In this thesis work, automatic recognition algorithms for digital modulated signals are surveyed. Feature extraction and classification algorithm stages are the main parts of a modulation recognition system. Performance of the modulation recognition system mainly depends on the prior knowledge of some of the signal parameters, selection of the key features and classification algorithm selection. Unfortunately, most of the features require some of the signal parameters such as carrier frequency, pulse shape, time of arrival, initial phase, symbol rate, signal to noise ratio, to be known or to be extracted. Thus, in this thesis, features which do not require prior knowledge of the signal parameters, such as the number of the peaks in the envelope histogram and the locations of these peaks, the number of peaks in the frequency histogram, higher order moments of the signal are considered. Particularly, symbol rate and signal to noise ratio estimation methods are surveyed. A method based on the cyclostationarity analysis is used for symbol rate estimation and a method based on the eigenvector decomposition is used for the estimation of signal to noise ratio. Also, estimated signal to noise ratio is used to improve the performance of the classification algorithm. Two methods are proposed for modulation recognition: 1) Decision tree based method 2) Bayesian based classification method A method to estimate the symbol rate and carrier frequency offset of minimum-shift keying (MSK) signal is also investigated.

The work reported in this thesis is divided in to two parts. In the first part, we report a closed-form bit error rate (BER) performance analysis of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) on the uplink in the presence of carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) and/or timing offsets (TOs) of other users with respect to a desired user. We derive BER expressions using probability density function (pdf) and characteristic function approaches, for a Rician faded multi-cluster multi-path channel model that is typical of indoor ultrawideband channels and underwater acoustic channels. Numerical and simulation results show that the BER expressions derived accurately quantify the performance degradation due to non-zero CFOs and TOs. Ultrawideband channels in indoor/industrial environment and underwater acoustic channels are severely delay-spread channels, where the number of multipath components can be of the order of tens to hundreds. In the second part of the thesis, we report low complexity equalization algorithms for cyclic-prefixed single carrier (CPSC)systems that operate on such inter-symbol interference(ISI) channels characterized by large delay spreads. Both single-input single-output and multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) systems are considered. For these systems, we propose a low complexity graph based equalization carried out in frequency domain. Because of the noise whitening effect that happens for large frame sizes and delay spreads in the frequency domain processing, improved performance compared to time domain processing is shown to be achieved. Since the graph based equalizer is a soft-input soft-output equalizer, iterative techniques(turbo-equalization) between detection and decoding are shown to yield good coded BER performance at low complexities in convolutional and LDPC coded systems. We also study joint decoding of LDPC code and equalization of MIMO-ISI channels using a joint factor graph.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Single Carrier Block Transmissions (SCBT) are located at the two opposite edges of block transmission concept. In this thesis a system which lies between OFDM and SCBT is proposed. The new system, namely Block Transmissions on Orthogonal Carriers (BTOC), can be considered as a hybrid form of OFDM and SCBT. BTOC system is investigated under the redundant filterbank precoders and equalizers framework. Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of BTOC is formulated and compared with the PAPRs of OFDM and SCBT. Effect of frequency offset for BTOC is investigated and comparison between OFDM, SCBT, and BTOC is presented. Simulation results of Zero Padded OFDM (ZP-OFDM), SCBT, and BTOC are included.

La mise en œuvre de systèmes basés OFDMA nécessite une synchronisation de la fréquence très fine en raison de l'extrême sensibilité de l'OFDMA aux décalages en fréquence porteuse (CFO). La synchronisation en fréquence devient plus difficile dans les systèmes OFDMA en liaison montante. Nos objectifs comprennent l'étude et l'analyse des problèmes résultant de décalages de fréquence et la proposition de solutions pour lutter contre ces problèmes. Nous examinons d'abord les interférences résultant de décalages de fréquence porteuse présents dans l'oscillateur du terminal utilisateur. Nous démontrons que l'on doit prendre en compte le préfixe cyclique tout en analysant les interférences résultant du CFO. Ensuite, nous montrons qu'il existe une contradiction entre la diversité de fréquence de canal et la robustesse contre le CFO. Nous proposons un compromis sous la forme d'une taille de bloc de seuil, afin de permettre un bon compromis entre la diversité des canaux et de robustesse pour les CFO pour le cas où aucune connaissances du canal n'est disponible. Quand le canal est connu, nous proposons une allocation optimale par bloc grâce à laquelle la robustesse aux CFO et à la diversité de fréquence de canal peut être réalisée en utilisant une petite taille de bloc petit pour des CFO de petite valeur. Nous proposons également une valeur CFO critique, en dessous de laquelle l'allocation optimal par bloc est très performant.Ensuite, nous proposons des solutions pour deux problèmes importants rencontrés dans un système OFDMA en liaison montante.Premièrement, nous proposons une méthode efficace pour l'estimation conjointe des réponses impulsionnelles des canaux et fréquences porteuses basée sur l'approximation polynomiale.Notre méthode d'estimation conjointe est plus simple que les méthodes existantes, sans aucune dégradation de performance. Ensuite, nous proposons une méthode de compensation de CFO basée sur l'annulation des interférences successives (SIC). La méthode d'annulation proposée réduit la complexité de mise en oeuvre quand le nombre de porteuses est important. / One of the most prominent issues in the design and implementation of OFDMA based systems is the need for a very fine frequency synchronization due to the fact that OFDMA, like OFDM, is extremely sensitive to carrier frequency offsets (CFO). The task of frequency synchronization becomes more challenging in the uplink OFDMA-based systems where one OFDMA symbol is generated by the contribution of many different users. Our goals include the study and analysis of problems resulting from frequency mismatches provide solution to combat these problems. We first look at the interference resulting from CFOs, resulting from user terminal oscillator mismatch. We demonstrate that one must take into account the cyclic prefix while analyzing interference resulting from CFO. A new analytical expression of the ICI that takes into account the effect of CFO on the cyclic prefix is proposed. Then we focus our attention on analysis of the trade-off between channel frequency diversity and robustness against CFO and show that there exists a contradiction between the two. We propose a trade-off in the form of a Threshold blocksize, to allow a good compromise between the channel diversity and robustness for CFO for the case when no CSI is available. For system where CSI is available, we propose an optimal block carrier allocation scheme through which both robustness to CFO and channel frequency diversity can be achieved with small blocksize for small CFO. We also propose a Critical CFO value, above which the performance of the optimal block carrier allocation loses interest.Next we propose solutions for two important issues encountered in an uplink OFDMA system. First, we propose an efficient method for joint estimation of channel impulse responses and carrier frequency at the receiver based on polynomial approximation. Our proposed joint estimation method is simpler than the existing methods without any performance degradation. Next we propose a CFO compensation method based on successive interference cancellation. The proposed cancellation method reduces the implementation complexity faced in case of large DFT matrices.

The theses is focused on the use of PLC technology. The aim of the thesis is creating device which communicates in a narrowband transmission frequency band. Transmission of communication between plc elements runs through the low voltage distribution network. The frequency and phase modulations are used in order to change the character of data signal. Transmitter and receiver parameters are subjects to the CENELEC standard. The theses gives more attention to the area of hardware build communication element rather than the area of programming.

The theses is focused on the use of PLC technology. The aim of the thesis is creating device which communicates in a narrowband transmission frequency band. Transmission of communication between plc elements runs through the low voltage distribution network. The frequency and phase modulations are used in order to change the character of data signal. Transmitter and receiver parameters are subjects to the CENELEC standard. The theses gives more attention to the area of hardware build communication element rather than the area of programming.

Considering the communication systems with cyclic prefix (CP), such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation and single-carrier cyclic prefixed (SCCP) modulation, when the length of CP is longer than the channel length, the use of cyclic prefix (CP) does not only eliminate the inter-block interference, but also convert linear convolution of the transmitted signal with the channel into circular convolution. Unfortunately, the use of CP significantly decreases the bandwidth utilization. Therefore, to reduce the length of CP is a critical issue. The thesis investigates that how to design a channel-shortening equalizer (CSE) at receiver which forces the length of the effective channel response as short as the CP length. The thesis describes the signal model as a matrix form. The effect channel response after CSE is investigated and then the coefficient of channel shortening filter is obtained using singular value decomposition method under various criterions. We further propose a novel CSE maximizing the shortening signal-to-interference ratio. In addition, it is demonstrated that the proposed CSE has the same performance as the conventional scheme but a lower computation complexity.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:07805037 研究代表者:片山 正昭 研究期間:1995-1996年度

Parameter estimation and signal detection are the two key components of a wireless communication system. They directly impact the bit-error-ratio (BER) performance of the system. Several criteria have been successfully applied for parameter estimation and signal detection. They include maximum likelihood (ML), maximum a-posteriori probability (MAP), least square (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) etc. In the linear detection framework, linear MMSE (LMMSE) and LS are the most popular ones. Nevertheless, these criteria do not necessarily minimize the BER, which is one of the key aspect of any communication receiver design. Thus, minimization of BER is tantamount to an important design criterion for a wireless receiver, the minimum bit/symbol error ratio (MBER/MSER). We term this design criterion as the minimum-error-probability (MEP). In this thesis, parameter estimation and signal detection have been extensively studied based on the MEP framework for various unexplored scenar-ios of a wireless communication system. Thus, this thesis has two broad categories of explorations, first parameter estimation and then signal detection. Traditionally, the MEP criterion has been well studied in the context of the discrete signal detection in the last one decade, albeit we explore this framework for the continuous parameter es-timation. We first use this framework for channel estimation in a frequency flat fading single-input single-output (SISO) system and then extend this framework to the carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation of multi-user MIMO OFDM system. We observe a reasonably good SNR improvement to the tune of 1 to 2.5 dB at a fixed BER (tentatively at 10−3). In this context, it is extended to the scenario of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or MIMO-OFDM with pa-rameter estimation error statistics obtained from LMMSE only and checked its effect at the equalizer design using MEP and LMMSE criteria. In the second exploration of the MEP criterion, it is explored for signal detection in the context of MIMO-relay and MIMO systems. Various low complexity solutions are proposed to alleviate the effect of high computational complexity for the MIMO-relay. We also consider various configurations of relay like cognitive, parallel and multi-hop relaying. We also propose a data trans-mission scheme with a rate of 1/Ns (Ns is the number of antennas at the transmitter) with the help of the MEP criterion to design various components. In all these cases, we obtain considerable BER improvement compared to the existing solutions.

Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is a multiple access transmission scheme that has been adopted in the 4th generation 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) of cellular systems. In fact, its relatively low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) makes it ideal for the uplink transmission where the transmit power efficiency is of paramount importance. Multiple access among users is made possible by assigning different users to different sets of non-overlapping subcarriers. With the current LTE specifications, if an SC-FDMA system is operating at its full capacity and a new user requests channel access, the system redistributes the subcarriers in such a way that it can accommodate all of the users. Having less subcarriers for transmission, every user has to increase its modulation order (for example from QPSK to 16QAM) in order to keep the same transmission rate. However, increasing the modulation order is not always possible in practice and may introduce considerable complexity to the system. The technique presented in this thesis report describes a new way of adding more users to an SC-FDMA system by assigning the same sets of subcarriers to different users. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows the system to accommodate more users than conventional SC-FDMA and this corresponds to increasing the spectral efficiency without requiring a higher modulation order or using more bandwidth. During this work, special attentions wee paid to the cases where two and three source signals are being transmitted on the same set of subcarriers, which leads respectively to doubling and tripling the spectral efficiency. Simulation results show that by using the proposed technique, it is possible to add more users to any SC-FDMA system without increasing the bandwidth or the modulation order while keeping the same performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) as the conventional SC-FDMA. This is realized by slightly increasing the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0) at the transmitters.