Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-181). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Die Koloskopie ist eine der wichtigsten apparativen Untersuchungsmethoden der heutigen Medizin. Sie dient nicht nur der Diagnostik, sondern kann auch therapeutische Verwendung finden. Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine randomisierte kontrollierte doppelblinde Studie. Das Hauptziel bestand in dem Vergleich der etablierten Methode, bei der Raumluft als Insufflationsgas verwendet wird, mit einer Methode, bei welcher stattdessen Kohlenstoffdioxid benutzt wird. Insgesamt wurden 150 Patienten in die prospektive Studie aufgenommen. Diese wurden gebeten, zu festgelegten Zeitpunkten nach der Untersuchung, Angaben zu Ihrem Beschwerdebild anzufertigen. Zusätzlich wurde nach der Arbeitsfähigkeit und der Zufriedenheit gefragt. Abschließend wurden noch verschiedene Faktoren während der Koloskopie geprüft, die der untersuchende Arzt am Ende der Prozedur notierte. Zu diesen gehörten die Allgemeine Einschätzung, die Untersuchungsdauer, etwaig auftretende Komplikationen und der Sedierungsbedarf.

Pacific Northwest coastal wetland extent has been significantly reduced due to development. To understand the effects of land use change on carbon cycling in coastal wetlands, we compared soil carbon dynamics in restored, disturbed (by diking or draining), and reference wetlands in both freshwater and saline conditions in Coos Bay, Oregon. We quantified soil carbon pools, measured in situ fluxes of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and estimated sediment deposition and carbon sequestration rates. We found that land use change influences carbon cycling and storage in coastal wetlands. The disturbed marshes have likely lost all their organic material after draining or diking, except for a shallow A horizon. The restored marsh in situ CH4 and CO2 fluxes were intermediate between the disturbed and reference marshes. Generally, restored marshes showed a partial return of carbon storage functions, or an indication that reference level functions may be achieved over time.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:26:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferrufino_glaa_dr_guara_parcial.pdf: 854054 bytes, checksum: 2c3fa635c1c41cbc2a713ee33e93c90e (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-12-19T18:32:50Z: ferrufino_glaa_dr_guara_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-12-19T18:33:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000711125.pdf: 2448522 bytes, checksum: a512bcfff1a312a6ac494168c3d7676d (MD5) / Acordos internacionais sobre o aquecimento global têm identificado a urgente necessidade por uma tecnologia que capture e sequestre carbono em grande escala para reduzir as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) antrópico. O sequestro e captura do CO2 por carbonatação mineral (CCSM) é uma tecnologia que tem potencial para reduzir bilhões de toneladas de CO2 por ano. O principal foco deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito ambiental do requerimento energético relacionada à produção de carbonatos utilizando os minerais silicatos, com a finalidade de sequestrar emissões de CO2 provenientes de usinas termelétricas no Brasil. Esta pesquisa foi realizada mediante o uso do LCA - Life Cycle Assessment (NBR 14040) identificando quatro subsistemas (processos de mineração, transporte do mineral, usina termelétrica e processos de carbonatação mineral) na produção de carbonatos. Consideraram-se dois processos de carbonatação mineral: mediante o ácido clorídrico (HCl) e sais de amônia (NH4HSO4) integrados a dois tipos de usinas termelétricas (carvão e gás natural), adotando quatro cenários nos quais foram avaliados o requerimento energético, emissões de CO2 e os custos envolvidos de cada um deles, as quais utilizaram a matéria prima com maior potencial de carbonatação (mineral silicato). O presente estudo foi estruturado visando responder os seguintes assuntos: (a) O melhor mineral silicato como matéria prima para processo de carbonatação mineral, (b) A quantidade de matéria prima para a sequestro de 1 tonelada de CO2, (c) O requerimento energético do processo de carbonatação mineral para sequestrar 1 tonelada de CO2, (d) A quantidade de CO2 evitada derivada da produção de carbonatos e (e) Comparação do resultado do LCA dos processos de carbonatação mineral considerados no estudo. Os resultados amostram... / International concerns over global warming have identified the urgent need for a technology to capture and sequester carbon in large-scale to reduce anthropic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration by mineral carbonation (CCSM) is a technology that can potentially reduce billions of tonnes of CO2 per year. The main focus of this work was to evaluate the environmental effects of energy usage related to carbonate production using mineral silicates in order to sequester CO2 emissions from Brazilian power plants. This investigation was realized using a LCA - Life Cycle Assessment (ISO14040) identified 4 subsystems (mining process, mineral transport, power plant and mineral carbonation process) on carbonate production. Two mineral carbonation processes are considered: using chloride acid (HCl) and ammonium salts (NH4HSO4) applied to two types of power plants (coal and natural gas) with the best feedstock (mineral silicate) supporting four scenarios which evaluate energy requirement, CO2 emissions and costs. This work addresses the following import issues: a) the best mineral silicate used as feedstock for mineral carbonation process, b) the amount of this mineral silicate for sequestration 1 ton CO2, c) the energy requirements of mineral carbonate process to sequester 1 ton of CO2, d) the amount of CO2 avoided derived from carbonate production and e) comparison of LCA results of the two mineral carbonation process. The LCA results shows that the best feedstock to sequester CO2 emissions from power plants in Brazil is serpentinito located in Goiâs state, the mineral carbonation process using ammonium salts is a feasible option for the less energy requirement (0,75 kW/kgCO2SEQ). The amount of CO2 avoided was 0,578 tCO2AVOIDED/tCO2SEQ, this avoided CO2 emissions can be traded as carbon... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

To decrease carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere for climate change mitigation it is necessary to modify existing practices in processes where greenhouse gases are emitted. Due to the extremely large volumes of carbon dioxide produced globally, it is generally accepted that although carbon dioxide conversion and utilisation will contribute in the long term, in the short to medium term it will be necessary to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions to progress towards a low carbon future. Current industrial capture processes incur large energy and thus economic penalties. Storage in geological formations requires robust confidence in storage security to be publically accepted. Therefore the objective of this work was to study carbon dioxide capture and storage in processes directly confronting these two major challenges. Carbon dioxide adsorption on oxide materials for advanced carbon capture processes with lower energetic and economic penalties was investigated. Water was shown to play a crucial role in determining the presence of reactive sites, the speciation of carbonates formed and increased sorbent utilisation. A high surface area oxide with specifically exposed facets was prepared and the impact of these facets on carbon dioxide uptake performance was assessed. Volumetric gas adsorption and isotherm modelling supported the presence of two distinct adsorption sites. To enhance confidence in storage security it is necessary to understand storage processes that result in stable products. An apparatus capable of obtaining geological storage conditions was developed and carbonate formation and surface hydration at high pressure was investigated. By locating individual reactive cations on the surface of silica, silicate mineral analogues were prepared. It was shown that carbonate speciation was dependent on the reactive cation and the presence or absence of water.

Orientador: João Andrade de Carvalho / Banca: Jose Antonio Perella Balestieri / Banca: Maria Angelica Martins Costa / Banca: Turíbio Gomes Soares Neto / Banca: Christian Jeremi Coronado Rodriguez / Resumo: Acordos internacionais sobre o aquecimento global têm identificado a urgente necessidade por uma tecnologia que capture e sequestre carbono em grande escala para reduzir as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) antrópico. O sequestro e captura do CO2 por carbonatação mineral (CCSM) é uma tecnologia que tem potencial para reduzir bilhões de toneladas de CO2 por ano. O principal foco deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito ambiental do requerimento energético relacionada à produção de carbonatos utilizando os minerais silicatos, com a finalidade de sequestrar emissões de CO2 provenientes de usinas termelétricas no Brasil. Esta pesquisa foi realizada mediante o uso do LCA - Life Cycle Assessment (NBR 14040) identificando quatro subsistemas (processos de mineração, transporte do mineral, usina termelétrica e processos de carbonatação mineral) na produção de carbonatos. Consideraram-se dois processos de carbonatação mineral: mediante o ácido clorídrico (HCl) e sais de amônia (NH4HSO4) integrados a dois tipos de usinas termelétricas (carvão e gás natural), adotando quatro cenários nos quais foram avaliados o requerimento energético, emissões de CO2 e os custos envolvidos de cada um deles, as quais utilizaram a matéria prima com maior potencial de carbonatação (mineral silicato). O presente estudo foi estruturado visando responder os seguintes assuntos: (a) O melhor mineral silicato como matéria prima para processo de carbonatação mineral, (b) A quantidade de matéria prima para a sequestro de 1 tonelada de CO2, (c) O requerimento energético do processo de carbonatação mineral para sequestrar 1 tonelada de CO2, (d) A quantidade de CO2 evitada derivada da produção de carbonatos e (e) Comparação do resultado do LCA dos processos de carbonatação mineral considerados no estudo. Os resultados amostram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: International concerns over global warming have identified the urgent need for a technology to capture and sequester carbon in large-scale to reduce anthropic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration by mineral carbonation (CCSM) is a technology that can potentially reduce billions of tonnes of CO2 per year. The main focus of this work was to evaluate the environmental effects of energy usage related to carbonate production using mineral silicates in order to sequester CO2 emissions from Brazilian power plants. This investigation was realized using a LCA - Life Cycle Assessment (ISO14040) identified 4 subsystems (mining process, mineral transport, power plant and mineral carbonation process) on carbonate production. Two mineral carbonation processes are considered: using chloride acid (HCl) and ammonium salts (NH4HSO4) applied to two types of power plants (coal and natural gas) with the best feedstock (mineral silicate) supporting four scenarios which evaluate energy requirement, CO2 emissions and costs. This work addresses the following import issues: a) the best mineral silicate used as feedstock for mineral carbonation process, b) the amount of this mineral silicate for sequestration 1 ton CO2, c) the energy requirements of mineral carbonate process to sequester 1 ton of CO2, d) the amount of CO2 avoided derived from carbonate production and e) comparison of LCA results of the two mineral carbonation process. The LCA results shows that the best feedstock to sequester CO2 emissions from power plants in Brazil is serpentinito located in Goiâs state, the mineral carbonation process using ammonium salts is a feasible option for the less energy requirement (0,75 kW/kgCO2SEQ). The amount of CO2 avoided was 0,578 tCO2AVOIDED/tCO2SEQ, this avoided CO2 emissions can be traded as carbon... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The response of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender grown in controlled environmental conditions, at either ambient or elevated (360 and 700 μmol mol ̄¹, respectively) CO₂ concentrations ([CO₂]), was monitored from 10 days after germination (DAG) until the onset of senescence. Elevated CO₂ had a pronounced effect on total plant height (TPH), leaf area (LA), dry weight (DW) accumulation and specific leaf area (SLA). All of these were significantly increased by elevated [CO₂] with the exception of SLA, which was significantly reduced. Except for higher initial relative growth rates (RGR) in CO₂-enriched plants, RGR did not differ significantly between the two CO₂ treatments throughout the remainder of growth period. While growth parameters clearly differed between CO₂ treatments, the effects of CO₂ on many physiological processes including net assimilation rate (NAR), Rubisco activity, and some foliar nutrient concentrations were largely transient. For example, CO₂ enrichment significantly increased NAR, but from 20 DAG onward, NAR declined to levels measured on plants grown under ambient CO₂. Similarly, the decline in both foliar N concentration and Rubisco activity in CO₂-enriched plants after 20 DAG was significantly greater than the decline observed for ambient CO₂ plants. Soluble leaf protein and total chlorophylls (a+b) were also significantly reduced in plants grown under elevated CO₂. Chlorophyll (a/b) ratios increased with time underelevated CO₂, indicating that the rate of decline of chlorophyll b was higher than that of chorophyll α. No significant changes in total carotenoid (x+c) levels were observed in either CO₂ treatment. Under enhanced CO₂, the foliar concentrations of K and Mn were increased significantly, while P, Ca, Fe and Zn were reduced significantly. However, changes in Mg and Cu concentrations were not significant. High CO₂-grown plants also exhibited pronounced leaf discoloration or chlorosis, coupled with a significant reduction in leaf longevity. The levels of non-structural carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch) and nitrogenous compounds (nitrogen, total soluble proteins and free amino acids) were determined for leaves and developing seeds of P. vulgaris. Leaf tissue of elevated CO₂-grown plants accumulated significantly higher levels of both soluble sugars and starch. Leaf ultrastructure revealed considerable erilargement of starch grain sizes with surface areas more than five times larger compared to those of control plants. No apparent differences in structure and membrane integrity of chloroplasts in both CO₂ treatments were noted. Although ambient CO₂-grown plants had comparatively low levels of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), they accumulated significantly higher levels of nitrogenous compounds. The levels of NSC were consistently higher in seeds of plants grown under elevated CO₂. In comparison to plants grown at elevated [CO₂], pods and seeds of ambient CO₂-grown plants had significantly larger pools of free amino compounds and N. Stomatal conductance (gs) declined significantly, as expected for plants grown under elevated CO₂. This was accompanied by a decline in transpiration rates (E). Reduced gs and E led to high AlE ratio, which meant improved water use efficiency (WUE) values for CO₂-enriched bean plants. Leaf carbon isotope discrimination (∆) against the heavier isotope of carbon (¹³C), has been used to select for high WUE in C₃ plants. In plants grown at elevated CO₂ concentration, ,1 was significantly reduced. Although ∆ was negatively correlated with WUE in both CO₂ treatments, the correlation was steeper and highly negative for CO₂-enriched plants. These results indicate underlying differences in gas-exchange physiology, including stomatal responses between ambient and elevated CO₂-grown plants. Photosynthetic acclimation was investigated using the response of assimilation to internal carbon dioxide concentration (A/C₁ curves). At early stages of growth, the initial slope of the A/C₁ response curve did not differ with CO₂ treatment. In contrast, CO₂-saturated photosynthetic rate (Amax) was significantly higher in plants grown under elevated versus ambient CO₂ at 15 DAG. However, at subsequent stages of growth both the initial slope and Amax declined in bean plants grown in elevated CO₂. Apparent carboxylation efficiency (ACE, estimated from the initial slope of A/C₁ response) values followed a similar trend and were significantly reduced in CO₂-enriched plants. These results indicate that acclimation or negative adjustment of photosynthesis may have been caused by a combination of both stomatal and biochemical limitations. Bean plants grown under conditions of elevated atmospheric CO₂ flowered 3 to 4 days earlier, and produced significantly more flowers and pods than plants grown at ambient conditions. Plants grown at elevated CO₂ aborted 22 and 20% more flowers and pods, respectively, than plants grown at ambient CO₂. Elevated CO₂ also significantly increased the number of tillers or lateral branches produced by plants, which contributed to a significant increase in pod number and seed yield in these plants. Although plants grown at elevated CO₂ produced on average 8 seeds per pod, while plants grown under ambient CO2 conditions produced 5 seeds per pod, the greater number of seeds was offset by lower seed weights in plants grown under _ elevated CO₂. Thus, despite high seed yield in beans grown under elevated CO₂, the harvest index (HI) did not change significantly between CO₂ treatments.

The influence water levels have on CO2 and CH4 efflux were investigated at the Loxahatchee Impoundment Landscape Assessment (LILA) research facility, located in Boynton Beach, FL, USA. Measurements of CO2 efflux were taken for 24 h periods four times for one year from study plots. Laboratory incubations of intact soil cores were sampled for CO2, CH4, and redox potential. Additionally, soil cores from wet and dry condition were incubated for determination of enzyme activity and macronutrient limitation on decomposition of organic matter from study soils. Water levels had a significant negative influence on CO2 efflux and redox, but did not significantly influence CH4 efflux. Study plots were significantly different in CH4 efflux and redox potential. Labile carbon was more limiting to potential CO2 and CH4 production than phosphorus, with the effect significantly greater from dry conditions soils. Enzyme activity results were variable with greater macronutrient responses from dry condition soils.

No description available.

Heat transfer rates have been measured for forced flow of supercritical carbon dioxide normal to a horizontal heated cylinder. The 0.006 inch diameter cylinder was held at various constant temperatures by a feed-back bridge circuit. Free convection results are also included. The effects of bulk fluid temperature, bulk fluid pressure, and surface temperature were studied for a range of bulk fluid temperature and pressure of from 0.8 to 1.4 times the critical temperature and pressure for several free stream velocities from zero to three feet per second. The temperature difference between the heated cylinder and the bulk fluid was varied from 1 deg F to 320 deg F. Flow fields of all data runs were observed. Still photographs and high speed movies have been taken at operating conditions of interest. In a supercritical fluid the heat transfer rate increases smoothly and monotonically with increasing temperature difference, increasing velocity, and increasing pressure. In fluid with the bulk temperature below the pseudo-critical temperature the heat transfer coefficient shows large peaks when the cylinder temperature is near the pseudocritical temperature. Peaks are largest when the bulk fluid pressure is near the critical pressure. The heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing temperature difference when the bulk fluid temperature is above the pseudo-critical temperature. The heat transfer rate noteably increases with increasing pressure only when vapour-like fluid is in contact with the heated cylinder. Supercritical forced flow has been compared to forced flow boiling. The supercritical case does not exhibit the characteristic strong maxima in heat transfer rate shown in forced flow nucleate boiling. Heat transfer rates at larger temperature differences are very similar in forced flow film boiling and supercritical forced flow heat transfer. With this horizontal, constant temperature cylinder, no "bubble-like" or "boiling-like" mechanisms of heat transfer were observed in supercritical free or forced convection. The flow field and heat transfer rate in free convection were found to be very unstable and sensitive to small temperature disturbances in the bulk fluid. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate