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Twenty-one market-age swine slaughtered in the University of Kentuckyabattoir were inoculated with fecal slurry containing two strains of nalidixic acidresistant Salmonella typhimurium on the ham, belly, and jowl regions on eachside of the carcass. Trial 1 revealed that a 10 s hot water spray was just aseffective as the 20 s spray in removing S. typhimurium, as there was nodistinguishable difference in population. The shorter flame singe (10 s) was aseffective as the 20 s application and the two chlorine solutions (100, 200 ppm)had similar results. The 2% lactic acid spray reduced S. typhimurium populationssignificantly more than the 1% treatment. Trial 2 compared the four mostefficient levels of each intervention method. Efficacy of the intervention methodswas observed in the following order: Hot water (10 s) andgt; Chlorine (50 ppm) =Lactic acid (2%) andgt; Flame (10 s). The effect of carcass area was significantfollowing the post treatment hot water rinse. The jowl area was least accessibleby the high pressure water spray. However after the treatment applications, hotwater rinse, and 24 h chill (2??C) there was no significant difference betweentreated and untreated carcasses or between carcass areas.

Nutrient profiles of distillers grains are primarily affected by the type of grain used for ethanol production, but the feeding value of triticale-based dry distillers grains plus solubles (TDDGS) has not been extensively studied. The first study showed that, compared to 20% corn- or wheat-based distillers grains diets, 20% TDDGS diet increased cis-9 trans-11 linoleic acid concentration in carcass fat without affecting growth performance of lambs. In the second study, lamb growth performance was not affected by the addition of up to 60% TDDGS in the diet, but the risk of urinary calculi increased at higher inclusion levels. Lambs fed 20% TDDGS had higher cold carcass weights and grade rules than lambs fed 40 or 60% TDDGS. Increasing TDDGS decreased diet digestibility, and increased nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. In conclusion, TDDGS can be used in diets for growing ruminants, and its utilization efficiency may be optimized at 20% dietary inclusion. / Animal Science

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Elizabeth Boyle / To evaluate the effect of extended post-harvest hanging time on pork sides and the microbial shelf-life of fabricated steaks, aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), yeast and mold populations, pH, and moisture content of pork sides hung for 21 days at 0±1°C was determined. After hanging, blade steaks fabricated from these sides were vacuum packaged, stored up to 35 days at 0±1°C, and evaluated for APC, EB, yeast and mold populations, and pH. Carcass cooler temperature and percent relative humidity, measured every hour during storage, averaged 0±1°C and 87.3% (66-100%), respectively. Pork carcass surface moisture content declined (P ≤ 0.05) from 65.1% on day 1 to 50.5% on day 21. The carcass pH was similar (P ≥ 0.05) at 5.88 on days 1, 7, and 14; however, by day 21 the pH declined (P ≤ 0.05) to 5.72. The flank, shoulder, and jowl were sampled on pork carcasses. There was no day effect for carcass APC; however, there was a location effect. The jowl had the highest (P ≤ 0.05) APC with 1.21 log CFU/cm². There was no carcass location or day effect for EB or mold populations, but there was a carcass location and day effect for yeast populations. The detection limit (DL) for EB and yeast and mold populations on pork carcass samples (n = 240) was 0.06 and 0.41 log CFU/cm² for the shoulder and flank, and jowl, respectively. For EB and mold populations, 98.8 and 97.9% of carcass samples, respectively, were below the DL. For yeast populations, 37.5, 45.0, and 63.8% were above the DL for flank, shoulder, and jowl, respectively. On days 1, 7, 14, and 21, 60.0, 55.0, 53.3 and 26.6% were above the DL, respectively, for carcass yeast populations; however, none were greater than 2.83 log CFU/cm². The pH of pork steaks was 5.69-5.89. There was a day effect for APC on pork steaks. The initial APC of steaks was 1.61 log CFU/g, increasing (P ≤ 0.05) to 5.06 log CFU/g on day 35. There was a day effect for EB and mold populations; but not for yeast populations. The DL for EB and yeast and mold populations on pork steaks (n = 102) was 0.70 log CFU/g. On days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35, the percent of EB populations above the DL on pork steaks were 0.0, 0.0, 23.5, 41.2, 94.1, 41.2%, respectively, however, none of the steak samples exceeded 4.40 log CFU/g. For mold populations, 100.0% of steaks were below the DL on days 0, 7, and 14. On days 21, 28, and 35, 18, 24, and 12%, respectively, were above the DL. None of the steak samples exceeded 2.68 log CFU/g for mold populations. For yeast populations, 56.8% of pork steaks samples were above the DL, but none were greater than 3.69 log CFU/g. These results indicate that pork carcasses and vacuum packaged shoulder blade steaks fabricated from these carcasses have acceptable quality for 21 and 35 days, respectively, when stored at 0±1°C after harvest.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fontoura_cl_me_jabo.pdf: 235669 bytes, checksum: fca01c25cc9edf7cab4df726d6520e4f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A carne e seus derivados apresentam grande valor na alimentação humana e se enquadram entre os alimentos de origem animal mais perecíveis, principalmente pela sua variedade e riqueza nutricional. Constituem-se em importante veículo de agentes zoonóticos e especial meio de cultura para o desenvolvimento e multiplicação de uma ampla gama de microrganismos. O presente trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar a presença de alguns microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria sp.) e alguns indicadores como microrganismos psicrotróficos, mesófilos e coliformes na superfície de meias carcaças bovinas logo após a lavagem e avaliar a influência da refrigeração na população microbiana (de indicadores e Staphylococcus aureus). As amostras foram obtidas em um matadouro frigorífico localizado no interior do Estado de São Paulo, submetido a controle higiênico-sanitário permanente e com comércio no mercado interno e externo. No total foram analisadas 80 amostras (suabes) de regiões da superfície externa da carcaça (coxão, lombo e ponta-de-agulha) sendo 40 logo após a lavagem e 40 após 24 horas sob refrigeração. Na grande maioria das amostras as populações de microrganismos heterotróficos mesófilos estiveram entre 1,0 e 1,0 x 102 UFC/cm2, indicando eficiência nos cuidados higiênico-sanitários durante as operações de abate. Para os microrganismos psicrotróficos encontrou-se populações inferiores a 2,0 x 103 UFC/cm2, o que pode permitir maior vida-de-prateleira ao produto e para Staphylococcus sp. as populações foram inferiores a 1,0 x 103 UFC/cm2, não tendo sido encontrado nenhuma cepa da espécie Staphylococcus aureus. Os valores médios... / The meat as well its derivatives show great value in human aliments of animal origin principally because of its variety and nutritional wealth. It constitutes an important vehicle of zoonotic agents and a special means of culture for the development and multiplication of one large gamut of microorganisms. The present work had the goal to evaluate the presence of some microorganisms potentially pathogenic (Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria sp) and some indicators such as psychrotrophic, mesophilic and coliforms in the surface of half the bovine carcass after it is washed and evaluated as to the influence of storage by refrigeration of the microbial population (of indicators and Staphylococcus aureus). The samples were obtained in a slaughterhouse cooler located in the inner city of Sao Paulo, using constant sanitary hygienic control and doing business in the internal market as well to the external market. In total, 80 samples were analyzed (swab) of regions in the external surface of the carcasses (rump, loin and rib), results being 40 as soon as it was washed and 40 after 24 hours under refrigeration. In the large majority of samples the population of microorganism mesophilic were between 1,0 e 1,0 x 102 UFC/cm2, indicating efficiency in the care of sanitary hygene during the operations of slaughter. For the microorganisms populations psychrotrophic were found to be below 2,0 x 103 UFC/cm2, permitting longer shelf life of the product. For Staphylococcus sp, the populations were lowered to 1,0 x 103 UFC/cm2, and no species of cepa Staphylococcus aureus was found. The medium values for the populations of mesophilic, psychrotrophic and Staphylococcus sp. respectively were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 polizelneto_a_me_botfmvz.pdf: 213763 bytes, checksum: ec04bafe3cb210da97cdba073aab26e1 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da suplementação mineral protéica com adição de cromo orgânico no desempenho produtivo, com avaliações de carcaça por meio de ultra-som, e na qualidade da carne de bovinos terminados em regime de pastagem. Foram utilizados 18 Nelore e 18 F1 Brangus x Nelore castrados, com idade inicial de 16 meses e abatidos aos 22 meses, distribuídos igualmente em dois tratamentos de suplementação mineral protéica com e sem adição de cromo orgânico. Não se observou diferença entre grupos genéticos quanto ao ganho peso vivo, entretanto animais suplementados com cromo apresentaram maior ganho (494 g/animal/dia) que os animais controle (420 g/animal/dia). Não se observou diferenças entre os tratamentos experimentais quanto à área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea do dorso e da garupa, tomados por meio do ultrasom, obtendo-se respectivamente valores médios finais de 63,42 cm2, 5,46 mm e 5,58 mm. Foi observado um peso médio de carcaça quente de 235,01 kg e rendimento médio de carcaça quente de 52,09%, com superioridade do tratamento cromo (238 kg e 52,9%) frente ao controle (231 kg e 51,2%), e sem diferença entre os grupos genéticos; e obtenção de carne de qualidade em todos os tratamentos experimentais estudados. Os Nelore e F1 Brangus x Nelore apresentam potencial similar de produção de carne de qualidade a pasto, e que a suplementação mineral protéica com adição de cromo orgânico incrementa o ganho de peso e o rendimento de carcaça, não influenciando nos parâmetros qualitativos avaliados da carne. / The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of mineral protein supplementation with organic chromium addition on productive performance, with carcass evaluations by means of ultrasound measures, and beef quality in steers finished on pasture system. For this, 18 Nellore and 18 F1 Brangus x Nellore steers were used, with 16 months of average initial age and sloughed at 22 months, distributed equally in two treatment of mineral protein supplementation with and without organic chromium addition. There was no observed difference between genetic groups regarding average daily gain (ADG). On the other hand, animals supplied with chromium showed better ADG (494 g) than control animals (420 g). Once again, there was no observed difference among experimental treatments regarding rib eye area, subcutaneous fat thickness at the back and at the rump, measured by ultrasound, reaching final mean values of 63,42 cm2, 5,46 mm e 5,58 mm, respectively. It was observed an average of 235.01 kg for hot carcass weight and 52.09% for average carcass yield, with a superiority for the chromium treatment (238 kg and 52.9%) versus control (231 kg and 51.2%), and without difference between genetic groups; also obtained quality beef in every experimental treatment evaluated. The Nellore e F1 Brangus x Nellore steers show equal production potential of the quality beef on pasture, and that mineral protein supplementation with organic chromium increase the weight gain and carcass yield, not influencing the evaluated beef quality parameters.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pacheco_rdl_me_botfmvz.pdf: 741471 bytes, checksum: 835d6c59d074a8b55c1a6e52dd8cf20b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os possíveis impactos causados pela suplementação de anticorpos policlonais Y contra Streptococcus bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum e algumas cepas de bacterias proteolíticas, ou monensina sódica na carcaça e qualidade de carne de bovinos jovens. Foram usados 72 animais, sendo 24 nelores puros, NE, 24 canchins (3/8 Nelore e 5/8 Charolês, CC) e 24 Tri-cross (½ sangue Brangus, ¼ Nelore e ¼ Angus, TC), desmamados com sete meses de idade. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta de alta proporção de concentrado duas vezes ao dia, no período da manhã e tarde e monitorados a cada 28 dias com ultra-som em tempo real. Não houve interação (P>0,05) aditivo x grupo genético. NE apresentaram menor (P<0,05) peso inicial, final, área de olho de lombo e quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados e maior CLA (P<0,01) quando comparados aos outros grupos genéticos. CC apresentou maior (P<0,05) área de olho de lombo e menor (P<0,05) espessura de gordura subcutânea, comparando TC e NE. TC obteve menor (P<0,05) rendimento de carcaça e força de cisalhamento. O grupo suplementado com anticorpos obteve menor rendimento de carcaça, enquanto não houve efeito de aditivo para os demais parâmetros avaliados. O uso de anticorpos não afetou negativamente os parâmetros estudados neste trabalho, salvo o rendimento de carcaça. / The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feed additive (300 mg monensin/hd, MO, vs 10 mL/hd of a polyclonal antibody preparation against lactateproducing bacteria, PAP ) or biotype (Nellore, NE, Canchim cross, 5/8 Charolais, 3/8 Nellore, CC, or a 3-way cross, ½ Brangus, ¼ Nellore and ¼ Angus, TC) on ultrasound (US)-assessed measures of fat and ribeye area, carcass characteristics, and longissimus dorsi tenderness (shear force, SF, and myofibrillar fragmentation index, MFI) of bullocks fed high-concentrate diets. 72 bullocks were allocated in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement replicated thrice (4 bullocks/pen) of feed additive (FA) and biotype (GG), and monitored monthly for a 107-d (CC and TC) or 147-d (NE) feeding period. Analyses of variance included the initial measurement covariate when appropriate (P < 0.05). Final (BW) and hot carcass weight (HCW) were unaffected (P < 0.05) by FA, but were lower (P < 0.05) for NE than CC and TC. Dressing percentage (DP) was lower (P < 0.05) for TC than NE and CC bullocks. Monensin had greater (P < 0.05) DP than PAP. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of FA on monthly measurements of fat depth (BFT), rump fat (P8), visceral fat (VF), ribeye area (REA), or SF and MFI. Bullocks of CC biotype were leaner (P < 0.05; less BFT and P8) than those of TC and NE biotypes. Bullocks of NE biotype had smaller (P < 0.05) REA than those of CC and TC biotypes. Steaks of TC biotype had lower (P < 0.05) SF values than those of the other biotypes. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in MFI or VF due to biotypes. NE presented greater (P<0,01) concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and CLA. Other than effects of PAP on DP, PAP did not affect carcass fat, REA or tenderness.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 valle_rcm_me_botfmvz.pdf: 436555 bytes, checksum: f6774251b4833531c28e7837601e193f (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a utilização de ultra-som em tempo real - UTR com transdutores de diferentes freqüências na avaliação in vivo cordeiros de diferentes genótipos e das diferenças entre operadores. Foram utilizados 116 cordeiros machos desmamados, de diferentes raças, oriundos de rebanhos comerciais, nascidos no mesmo intervalo de data, durante os anos de 2006 e 2007, confinados com a mesma dieta e avaliados por ultra-sonografia 07 dias antes do abate. Utilizou-se de dois equipamentos de ultra-som Pie Medical Scan Vet 200, equipados com transdutores linear de 18cm e 8cm e, 3,5MHz e 7,5MHz respectivamente. Foram utilizadas correlações de Pearson para verificar a existência de correlação linear entre os métodos de ultra-som, entre raças, entre anos, entre métodos M1(transdutor de 18cm e freqüência 3,5MHz) e M2 (transdutor de 8cm e freqüência 7,5MHz) e as medidas de carcaça (rendimento, índice de compacidade da perna – ICP e índice de compacidade da carcaça – ICC). Houve correlação média entre as duas metodologias avaliadas, podendo viabilizar a otimização do equipamento de ultra-som, uma vez que o transdutor linear de 8cm e 7,5MHz, demonstrou-se viável para avaliação de gordura subcutânea em cordeiros. / The trial had the objective of evaluating the use of real time ultrasound techniques with two different transducers on the in vivo evaluation of lambs from different genotypes and the differences among operator. 116 weaned male lambs from commercial flocks with different breeds, during the year 2006 and 2007, born in the same interval of time, confined and fed the same diet were evaluated 7 days before slaughter. Two Pie Medical Scan Vet 200 ultra-sound equipments with transducers of 18cm and 8cm with frequencies of 3.5MHz and 7.5MHz, respectively, were used.Pearson´s Correlation were performed to verify the linear correlation between ultra sound transducer (18cm and frequency of 3.5MHz and 8cm and frequency of 7.5MHz), breeds, years and carcass measurements (leg compacity index and carcass compacity index). There was a medium correlation between the two methodology evaluated and the 8cm, 7.5 MHz transducer showed to be viable to evaluate the subcutaneous fat in lambs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zeola_nmbl_me_jabo.pdf: 514959 bytes, checksum: 1021973ec6bdc7a98f296211a2a9c8e2 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dezoito cordeiros da raça Morada Nova, com peso vivo médio de 15kg, foram submetidos a dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado para avaliação da ingestão de matéria seca, do ganho de peso, da conversão alimentar, do peso vivo ao abate, do peso do corpo vazio, dos rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, das perdas de peso ao resfriamento, da composição tecidual, do índice de musculosidade, das relações músculo:osso e músculo:gordura, da área de olho de lombo, da composição química, do pH, da cor, das perdas de peso ao cozimento, da maciez e da capacidade de retenção de água da carne. As dietas constituíram-se em: D1 - 60% de concentrado (C) e 40% de volumoso (V); D2 - 45% de C e 55% de V e D3 - 30% de C e 70% de V. Quando o animal que recebia a D1 atingia 25kg de peso vivo, o respectivo lote, formado por 3 animais, era abatido. No músculo Semimembranosus mediu-se o pH inicial e a cor. As carcaças foram refrigeradas a 4oC por 24 horas, quando mediu-se novamente o pH e a cor, sendo a meia carcaça divida em: pescoço, paleta, costelas, lombo e perna. As pernas foram dissecadas para obtenção do músculo Semimembranosus. A ingestão de matéria seca, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o peso vivo ao abate, o peso do corpo vazio, os rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, as perdas de peso ao resfriamento, a composição tecidual, o índice de musculosidade, as relações músculo:osso e músculo:gordura e a área de olho de lombo apresentaram melhores resultados na dieta com maior nível de concentrado. Nas dietas com 30 e 60% de concentrado os teores de proteína na carne foram semelhantes. Os diferentes níveis de concentrado não influenciaram o pH, a cor, as perdas de peso ao cozimento e a maciez da carne, entretanto, influenciaram a capacidade de retenção de água da carne, sendo os valores maiores na carne dos animais submetidos as dietas com 45% de concentrado. / Eighteen lambs with 15kg of live weight were fed diets containing different concentrate levels to evaluate performance and meat quality criteria: average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, slaughter weight, empty body weight, hot and cold dressing percentages, chilling losses, tissue composition, muscularity index, muscle:bone and muscle:fat ratios, muscle eye area, chemical composition, pH, colour, cooking losses, tenderness and water holding capacity. Three diets containing different concentrate:roughage levels were used: D1 - 60% concentrate (C) and 40% roughage (R); D2 - 45% C and 55% R; and D3 - 30% C and 70% R. A slaughter lot was comprised by one animal of each treatment, and the lambs were slaughtered when D1 animals weighed 25kg. Initial pH and meat colour were evaluated on the Semimembranosus muscle. After refrigeration for 24 hours at 4ºC, pH and colour were assessed again. The half carcass were divided in: neck, shoulder, ribs, loin and leg. Semimembranosus muscle was dissected from the leg and used for meat quality assessment. The higher concentrate level in diet resulted in better average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, slaughter weight, empty body weight, hot and cold dressing percentages, chilling losses, tissue composition, muscularity index, muscle:bone and muscle:fat ratios and eye muscle area. Animals fed diets containing 30% and 60% concentrate had similar protein content in the meat. Concentrate levels had no influence on meat pH, colour, tenderness and on cooking losses. On the other hand, water holding capacity was higher on the meat of lambs receiving the diet with 45% of concentrate.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joel M. DeRouchey / Five experiments using a total of 4,470 pigs were used to determine the effects of dietary Cu and Zn source and finishing pig space allowance. Experiment 1 evaluated increasing dietary Zn from Zn hydroxychloride or ZnSO₄ for finishing pigs. Increasing dietary Zn up to 100 mg/kg Zn maximized ADG and HCW with the greatest response observed during the last 37 d period when ractopamine was included in the diet. Pigs fed diets with Zn hydroxychloride had greater HCW compared to those fed ZnSO₄. Experiment 2 evaluated increasing dietary Cu from either CuSO₄ or a 50:50 blend of CuSO₄:Cu-AA for finishing pigs. Pigs fed Cu from CuSO₄ alone consumed more feed and tended to have poorer feed efficiency than those fed a 50:50 blend of Cu from CuSO4:Cu-AA. Pigs fed a 50:50 blend of CuSO4:Cu-AA had improved HCW G:F but ADG was unchanged on a live and HCW basis. Experiments 3 and 4 evaluated increasing dietary Cu from tri-basic copper chloride or a Cu-chelate for nursery pigs. In Exp. 3, increasing Cu from Cu-chelate to 150 mg/kg Cu increased ADG and ending BW. Increasing Cu to 150 mg/kg Cu increased ADFI and improved G:F. Pigs fed Cu from Cu-chelate had greater ADG, ADFI and ending BW than those fed Cu from tri-basic copper chloride. In Exp. 4, increasing Cu to 225 mg/kg Cu increased ADG and ending BW. Because ADFI was unchanged, G:F tended to be improved as Cu level increased. There were no differences detected between Cu sources for growth performance. Experiment 5 was conducted to determine the effects of increasing space allowance by pig removal or gate adjustment during the finishing period. Pigs provided 0.91 m² had increased ADG compared with those allowed 0.63 m² with pigs from pens provided increased space intermediate. Pigs provided 0.91 m² had increased ADFI compared with pigs allowed 0.63 m² and those where a pig was removed; however, pigs from pens where the gate was adjusted were intermediate. As pigs grew to the minimum predicted space requirement and were subsequently allowed more space, performance was greater than those initially provided 0.61 m² but less than those allowed 0.91 m².