Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AtelmoFO.pdf: 509128 bytes, checksum: e49762421bf24f39dfc42205c05f6be8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-10-24 / This research has as objective of study the evolution of the accountancy princliple terminology which is present in the accounting conceptual framework. The scene of this research will have as target the North American School of Accounting. The choice of the searched terminology is its relevance in the study of the Accounting Theory. To understand the evolution of the accountancy thought, will be boarded: the influence of the Feudal System and the Mercantilism in the European economic conception; the importance of the Industrial Revolution in the beginning of the accounting standards and the influence of England in the formation of the North American School of Accounting. With relation to U.S.A., the development of the economic-financial scene of the American society will be evaluated, focusing the contribution in the search of the construction of an applied theoretical framework to the Accounting. The economic-financial development of U.S.A. provided the sprouting of new users with specific necessities. The necessity of the user for useful information for the decision taking, unchained the process of research directed toward the establishment of an applied Accountancy terminology. In this process, the paper exerted for the responsible accountancy organisms for the accounting standards will be boarded, as well as the professionals associations which had invested in researches, aiming at to elaborate a body of accountancy principles and to adjust the accountancy procedures to the necessities of the users. To reach the research objective, a bibliographical revision in specialized literature will be effected, adopting the historical method, in the period that understands the development of the North American School of Accounting. As result of the research, it can conclude that the evolution process of the terminology which is studied presents a structural logical problem, because the impossibility of the construction of a theoretical framework, having as bases the principle terminology. The impossibility occurred in function of the reach attributed to the term, which made a difficult in its application in the elaboration of the accountancy procedures / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o estudo da evolu??o da terminologia princ?pio cont?bil, constante no referencial conceitual da contabilidade. O cen?rio da pesquisa ter? como escopo a Escola norte-americana de contabilidade. A escolha da terminologia a ser pesquisada deve-se ? relev?ncia que a mesma tem no estudo da Teoria da Contabilidade. Para compreens?o da evolu??o do pensamento cont?bil, ser?o abordados: a influ?ncia do Feudalismo e do Mercantilismo na concep??o econ?mica europ?ia; a import?ncia da Revolu??o Industrial no in?cio da normatiza??o cont?bil e o papel da Inglaterra na forma??o da Escola norte-americana de contabilidade. Com rela??o aos EUA, ser? avaliado o desenvolvimento do cen?rio econ?mico-financeiro da sociedade americana, enfocando a contribui??o na busca da constru??o de um referencial te?rico aplicado ? contabilidade. O desenvolvimento econ?mico-financeiro dos EUA proporcionou o surgimento de novos usu?rios com necessidades espec?ficas. A necessidade do usu?rio por informa??es ?teis para a tomada de decis?o, desencadeou o processo de pesquisa voltada para o estabelecimento de uma terminologia aplicada a contabilidade. Nesse processo, ser? abordado o papel exercido pelos organismos cont?beis repons?veis pela normatiza??o, bem como as associa??es de profissionais que investiram em pesquisas, visando elaborar um corpo de princ?pios cont?beis e adequar os procedimentos cont?beis ?s necessidades dos usu?rios. Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa, ser? efetuada uma revis?o bibliogr?fica na literatura especializada, adotando-se o m?todo hist?rico, no per?odo que compreende o desenvolvimento da Escola norte-americana de contabilidade. Como resultado da pesquisa, conclui-se que o processo evolutivo da terminologia em estudo apresenta um problema l?gico estrutural, devido a impossiblidade da constru??o de um referencial te?rico, tendo como base a terminologia princ?pio. A impossibilidade ocorreu em fun??o da abrang?ncia atribu?da ao termo, que dificultou sua aplica??o na elabora??o dos procedimentos cont?beis

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MichelleMR.pdf: 448282 bytes, checksum: a72147e483ab07cc3c64242fa0a8d888 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Artificial lakes must differ from natural lakes in important structural and functional aspects that need to be understood so that these ecosystems can be properly managed. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that the artificial lakes (impoundments) in the semi-arid region of the Rio Grande do Norte State are more eutrophic and turbid and have different trophic structure when compared to the natural coastal lakes that occur in the humid eastern coast of the State. To test this hypothesis, 10 natural lakes and 8 artificial lakes with about 100 ha were sampled between September and November 2005 for the determination of some limnological variables and the abundance of the main fish species, which were grouped in three trophic guilds: facultative piscivores, facultative planktivores and omnivores. The results show that the artificial lakes had significantly higher concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a , total and volatile suspended solids than the natural lakes. Results also show that the values of pH, total alkalinity, electric conductivity, turbidity as well as the coefficient of vertical attenuation of light were significantly higher in the artificial lakes than in the natural lakes. In the artificial lakes, the abundance of facultative planktivores was significantly higher, while the abundance of facultative piscivores significantly lower than in the natural lakes. There was no significant difference in the abundance of omnivorous fish between the two types of lakes. These results suggest that the increase in turbidity together with the other changes in the water quality of the artificial lakes, modifies the trophic structure of the fish communities reducing the importance of piscivores and the length of the food chains / Lagos artificiais devem diferir de lagos naturais em importantes aspectos estruturais e funcionais que precisam ser compreendidos para que possamos manejar adequadamente esses ecossistemas. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de testar a hip?tese de que os lagos artificiais (a?udes) na regi?o semi-?rida s?o ambientes mais eutrofizados e t?rbidos que possuem uma estrutura tr?fica distinta dos lagos costeiros naturais que ocorrem no litoral leste ?mido do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para testar esta hip?tese, 10 lagos naturais e 8 lagos artificiais com cerca de 100 ha foram amostrados entre setembro e novembro de 2005 para determina??o de algumas vari?veis limnol?gicas e da abund?ncia das principais esp?cies de peixes, as quais foram agrupadas em tr?s guildas tr?ficas: pisc?voros facultativos, planct?voros facultativos e on?voros. Os resultados mostram que os lagos artificiais apresentaram concentra??es significativamente maiores de nitrog?nio e f?sforo total, clorofila a e s?lidos totais e vol?teis em suspens?o do que os lagos naturais. Os resultados tamb?m mostram que o pH, a alcalinidade total, a condutividade el?trica, a turbidez da ?gua e coeficiente de atenua??o vertical da luz nos lagos artificiais foram significativamente maiores do que nos lagos naturais. Nos lagos artificiais, a abund?ncia de peixes planct?voros facultativos tamb?m foi significativamente maior, enquanto que a abund?ncia de peixes pisc?voros facultativos foi significativamente menor do que nos lagos naturais. N?o houve diferen?as significativas na abund?ncia de peixes on?voros entre os dois tipos de lagos estudados. Esses resultados sugerem que a maior turbidez da ?gua aliada a outras mudan?as na qualidade da ?gua dos lagos artificiais eutrofizados afetam a estrutura tr?fica das comunidades de peixes reduzindo a import?ncia dos peixes pisc?voros e conseq?entemente o comprimento das cadeias alimentares

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPJ.pdf: 4013698 bytes, checksum: 657b994df7fdbb5af3995371c657e7e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-03-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / O presente trabalho trata do levantamento e an?lise das principais caracter?sticas Geol?gicas, Geomorfol?gicas e Geot?cnicas de um corpo de dunas arenosas situado entre a cidade de Natal e o Oceano Atl?ntico, bem como das principais fei??es localizadas em sua vizinhan?a. Este corpo ? composto pelo Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal e pelo Bairro de M?e Lu?za ao norte. Volta-se aqui a aten??o para a avalia??o e monitoramento ambiental do Parque para a sua preserva??o, tendo em vista os problemas sociais e ambientais existentes em M?e Lu?za, devido ? ocupa??o desordenada. A metodologia consistiu da execu??o de ensaios geot?cnicos de laborat?rio, da utiliza??o do geoprocessamento e de procedimentos de campo. Foram coletadas amostras na ?rea de estudo a partir das quais foi feita a caracteriza??o do solo da ?rea. Foram gerados Modelos Digitais de Terreno (MDTs) a partir de cartas topogr?ficas em escala de 1:10.000 e 1:2.000, os quais serviram de base para uma an?lise espacial da ?rea e para a determina??o da declividade. Os dados e informa??es gerados foram armazenados em um sistema de informa??es georreferenciadas. As principais unidades presentes na ?rea foram vetorizadas usando-se imagens do sensor ETM/Landsa 7 de 1999 e Fotografias A?reas adquiridas em 1997, com uma escala aproximada de 1:8.000, a partir de interpreta??o visual, e a partir da coleta de pontos de controle em campo com GPS, os quais foram posteriormente plotados no mapa. Foram gerados e analisados Planos de Informa??o (declividade, aspecto, vis?o panor?mica e dist?ncia ao oceano) que relacionam o Parque com as atividades da Constru??o Civil e do Turismo. Foram identificadas as ?reas mais cr?ticas de uma ?rea piloto (por??o norte do corpo de dunas) com rela??o ? estabilidade de encostas e foi realizado um cadastramento de risco de movimento de massa em encostas no Bairro de M?e Lu?za, usando crit?rios observacionais de classifica??o com base em ind?cios de instabiliza??es. Foi obtido um mapa com as principais unidades geol?gico/geomorfol?gicas e com os empreendimentos observados na ?rea de estudo. A observa??o das fei??es lineares presentes na borda oriental do corpo de dunas sugere uma eros?o mais acentuada no setor norte, onde a exuma??o dessas fei??es ? mais clara. Foram demarcados afloramentos de argila (sedimentos do Barreiras) ao longo da via costeira, os quais foram utilizados como jazidas de material para a constru??o de hot?is. O cadastramento de risco para o Bairro de M?e Lu?za mostrou que a maior parte da ?rea cadastrada encontra-se na condi??o de m?dio e alto risco, principalmente devido ? interven??o antr?pica n?o planejada, refletindo o que poder? acontecer com o Parque das Dunas, caso venha passar pelo mesmo processo de ocupa??o

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-21T19:35:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AluisioIgorRegoFontes_TESE.pdf: 3702181 bytes, checksum: ebee4d30550394d35c706823dc2169ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-22T21:45:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AluisioIgorRegoFontes_TESE.pdf: 3702181 bytes, checksum: ebee4d30550394d35c706823dc2169ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T21:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AluisioIgorRegoFontes_TESE.pdf: 3702181 bytes, checksum: ebee4d30550394d35c706823dc2169ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A extra??o de informa??es de sinais aleat?rios ? um problema frequente e relevante em muitas aplica??es de processamento digital de sinais. Nos ?ltimos anos, diferentes m?todos t?m sido utilizados para a parametriza??o de sinais ou obten??o de descritores eficientes de suas caracter?sticas. Quando os sinais aleat?rios possuem propriedades es- tat?sticas cicloestacion?rias, as Fun??es de Autocorrela??o C?clica (CAF) e a Densidade Espectral C?clica (SCD) podem ser utilizadas na obten??o de informa??es cicloestacion?- rias de segunda ordem. Entretanto, em sinais n?o-gaussianos, as informa??es cicloestaci- on?rias de segunda ordem s?o fracas e, neste caso a an?lise cicloestacion?ria deve ocorrer sobre informa??es estat?sticas de ordem superior. Este trabalho prop?e uma nova ferra- menta matem?tica para a an?lise cicloestacion?ria de ordem superior baseada na fun??o de correntropia. Especificamente, a teoria de an?lise cicloestacion?ria ? revisitada sob um enfoque de teoria da informa??o, e as Fun??es de Correntropia C?clica (CCF) e Densidade Espectral de Correntropia C?clica (CCSD) s?o definidas. ? comprovado analiticamente que a CCF cont?m informa??es de momentos cicloestacion?rios de segunda ordem e de ordem superior, sendo uma generaliza??o da CAF. O desempenho dessas novas fun??es, na extra??o de caracter?sticas cicloestacion?rias de ordem superior, ? analisado em um cen?rio de comunica??o sem fio com ru?do n?o-gaussiano. / Information extraction is a frequent and relevant problem in digital signal processing. In the past few years, different methods have been utilized for the parameterization of signals and the achievement of efficient descriptors. When the signals possess statistical cyclostationary properties, the Cyclic Autocorrelation Function (CAF) and the Spectral Cyclic Density (SCD) can be used to extract second-order cyclostationary information. However, second-order cyclostationary information is poor in nongaussian signals, as the cyclostationary analysis in this case should comprise higher-order statistical information. This paper proposes a new mathematical tool for the higher-order cyclostationary analysis based on the correntropy function. Specifically, the cyclostationary analysis is revisited focusing on the information theory, while the Cyclic Correntropy Function (CCF) and Cyclic Correntropy Spectral Density (CCSD) are also defined. Besides, it is analytically proven that the CCF contains information regarding second- and higher-order cyclostationary moments, being a generalization of the CAF. The performance of the aforementioned new functions in the extraction of higher-order cyclostationary characteristics is analyzed in a wireless communication system where nongaussian noise exists.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoCD_DISSERT.pdf: 4492853 bytes, checksum: 8fad50750c043cd4dab6a1e27f414d81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15 / One of the current major concerns in engineering is the development of aircrafts that have low power consumption and high performance. So, airfoils that have a high value of Lift Coefficient and a low value for the Drag Coefficient, generating a High-Efficiency airfoil are studied and designed. When the value of the Efficiency increases, the aircraft s fuel consumption decreases, thus improving its performance. Therefore, this work aims to develop a tool for designing of airfoils from desired characteristics, as Lift and Drag coefficients and the maximum Efficiency, using an algorithm based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). For this, it was initially collected an aerodynamic characteristics database, with a total of 300 airfoils, from the software XFoil. Then, through the software MATLAB, several network architectures were trained, between modular and hierarchical, using the Back-propagation algorithm and the Momentum rule. For data analysis, was used the technique of cross- validation, evaluating the network that has the lowest value of Root Mean Square (RMS). In this case, the best result was obtained for a hierarchical architecture with two modules and one layer of hidden neurons. The airfoils developed for that network, in the regions of lower RMS, were compared with the same airfoils imported into the software XFoil / Uma das maiores preocupa??es atuais na Engenharia ? o desenvolvimento de aeronaves que possuam baixo consumo e alto desempenho. Para isso, s?o estudados e projetados perfis aerodin?micos que tenham um valor elevado de coeficiente de sustenta??o e um valor baixo para o coeficiente de arrasto, gerando um perfil de alta efici?ncia. Quanto maior o valor da efici?ncia, menor ser? o consumo de combust?vel da aeronave, melhorando assim, o seu desempenho. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma ferramenta para cria??o de perfis aerodin?micos a partir de caracter?sticas desejadas, como coeficiente de sustenta??o e de arrasto e efici?ncia m?xima, utilizando-se um algoritmo baseado em uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA). Para isso, inicialmente foram coletados uma base de dados de caracter?sticas aerodin?micas de um total de 300 perfis, a partir do software XFoil. Ent?o, atrav?s de uma rotina implementada no software MATLAB, foram treinadas diversas arquiteturas de redes, entre modulares e hier?rquicas, utilizando-se o algoritmo de Retropropaga??o e a regra do Momento. Para an?lise dos resultados, foi utilizada a t?cnica de valida??o cruzada, avaliando a rede que possuiu o menor valor de Erro M?dio Quadr?tico (EMQ). Neste caso, o melhor resultado obtido foi para uma arquitetura hier?rquica com dois m?dulos e uma camada de neur?nios ocultos. Os perfis aerodin?micos desenvolvidos por essa rede, nas regi?es de menor EMQ, foram comparados aos mesmos perfis importados ao software XFoil. O presente trabalho oferece como contribui??o, em rela??o a outros trabalhos que envolvem RNA aplicada ? mec?nica dos fluidos, o desenvolvimento de perfis aerodin?micos a partir de suas caracter?sticas aerodin?micas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCMCB_DISSERT.pdf: 5204946 bytes, checksum: 70bedde30acbc8578034105c8c4fc24e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The utilization of synthetic fibers for plastic reinforcement is more and more frequent and this growing interest requires that their mechanic behavior under the most variable conditions of structural applications be known. The use of such materials in the open and exposed to the elements is one of them. In this case, it becomes extremely necessary to study their mechanical properties (strength, stiffness) and the mechanism of fracture by which the environment aging them out. In order to do that, the material must be submitted to hot steam and ultraviolet radiation exposure cycles, according to periods of time determined by the norms. This study proposal deals with the investigation of accelerated environmental aging in two laminated polymeric composites reinforced by hybrid woven made up of synthetic fibers. The configurations of the laminated composites are defined as: one laminate reinforced with hybrid woven of glass fibers/E and Kevlar fibers/49 (LHVK) and the other laminate is reinforced with hybrid tissue of glass fibers/E and of carbon fibers AS4 (LHVC). The woven are plane and bidirectional. Both laminates are impregnated with a thermofix resin called Derakane 470-300 Epoxy Vinyl-Ester and they form a total of four layers. The laminates were industrially manufactured and were made through the process of hand-lay-up. Comparative analyses were carried out between their mechanical properties by submitting specimen to uniaxial loading tractions and three-point flexion. The specimen were tested both from their original state, that is, without being environmentally aging out, and after environmental aging. This last state was reached by using the environmental aging chamber / O interesse na utiliza??o dos pl?sticos refor?ados por fibras sint?ticas ? cada vez mais crescente e esse grande interesse na utiliza??o dos mesmos faz com que seja necess?rio o conhecimento do comportamento mec?nico desses materiais sob as mais variadas condi??es de aplica??o estrutural. Dentre estas pode ser destacada a aplica??o desses materiais em situa??es em o elemento encontra-se exposto ? intemp?rie, e nesse caso os estudos das propriedades mec?nicas (resist?ncia, rigidez) al?m do mecanismo fratura frente ao envelhecimento ambiental s?o de extrema necessidade. Para tanto, submeter o material ? per?odos c?clicos de exposi??o ao vapor aquecido e ? de radia??o ultravioleta, por tempo definido em norma, se faz necess?rio. A presente proposta de trabalho de investiga??o consiste no estudo do envelhecimento ambiental acelerado em dois laminados comp?sitos polim?ricos refor?ados por tecidos h?bridos ? base de fibras sint?ticas. As configura??es dos laminados comp?sitos s?o definidas como: um laminado refor?ado com tecido h?brido de fibras de vidro/E e de fibras kevlar/49 (LHVK) e outro laminado refor?ado com tecido h?brido de fibras de vidro/E e de fibras de carbono AS4 (LHVC). Os tecidos s?o dos tipos planos e bidirecionais. Ambos os laminados foram impregnados a base de resina termofixa Derakane 470-300 Ep?xi Vinil-Ester e constitu?dos com quatro camadas no total. Os laminados t?m fabrica??o industrial e foram obtidos atrav?s do processo de lamina??o manual (Hand-lay-up). Foram realizados estudos comparativos entre as propriedades mec?nicas sob a a??o dos carregamentos de tra??o uniaxial e flex?o em tr?s pontos, nas condi??es dos corpos de prova sem o efeito do envelhecimento ambiental (estado original) e sob o efeito desse envelhecimento (estado envelhecido). O envelhecimento ambiental foi acelerado atrav?s do uso da c?mara de envelhecimento

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-10T15:45:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunnoFreireDantasDeOliveira_TESE.pdf: 6640940 bytes, checksum: ad49d75685e2ea80ce1bd97392f6f888 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-11T16:14:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunnoFreireDantasDeOliveira_TESE.pdf: 6640940 bytes, checksum: ad49d75685e2ea80ce1bd97392f6f888 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T16:14:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunnoFreireDantasDeOliveira_TESE.pdf: 6640940 bytes, checksum: ad49d75685e2ea80ce1bd97392f6f888 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Determinar os mecanismos respons?veis pelos padr?es espaciais de biodiversidade t?m sido um dos maiores desafios para ec?logos e bioge?grafos. Durante a ?ltima d?cada houve um grande aumento no n?mero de estudos documentando padr?es de biodiversidade em larga escala. Atualmente, padr?es globais de riqueza de esp?cies s?o bem conhecidos para v?rios grupos de organismos. Entretanto, biodiversidade inclui v?rias dimens?es al?m da riqueza de esp?cies, como a diversidade filogen?tica e a diversidade funcional. Estas dimens?es s?o mais informativas do que simples medidas de riqueza de esp?cies e, consequentemente, podem permitir testes mais poderosos acerca de teorias de biodiversidade. Particularmente importante, conservar a biodiversidade em suas m?ltiplas dimens?es ? necess?rio para garantir a resili?ncia dos servi?os ecossist?micos e manter as hist?rias evolutivas das esp?cies. Neste contexto, a presente tese se configura na interface entre macroecologia e conserva??o, utilizando uma abordagem integradora que considera a conex?o entre mais de uma dimens?o da biodiversidade. No primeiro cap?tulo foram avaliadas hip?teses que invocam din?micas de equil?brio ou n?o-equil?brio para explicar a riqueza de esp?cies e diversidade funcional de mam?feros globalmente. Integrando informa??es sobre riqueza de esp?cies e diversidade funcional, eu abordo estas quest?es e clarifico os mecanismos que geraram e mant?m a diversidade de mam?feros e suas hist?rias de vida. O segundo cap?tulo representam uma base de dados sobre caracter?sticas biol?gicas de anf?bios globalmente: AmphiBIO. Esta base de dados centraliza informa??es sobre 19 caracter?sticas relacionadas ? ecologia, morfologia e reprodu??o de anf?bios. Os dados foram agregados a partir de mais de 1.500 fontes, e t?m potencial para auxiliar pesquisas mais amplas em ecologia de comunidades, evolu??o, biogeografia e conserva??o de anf?bios. No terceiro cap?tulo, utilizando o AmphiBIO, testo a suposi??o de que a perda de diversidade filogen?tica estaria associada ? perda de diversidade funcional. Para isso, a extin??o de anf?bios amea?ados foi simulada, as perdas de diversidade filogen?tica e funcional calculadas, e sua correla??o verificada. As perdas de diversidade foram analisadas atrav?s da filogenia dos anf?bios e do espa?o geogr?fico global. Esta tese contribui para um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos que originaram e mant?m os gradientes globais de riqueza de esp?cies, servindo de est?mulo para estudos futuros em ecologia e evolu??o, e para auxiliar decis?es pol?ticas visando a minimiza??o dos efeitos das extin??es sobre a perda de biodiversidade. / Determining the mechanisms underlying spatial variation in biodiversity has long been the main challenge for ecologists and biogeographers. The past decade has seen a veritable explosion of studies documenting broad-scale spatial patterns in biodiversity. Nowadays, broad-scale patterns of species richness (SR) are well documented for several groups. However, biodiversity encompass variation in several aspects beyond SR, such as phylogenetic diversity (PD) and functional (or trait) diversity (FD). These dimensions have been argued to aid more powerful tests of biodiversity theories because they can capture the diversity of life better than simple measures of SR. Particularly important, the conservation of biodiversity and its multiple dimensions have been advocated as necessary to ensure the resilience of ecosystem services and maintain important evolutionary history. The present thesis is set on the interface between macroecology and biodiversity conservation, and uses integrated approaches that consider the connection between more than one dimension of biodiversity. In the first chapter, I we evaluate four prominent hypotheses which invoke either equilibrium (more individuals, niche diversity) or non-equilibrium dynamics (diversification rate, evolutionary time) to explain species richness and functional diversity of mammals worldwide. While equilibrium and non-equilibrium hypotheses have received considerable attention in the literature and some empirical support, it remains unknown whether they can explain the diversity of species and their traits alike. By integrating information on species richness and functional diversity, I address these issues and shed light on the mechanisms that generated the diversity of mammals and their life histories. The second chapter represents a database on natural history traits for amphibians worldwide: AmphiBIO. This database centralizes information on 19 traits related to ecology, morphology and reproduction features of amphibians. Data were assembled from more than 1,500 sources, and has potential to support a more comprehensive research in evolution, community ecology, biogeography and conservation of amphibians. The third chapter uses information from AmphiBIO to test the assumption that loss of PD is associated with loss of FD. We simulated species extinction scenarios based on IUCN criteria, calculated the loss of PD and FD, and verified the correlation. Analyzes were carried out across the complete amphibian tree and across worldwide amphibian assemblages. This study highlights for the possible negative consequences of local amphibians extinctions that may impact the continuous provision of ecosystem services. This thesis adds to better understand the mechanisms on the origination of global gradients of species diversity. Finally, I hope this thesis can be used to stimulate future studies on ecology and evolution, and support political decisions on minimizing the effects of projected species extinctions on biodiversity loss.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-13T11:53:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IsabelCaldasBorges_DISSERT.pdf: 2216441 bytes, checksum: b6acbaa8c47882fb1383928681087fea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-23T13:01:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IsabelCaldasBorges_DISSERT.pdf: 2216441 bytes, checksum: b6acbaa8c47882fb1383928681087fea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-23T13:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsabelCaldasBorges_DISSERT.pdf: 2216441 bytes, checksum: b6acbaa8c47882fb1383928681087fea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo analisa o sistema de sa?de no Brasil a partir da no??o de Complexo Econ?mico-Industrial da Sa?de (CEIS). O objetivo central ? caracterizar o CEIS e, neste particular, enfatizar a distribui??o territorial dos estabelecimentos e dos empregos, no per?odo 1994-2012. A hip?tese de pesquisa ? que, independentemente do Subsistema analisado (I - Ind?stria qu?mica e biotecnologia; II - Ind?stria mec?nica, eletr?nica e de materiais; e, III - Servi?os de sa?de), a distribui??o territorial do CEIS no Brasil mostra-se concentrada tanto inter-regionalmente (?nfase sobre o Sudeste), quanto intrarregionalmente (na Bahia, em Pernambuco e no Cear?). Quanto ?s caracter?sticas s?cio-profissionais comparadas, a hip?tese ? que estas se mostram em desfavor para o Nordeste e Rio Grande do Norte. A metodologia do estudo inclui uma revis?o bibliogr?fica situando o CEIS num ambiente de transforma??es mundiais (reestrutura??o, globaliza??o e financeiriza??o), bem como no contexto nacional de altera??o do papel do setor p?blico e privado neste complexo. Al?m disso, o trabalho realiza um estudo quanti-qualitativo tendo por base a Rela??o Anual de Informa??es Sociais (RAIS), publicada pelo Minist?rio do Trabalho e do Emprego (MTE). Os resultados obtidos confirmam a hip?tese de pesquisa, pois a despeito de ind?cios de ?novas? movimenta??es na distribui??o territorial e no perfil s?cio-profissional, a concentra??o dos estabelecimentos e empregos do CEIS na regi?o Sudeste ? mantida; os estados da Bahia, Pernambuco e Cear? mant?m suas posi??es de destaque regionalmente; e, a remunera??o m?dia dos profissionais do CEIS no Nordeste segue inferior ? m?dia nacional, sendo isto particularmente verdadeiro para o Rio Grande do Norte. / This study examines the health system in Brazil from the notion of Economic and Industrial Health Complex (CEIS). The main objective is to characterize the CEIS and in this particular, emphasize the territorial distribution of establishments and jobs in the period 1994-2012. The research hypothesis is that regardless of the reporting subsystem (I - Chemical industry and biotechnology II - Mechanical engineering, electronics and materials; and III - Health services), territorial distribution of CEIS in Brazil shows up concentrated both inter-regionally (emphasis on the Southeast), as intrarregionalmente (Bahia, Pernambuco and Cear?). As for the socio-professional characteristics compared, the hypothesis is that these are shown in disfavor for the Northeast and Rio Grande do Norte. The study methodology includes a literature review placing the CEIS in an environment of global changes (restructuring, globalization and financialization), as well as in the national context of changing role of public and private sector in this complex. In addition, the work makes a quantitative and qualitative study based on the Annual Social Information (RAIS), published by the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MTE). The results confirm that the states of Bahia , Pernambuco and Cear? retain their prominent positions regionally ; and the average remuneration of CEIS professionals in the Northeast follows below the national average , and this is particularly true for the Rio Grande do Norte.

Depuis la fin des années 1950 jusqu'à l'aube de ce 21ème siècle au Cameroun, le débat sur l'Enseignement catholique a généralement présenté l'Eglise catholique à la croisée des chemins. Il s'est agi d'une Eglise confrontée au défi de choisir soit de continuer à placer l'Ecole catholique au cœur de sa mission d'évangélisation, soit de transférer à l'Etat ses œuvres scolaires, compte tenu des charges et des tensions que leur gestion provoque au sein des communautés éducatives. A la lumière de la lettre pastorale des Evêques de 1989 sur l'Enseignement catholique au Cameroun, de l'Exhortation apostolique post-synodale "Ecclesia in Africa" de Jean-Paul II (1995), ainsi que de l'Accord-cadre de 2014 entre le Saint-Siège et la République du Cameroun, il y a lieu de considérer que l'Eglise a désormais fait le choix de la continuité. Cette étude présente une Eglise catholique face à ses responsabilités. En effet, la poursuite de l'œuvre catholique d'enseignement au Cameroun engage cette Eglise à garantir la catholicité de ses écoles selon les normes du droit canonique, d'une part, et à veiller à ce que celles-ci se conforment à l'exigence de qualité posée par la législation camerounaise, d'autre part. En vertu de cette législation, des mesures disciplinaires sont prévues pour sanctionner les établissements privés qui seraient en situation de carence structurelle. Parmi ces mesures figure la fermeture d'établissements d'enseignement par les pouvoirs publics. Certes, ces mesures obligent les autorités ecclésiastiques à assurer la viabilité des œuvres scolaires catholiques en vue d'offrir une éducation de qualité aux jeunes. Cependant, l'application de telles mesures n'est-elle pas susceptible de remettre en question la légitimité canonique de l'Eglise en matière de création et de direction des écoles, une légitimité soulignée au canon 800 § 1er du CIC 1983? L'histoire de l'Enseignement catholique au Cameroun, ainsi que les défis du monde actuel invitent à repenser l'Ecole catholique. Mise au cœur de la mission de l'Eglise, l'Ecole catholique devrait former en se réformant. Les œuvres scolaires ou de formation catholiques sont davantage appelées à être des "lieux d'évangélisation, d'éducation intégrale, d'inculturation et d'apprentissage du dialogue de vie entre jeunes de religions et de milieux sociaux différents" (J.-Paul II, Ecclesia in Africa, n. 102). Une telle réforme passe par une redéfinition des compétences dévolues aux autorités ecclésiastiques, un professionnalisme avéré de la part des membres du personnel en matière de gestion des structures administratives, pédagogiques, financières et pastorales des œuvres scolaires catholiques. En outre, la même réforme suppose une valorisation de l'apport du personnel laïc dans une synergie de coresponsabilité au sein des communautés éducatives vivantes. Enfin, la recherche de la qualité en éducation engage l'Eglise dans un partenariat fiable avec l'Etat camerounais, et ce, par la faveur des avantages bilatéraux que pourraient générer les dispositions de l'Accord-cadre de 2014. / Since the year 1950 until the dawn of this 21rst century in Cameroon, discussions on Catholic Education generally focused on showing the Catholic Church at the crossroads. In other words, the attention had mainly been on a Church facing the challenge of choosing either to continue integrating the Catholic School within her evangelizing mission, or to hand over her schools to the State, due to the various commitments they entail, as well as the misunderstandings which their management brings about within educational communities. Yet, in the light of the Bishops' pastoral letter on Catholic Education in Cameroon (1989), followed by the John Paul II's Post-synodal apostolic Exhortation, Ecclesia in Africa (1995), and also, considering the various opportunities which the Framework-agreement between the Holy See and the Republic of Cameroon, in 2014 could generate, it is obvious that the Church has henceforth made the choice of pursuing her evangelizing mission through the catholic School. This study analyzes the challenges of the Church with regard to her renewed commitment in the field of education. In fact, the continuation of catholic education in Cameroon engages the Catholic Church to guarantee the specific caracter of her schools, by virtue of canon law, on the one hand, and to see to it that those schools comply with the standards laid down by the Cameroonian legislation, on the other hand. On the basis of this State legislation, measures are laid down toward private schools in order to sanction institutions falling below the standards required. Among those measures, there is the closure of private schools by public authorities. Certainly, these measures compel ecclesiastical authorities to guarantee the viability of catholic schools in view of providing the youths with quality education. yet, is the implementation of such measures not liable to challenge the canonical legitimacy of the Church as far as establishing and directing schools are concerned (can. 800 § 1, CIC 1983)? The history of Catholic Education in Cameroon, as well as the new challenges of the world today, invites the Church to re-think the catholic School. Considered as being at the core of the Church's evangelizing mission, the catholic School should strive to form by renewing itself. Concretly, Catholic schools are to be, more than ever before, "places of evangelization, well-rounded education, inculturation and initiation to dialogue of life among Young people of different religious and social backgrounds" (John Paul II, Ecclesia in Africa, n. 102). This, therefore, requires a re-definition of the areas of competence of ecclesiastical authorities in Catholic School matters, as well as proven professionalism in administrative, pedagogical, financial and pastoral affairs. Moreover, the same renewal should involve an effort in value the lay staff contribution through a co-responsible synergy within living educational communities. Finally, a quest for quality in education requires a reliable partnership between the Catholic Church and the Cameroonian State in the field of Education, and this, thanks to the bilateral advantages which the dispositions of the above mentioned Framework-agreement could bring about in the future.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-09T17:20:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Simone Alves do Nascimento Camilo.pdf: 363101 bytes, checksum: 552ddec128420b872fba894157546afe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-09T17:20:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Simone Alves do Nascimento Camilo.pdf: 363101 bytes, checksum: 552ddec128420b872fba894157546afe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / CAPES / The soybean, besides containing protein of high biological value, presents oil with high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, also having good emulsifying properties. Thus, soybean may be used for preparing creamy products. In spite of these advantages, its use is limited in Brazil due to its beany flavor. With the objective of developing a process to produce "soy-cream" with good sensory characteristics, dehulled soybean grains were boiled in water, as well as in NaHCO3 solution at three concentrations (0.25; 0.75 and 1.25%) at three cooking times (10, 25 and 40min), totaling 12 treatments. Then, the soybean grains were disintegrated with a paste of gelatinized starch, and subsequently, formulated to obtain the "soy-creams". These were submitted to a series of sensory evaluations (overall impression, sensory quality, quantitative descriptive analysis and preference), using a commercial milkcream for comparison. It was also carried out the analysis of proximate centesimal composition, as well as the determination of fatty acid profile. The results showed that a better boiling condition for dehulled soybean grains, used for preparing "soy-cream" with better sensory characteristics, was NaHCO3 at 0.75% for 25min using 40% of oil, although this was less preferred by the untrained panelists than the commercial milkcream. These two creams were submitted once more to consumer-type preference test, showing no significant difference between them. This "soy-cream" presented 84.85% of unsaturated fatty acids. Using this "soy-cream" and the commercial milkcream, two whipped cream (chantily) were prepared and submitted to consumer-type preference test. The results showed that the "soy-chantily? was more preferred than the one prepared with the commercial milkcream. Similarly, two ?spinach sauces? were prepared and submitted to consumer-type preference test. The results show that the "spinach sauce" prepared with the "soy-cream" was more preferred than that prepared with the commercial milkcream. / A soja, al?m de conter prote?na de alto valor biol?gico, apresenta ?leo com alto teor de ?cidos graxos poliinsaturados, tendo tamb?m boas propriedades emulsificantes. Desta forma, a soja pode ser usada para elabora??o do creme. Apesar destas vantagens, a sua utiliza??o no Brasil ? limitada devido ao sabor de feij?o cru (?beany-flavor?). Com objetivo de desenvolver um processo que permita obter um ?creme de soja? com boas caracter?sticas sensoriais, os gr?os de soja decorticados foram fervidos em ?gua e em solu??o de NaHCO3 a tr?s n?veis de concentra??o (0,25; 0,75 e 1,25%), durante tr?s intervalos de tempo (10, 25 e 40min), totalizando 12 tratamentos. Em seguida, os gr?os foram desintegrados com a pasta de amido gelatinoso, e formulados posteriormente, para obter os ?cremes de soja?. Estes foram submetidos a uma s?rie de avalia??es sensoriais (impress?o global, qualidade sensorial, an?lise descritiva quantitativa e prefer?ncia), usando-se o creme de leite comercial para a compara??o. Foi feita tamb?m a an?lise de composi??o centesimal aproximada, bem como a an?lise de perfil de ?cidos graxos. Os resultados indicam que, a melhor condi??o de fervura dos gr?os de soja decorticados para o uso em ?creme de soja? com melhores caracter?sticas sensoriais foi o emprego de NaHCO3 a 0,75% por 25min, usando-se 40% de ?leo, embora este tenha sido menos preferido por provadores n?o treinados do que o creme de leite comercial. Estes dois cremes foram submetidos novamente a teste massal de prefer?ncia com consumidores, mostrando que n?o houve diferen?a significativa entre essas duas amostras. O ?creme de soja? selecionado teve 84,85% de ?cidos graxos insaturados. Usando-se este ?creme de soja? e o creme de leite comercial, foram preparados dois chantilis, sendo submetidos a teste massal de prefer?ncia com consumidores. Os resultados mostram que o ?chantili de soja? foi mais preferido do que aquele preparado com o creme de leite comercial. Da mesma forma, foram preparados os dois ?molhos de espinafre? e submetidos a teste de consumidores. Os resultados indicam que o ?molho de espinafre? preparado com o ?creme de soja? foi mais preferido do que aquele preparado com o creme de leite comercial.