities within rock types and morphologic classes are located along or far inside the marginsof the polygons. The conclusions reached after the analyses are as follows: 1) The mean distance between two underground cities is about 4 km. 2) The mean distance between an underground city and the nearest present settlement is about 700 m. 3) Underground cities are concentrated in Derinkuyu-NevSehir-&Ouml / zkonak belt. Present settlements, on the other hand, are concentrated along Aksaray-Ortak&ouml / y-HacibektaS. 4) For the underground cities, pyroclastic dominant Neogene sequences are preferred whereas all other units are avoided. 5) In terms of morphology, the class defined as &ldquo / mesa&rdquo / is strongly preferred for underground cities. 6) Neither lithology nor morphology played a role in the site selection for present settlements. 7) Both for rock types and morphologic classes the underground cities are located along margins of the polygons.

The present thesis aims to analyse the manner in which the ethnically and culturally diverse environment of Eastern Anatolia during the Hellenistic era has influenced the royal houses of the Mithradatids, Ariarathids, Ariobarzanids and Commagenian Orontids. The focus of analysis will be represented by the contact and osmosis between two of the major cultural influences present in the area, namely the Iranian (more often than not Achaemenid Persian) and Greco-Macedonian, and the way in which they were engaged by the ruling houses, in their attempt to establish, preserve and legitimise their rule. This will be followed in a number of fields: dynastic policies and legitimacy conceptions, religion, army and administration. In each of these fields, discrete elements betraying the direct influence of one or the other cultural traditions will be followed and examined, both in isolation and in interaction with other elements, together with which they form a diverse, but nevertheless coherent whole. The eventual result of this analysis will be to demonstrate how the intersection of cultures and the willing appropriation by the ruling houses of what we might call, using a modern term, ‘multiculturalism’ has created a new, interesting and robust tradition, whose influence would endure well into the Roman era.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate systematic fairy chimney development within Cappadocian ignimbrites. The first step in the sudy is to identify fairy chimney producing ignimbrites. Accordingly the fairy chimneys are formed within Kavak ignimbrite, at Kavak-Zelve transition, and within Zelve and Cemilk&ouml / y ignimbrites. Field measurements are taken from the fairy chimneys to quantify the shape and the size. Slope of the selected areas are identified to investigate the most suitable topography. Analysis have shown that fairy chimneys have basal diameters ranging from 9.7 to 13.7 m, with heights in the range from 8.41 to 21.73 m. The slopes of fairy chimneys are 60 to 70 degrees with a slight asymmetry towards the upslope. The chimneys are sligthy rounded due to the erosion in the slope direction. Distances between the fairy chimneys change from a minimum of 5.45 m for Zelve and 42.72 m for Kavak chimneys. Fairy chimneys are developed in two stages. The first stage is the generation of topography suitable for the formation of fairy chimneys. Three main factors in this stage are degree of welding, thickness of ignimbrite and topographic slope. In the second stage, several local features contribute for the final shaping of the chimneys.

Ce travail se propose d’analyser les images et les langages des pouvoirs en Cappadoce à l’âge du fer. Il vise à démontrer que l’idéologie, les pratiques et les propagandes des pouvoirs peuvent s’analyser et se comprendre entre de fortes permanences par rapport au passé hittite impérial d’une part, et d’autre part d’importantes mutations. L’étude procède selon six parties. La première étudie les sources externes (bibliques, urartéennes et assyriennes) et fait le point sur la géographie historique et la géopolitique. La deuxième présente les sources épigraphiques et iconographiques internes, proposant quelques nouvelles datations. La troisième section dresse un panorama qui se veut exhaustif de la société, de l’urbanisation, de la religion et des différents dirigeants de notre espace. La quatrième montre que les images (iconographie politique et religieuse, figures de styles) et les langages (topiques, anthroponymie « royale », formules annalistiques) des pouvoirs reposent sur un triptyque constitué de la montagne et du rocher d’abord, de la vigne et des céréales ensuite, et enfin de la justice et du « bon gouvernement ». Enfin et après une cinquième partie étudiant sur un temps long l’iconographie, les sanctuaires rupestres et l’archéologie des paysages en Cappadoce, la sixième et dernière section replace l’espace d’étude dans différentes koiné, en tant qu’espace-carrefour entre Orient et Occident qui produit, intègre ou diffuse divers éléments (produits commerciaux, symboles, titres et anthroponymes politiques, figures religieuses) entre l’Est (Assyrie, mondes néo-hittite, araméen, urartéen et phénicien) et l’Ouest (Phrygie, Lycie mondes grec et lydien surtout). / The aim of this study is to analyse the images, the representations and idiom of those in power in Cappadocia at the time of the iron age. We hope to demonstrate that the ideology, practices and propaganda of these rulers can be examined and fully understood in a context characterized by both strong permanences from the hittite imperial past and important changes. The study is divided into six parts. The first one deals with the external sources (biblical, Urartian and Assyrian) and reviews the situation in terms of historical geography and geopolitics. The second presents the internal epigraphic and iconographic sources while proposing several new datations. The third section is devoted to a panorama, which we hope to be complete, of the society, the urbanization, the religion and the various rulers of our area. The fourth shows that the images (political and religious iconography) and the phraseology (topical, « royal» anthroponymy, annalistic formulas) used by those in power revolve around three elements : mountain and rock, vine and cereals, fair justice and « good government ». After a fifth part that centers on an examination over a long period of the iconography, the open air rock sanctuaries and the archeology of the cappadocian landscapes, the last section contextualizes our research in different koiné, seen as a meeting point between east and west, producing and absorbing various elements (commercial products, symbols, politcal titles and anthroponyms) and spreading them over the East (Assyria and the neo-hittite, Aramaic, Urartians and Phoenicians) and the West (Phrygia, Lycia, and the Greek and Lydian worlds).

The aim of this study is to survey the construction techniques of the traditional houses in Nevsehir and to make a comprehensive study which will guide for the further conservation works. In this manner, the terms of construction techniques were understood and defined basically before they altered. To achieve this goal, firstly literature reviews were done about traditional houses in Turkey. General characteristics and history of the region as well as Cappadocia traditional houses were studied. The settlements which will be studied were chosen with the comprehensive field surveys. Meanwhile, the base drawings and maps of the settlements were gathered from municipalities and other public organizations of Nevsehir. In detailed field surveys, 20 houses were selected for surveying. After that, general architectural properties of the houses were investigated and measured drawings and sketches were drawn in detail. A code system which is special to this thesis was developed and applied to the drawings. Building parts were analyzed and defined from foundation to roof. Moreover, architectural elements were also described and classified according to their construction technique. In this survey, it is considered not only the construction technique but also the material and usage areas of building units. Frequency of the building units and their classifications can easily be seen on the drawings and tables. Thus, Nevsehir traditional houses were studied in detail and a general evaluation was done about the construction techniques and architectural features of Nevsehir.

This thesis attempts to detect the ignimbrite units in which the underground cities were carved and the relationship between the joints in these ignimbrites and the walls of underground cities. Orientation of rooms, directions of walls and joints are input data used in the study. Two sites in Cappadocia (Derinkuyu and Kaymakli) are selected to investigate the relationship. Measurements taken from 46 rooms of Derinkuyu and 64 rooms of Kaymakli are analyzed for the room and joint directions, joint locations in the room and joint densities. The density analyses are also performed in the field for Kizilkaya and G&ouml / rdeles ignimbrites. Conclusions derived from the analysis are: 1) Derinkuyu is carved within Kizilkaya and Kaymakli is carved within G&ouml / rdeles ignimbrite, 2) The thickness of Kizilkaya and G&ouml / rdeles ignimbrites observed 13.5 and 34 m, respectively, in the field. The probable thickness of Derinkuyu and Kaymakli underground cities are 40 and 25 m, respectively, 3) The rooms and the joints are oriented arbitrarily, 4) Forming the room walls that are perpendicular to joints were not preferred, 5) The joint densities in Derinkuyu show ascending tendency, while the joint densities in Kaymakli have descending tendency from top to ground floors, 6) The joint density of Kizilkaya in the field is higher than the joint density in Derinkuyu underground city. Similarly, the joint density of G&ouml / rdeles in the field is higher than the density of Kaymakli underground city, 7) The joint density of Kizilkaya ignimbrite is higher than G&ouml / rdeles ignimbrite in both field and underground measurements.

This dissertation investigates a middle Byzantine (10th-11th c.) typology, the rock-cut Courtyard Complexes, spread throughout Cappadocia in central Turkey, with a special focus on the A&ccedil / iksaray Group. Usually organized around three sided courtyards, these complexes stand either within an ensemble or in isolation. Nevertheless, the concentration of complexes is remarkable on strategic points near fortresses or military roads. Courtyard Complexes have large receptional suites as well as utilitarian spaces such as kitchens, stables and apparently multi-functional rooms all carved around a courtyard. The majority of the complexes have their own churches also carved in the rock mass. High decorated fa&ccedil / ades adorn the Courtyard Complexes and make them visible from a considerable distance. Because of the distinctive elaborate design, and the large number of still standing examples, as well as the communal life style that they indicate, these Cappadocian complexes have attracted scholarly attention in both monastic and secular Byzantine studies. Consequently, it was necessary for the dissertation to reconsider both religious and secular communities and their physical expressions in the form of monasteries and various dwelling types of the era. On the other hand, the idiosyncratic volcanic landscape and carved architecture required an extensive comparative architectural investigation of all Courtyard Complexes known so far in Cappadocia. Based on the results coming out from the contextual studies and architectural analysis this dissertation proposes aristocratic families with a military function on this border land of Byzantine as the initial inhabitants of the Courtyard Complexes. The A&ccedil / iksaray Group in particular, with the paucity of its churches contrasting its elaborate stables, bears the traces of a secular medieval community of some importance.