The software engineering community recognized the importance of addressing security requirements with other functional requirements from the beginning of the software development life cycle. Therefore, there are some techniques that have been developed to achieve this goal. Thus, we conducted a theoretical study that focuses on reviewing and evaluating some of the techniques that are used to model and analyze security requirements. Thus, the Abuse Cases, Misuse Cases, Data Sensitivity and Threat Analyses, Strategic Modeling, and Attack Trees techniques are investigated in detail to understand and highlight the similarities and differences between them. We found that using these techniques, in general, help requirements engineer to specify more detailed security requirements. Also, all of these techniques cover the concepts of security but in different levels. In addition, the existence of different techniques provides a variety of levels for modeling and analyzing security requirements. This helps requirements engineer to decide which technique to use in order to address security issues for the system under investigation. Finally, we found that using only one of these techniques will not be suitable enough to satisfy the security requirements of the system under investigation. Consequently, we consider that it would be beneficial to combine the Abuse Cases or Misuse Cases techniques with the Attack Trees technique or to combine the Strategic Modeling and Attack Trees techniques together in order to model and analyze security requirements of the system under investigation. The concentration on using the Attack Trees technique is due to the reusability of the produced attack trees, also this technique helps in covering a wide range of attacks, thus covering security concepts as well as security requirements in a proper way.

The purpose of this study was to compare the underlying rationales found in selected Supreme Court cases and briefs of counsel justifying or condemning legal classification by sex and legal classification by race. Political strategies have been developed based on the assumption that racism and sexism are analogous. Yet, in recent years, anti-discrimination law, when used in sex discrimination cases, often has been interpreted and implemented quite differently from cases involving race discrimination. This study, using a content analysis based on "grounded theory," compared per- ceptions of racism and sexism as found in the opinions and briefs of counsel of the United States Supreme Court. The data showed that until the 1970's women were seen as wives and mothers whose place was in the home. Women were perceived as having certain inherent characteristics which made them more vulnerable than men. Special laws for women, therefore, were perceived as justified. On the other hand, there were those who argued equity for women based on fundamental ideals and the notion that women should be seen as individuals, not as a stereotypical composite of womanhood. The efficacy of segregation was argued on the grounds of a perceived belief in a natural antipathy of the races and a fear of violence if there were to be integration. Those advocating integration argued the deprivations caused by segregation. There was a gravity surrounding the race cases that was missing from the sex cases. The race decisions! also, were firmly grounded in the Constitution, which was not true for the sex cases. Fundamentally, blacks and whites were seen as having the same rights even during segregation when they were "separate but equal." Women were never perceived as being the equal of men. They were different and they functioned under a different law. Also, the role of women in the home was primary, not her status in the world outside the home. For blacks, role was never an issue. Rather, for blacks status was the central concern. Finally, the blacks' struggle was perceived as a fight to secure their place in the wider society. The women's place was perceived as in the domestic domain, outside the purview of public concerns. / Ed. D.

張勁駒. / "2006年1月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(leaves 72-80). / "2006 nian 1 yue" / Abstracts also in English. / Zhang Jingju. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 72-80). / 鳴謝 --- p.i / Chapter 第一章： --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 一： --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 二： --- 居港權事件的背景 --- p.3 / Chapter 三： --- 居港權事件報道的硏究 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章： --- 文獻回顧 --- p.9 / Chapter 一： --- 框架理論 --- p.9 / Chapter 二： --- 議程設置理論 --- p.14 / Chapter 三： --- 對引入議程設置的批評 --- p.25 / Chapter 四： --- 批評的回應：建構新聞框架的有效條件 --- p.25 / Chapter 第三章： --- 理論框架 --- p.27 / Chapter 一： --- 理論框架與硏究假設 --- p.27 / Chapter 二： --- 理論貢獻 --- p.29 / Chapter 第四章： --- 硏究方法 --- p.30 / Chapter 第五章： --- 硏究結果 --- p.32 / Chapter 一： --- 報道居港權事件的新聞數量 --- p.32 / Chapter 二： --- 十個主要新聞框架 --- p.34 / Chapter 三： --- 建構新聞框架的有效條件 --- p.41 / Chapter 四： --- 新聞來源的選擇 --- p.52 / Chapter 第六章： --- 總結 --- p.65 / Chapter 一： --- 建構新聞框架的有效條件 --- p.65 / Chapter 二： --- 新聞來源的選擇準則 --- p.67 / Chapter 三： --- 硏究限制 --- p.69 / Chapter 四： --- 結語 --- p.70 / 英文參考文獻 --- p.72 / 中文參考文獻 --- p.79 / 網站資料 --- p.80

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T16:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_rodrigo_da_silva_pereira.pdf: 1723922 bytes, checksum: 18533319b08c17041a8e5681e41087ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-09T10:54:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_rodrigo_da_silva_pereira.pdf: 1723922 bytes, checksum: 18533319b08c17041a8e5681e41087ff (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T10:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_rodrigo_da_silva_pereira.pdf: 1723922 bytes, checksum: 18533319b08c17041a8e5681e41087ff (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Esta dissertação tem como propósito geral a análise do clima presente e o comportamento futuro dos eventos extremos de precipitação local de curta duração com potencial para causar alagamento nas principais cidades do Rio Grande do Sul abrangendo diferentes regiões do Estado: Porto Alegre, Caxias do Sul, Santa Maria e Pelotas. Baseado no histórico de alagamentos de cada cidade e nos dados diários de precipitação obtidos das estações meteorológicas do INMET (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia) obteve-se o limiar que identificou a taxa de precipitação que representa um evento com potencial para causar alagamento na cidade, sendo os eventos divididos em caso de atenção (percentil 25) ou de alerta (percentil 75) nas 48h precedentes à ocorrência do alagamento. Os resultados revelaram um crescimento sutil dos casos, tanto atenção quanto alerta, nos últimos 53 anos. A cidade de Porto Alegre foi a que apresentou os menores limiares para condição de alagamento, o que era esperado devido sua maior urbanização. Ao avaliar o comportamento sazonal dos casos constatou-se que no clima presente (1961-2013), o trimestre julho-agosto-setembro foi a época do ano mais propícia a casos de alagamentos. Posteriormente, os casos foram correlacionados com três índices climáticos que medem as anomalias de TSM (Temperatura da Superfície do Mar) do Atlântico Sul e do Pacífico, no intuito de avaliar se suas ocorrências estão associadas a fenômenos climáticos de grande escala. As correlações encontradas variaram de fracas a moderadas, mas com alto nível de confiança estatística para o IME (Índice Multivariado do ENOS). O uso de modelagem climática regional (modelo ETA-HadCM3) denotou que num cenário futuro (A1B de acordo com o Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas) para o período de 2021-2070 haverá no geral, um pequeno acréscimo no número de casos de atenção para todas as cidades, quando comparado aos valores observados no clima presente (1961-2013). Em Pelotas, haverá uma mudança na climatologia dos eventos com deslocamento da estação com maior número de casos do trimestre JAS (clima presente) para o OND (cenário futuro). / This work has as general purpose the analysis of present climate and future behavior of short duration extreme local rainfall events with potential for causing flooding in major cities in Rio Grande do Sul State covering different regions: Porto Alegre, Caxias do Sul, Santa Maria and Pelotas. Based on history of floods of each city and on the rainfall data obtained from meteorological stations of INMET (National Institute of Meteorology), the thresholds that have identified which precipitation rate is an event with the potential to cause flooding in the city were obtained, being such events divided in case of attention (25th percentile) or case of alert (75th percentile) in 48 hours before the occurrence of flooding. The results showed a subtle increase of cases, both as alert and attention in the last 53 years. The city of Porto Alegre was presented the least thresholds for flooding condition, which was expected due to its increased urbanization. In assessing the seasonal behavior of the cases it was found that in this climate, the July-August-September was the time of year most facilitates cases of flooding. Later, cases were correlated with three climate indices that measure the SST (Sea Surface Temperature) anomalies in order to assess whether their occurrences are associate to large-scale climatic phenomena. It was found weak to moderate correlations, but with a high level of statistical confidence for the EMI (ENSO Multivariate Index). The use of regional climate model (ETA-HadCM3) denotes that in a future scenario (A1B following International Panel on Climate Change) for the period 2021-2070 will be in general an increase number of cases of attention for all cities, when compared to those observed in the present climate (1961-2013). In Pelotas there will be a climatological change due to a displacement of the season with more cases: from JAS quarter (present) to OND quarter (future scenario).

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Communication

The diploma thesis will deal with the professional vision of teachers as one of the actual concepts of didactics, given to art education. It is based on the knowledge that professional's thinking does not take place only in terms but also through images. It will deal with vocational vision in connection with professional knowledge and action in close relation to the teaching reflection. In the research part the student will participate in the analysis of concrete art lesson recorded by video study method. She will study and compare the comments of student teachers at the observational concepts and sub-processes. In the practical part student will create and carry out own art project that will respond to selected categories of the observed video study. She will apply it to the skills of primary school pupils. She will reflects in detail implemented project in relation to the analyzed concepts. Keywords reflection, art education, didactics of art education, discourse, teacher, student, teacher learning, Professional development, professional vision, teacher knowledge, video cases, analysis, concept

The thesis is devoted to the most relevant cases of European Court of Justice in the field of direct taxation and their influence on national tax policies. Different member states are willing to implement the law of European Union at different levels. The thesis evaluate the impact of ECJ cases on national tax systems of France and The Netherlands. It has several parts. First part describes historical milestones in coordination of direct taxation, second part describes the ECJ and its function and structure. Follows the analysis of most important cases. Last part evaluate the impact of cases on French and Dutch tax system.

"The judiciary in Zimbabwe used to be viewed as a progressive bench recognised for its activism, particularly its purposive approach in interpreting the Bill of Rights to ensure protection of human rights. It was one of the best Commonwealth judiciaries, which was inspired by international standards in interpreting human rights and at the same time contributed to the origination of normative standards through its decisions. Although Zimbabwe is a dualist system, the judiciary accepted and drew inspiration from international human rights treaties. The Supreme Court (SC) under Chief Justice (CJ) Gubbay (the Gubbay bench) made several progressive pronouncements that favoured the promotion and protection of human rights. In tandem with its tradition of judicial independence, the judiciary interpreted draconian legislation in favour of human rights often striking down the offensive clauses in legislation. Indeed the perception towards the judiciary by the common person was that of a protector of human rights. One landmark human rights decision on the Land Reform Programme (LRP) stated that farm invasions were unlawful and an affront to section 16 of the Constitution. The SC ordered the executive to take necessary measures to ensure that invasions were sanctioned. It further requested the executive to furnish a plan of action for the LRP. The execuitve did not welcome this ruling and the SC judges wre hounded out of office in a clear culmination of judiciary-executive tension. A new bench came in under CJ Chidyausiku (the Chidyausiku bench). This bench made several rulings that took away individual property rights without justification. In a clear shift of jurisprudential ideology, the current bench has not engaged in activism resulting in less, if not no, protection of human rights. The disparity in the jurisprudence is evident in other cases. The current bench seems to have abrogated its mandate to protect human rights. This study is thus prompted to investigate why the different benches in Zimbabwe have produced totally variant jurisprudence, particularly in light of the fact that the judiciary is operating under the same laws and is appointed under the same procedures as before. ... Chapter 1 sets out the focus and content of the study. Chapter 2 gives a national framework for human rights protection in Zimbabwe. This looks at the structure of courts in Zimbabwe. Special emphasis is placed on the SC as the court that has the prime mandate of protecting human rights. Constitutional guarantees for the independence of the judiciary and the Bill of Rights, among others, is analysed. Chapter 3 deals with human rights jurisprudence of the SC benches. The chapter focuses on approach of the benches to human rights protection. It examines the approach to procedural and technicalities that often hinder human rights litigation and protection such as standing, delay, interpretation, compliance with court orders and use of international instruments. Chapter 4 focuses on the experiences from Uganda and analyses the approach of the Ugandan courts. Chapter 5 consists of best practices from the two jurisdictions, conclusion and recommendations for the Zimbabwean judiciary." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Frederick Jjuuko at Human Rights and Peace Centre, Faculty of Law, Makerere University in Uganda / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Thesis (PhD (Statistics and Actuarial Science))—Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis (KFDA) is a kernel-based technique that can be used to classify observations of unknown origin into predefined groups. Basically, KFDA can be viewed as a non-linear extension of Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis (FLDA). In this thesis we give a detailed explanation how FLDA is generalized to obtain KFDA. We also discuss two methods that are related to KFDA. Our focus is on binary classification. The influence of atypical cases in discriminant analysis has been investigated by many researchers. In this thesis we investigate the influence of atypical cases on certain aspects of KFDA. One important aspect of interest is the generalization performance of the KFD classifier. Several other aspects are also investigated with the aim of developing criteria that can be used to identify cases that are detrimental to the KFD generalization performance. The investigation is done via a Monte Carlo simulation study. The output of KFDA can also be used to obtain the posterior probabilities of belonging to the two classes. In this thesis we discuss two approaches to estimate posterior probabilities in KFDA. Two new KFD classifiers are also derived which use these probabilities to classify observations, and their performance is compared to that of the original KFD classifier. The main objective of this thesis is to develop criteria which can be used to identify cases that are detrimental to the KFD generalization performance. Nine such criteria are proposed and their merit investigated in a Monte Carlo simulation study as well as on real-world data sets. Evaluating the criteria on a leave-one-out basis poses a computational challenge, especially for large data sets. In this thesis we also propose using the smallest enclosing hypersphere as a filter, to reduce the amount of computations. The effectiveness of the filter is tested in a Monte Carlo simulation study as well as on real-world data sets.

published_or_final_version / Law / Master / Master of Laws