Large-scale geological storage of CO₂ is likely to bring CO₂ plumes into contact with existing wellbores and faults, which can act as pathways for leakage of stored CO₂ Modeling the flux of CO₂ along a leaky pathway requires transport properties along the pathway. We provide an approach based on the analogy between the leakage pathway in wells that exhibit sustained casing pressure (SCP) and the rate-limiting part of the leakage pathway in any wellbore that CO₂ might encounter. By using field observations of SCP to estimate transport properties of a CO₂ leakage pathway, we obtain a range of CO₂ fluxes for the cases of buoyancy-driven (post-injection) and pressure-driven (during injection) leakage. The fluxes in example wells range from background levels to three orders of magnitude higher than flux at the natural CO₂ seep in Crystal Geyser, Utah. We estimate a plausible range of fault properties from field data in the Mahogany Field using a shale gouge ratio correlation. The estimated worst-case CO₂ flux is slightly above background range. The flux along fault could be attenuated to zero by permeable layers that intersect the fault. The attenuation is temporary if layers are sealed at other end. Counterintuitively, greater elevation in pressure at the base of the fault can result in less CO₂ leakage at the top of the fault, because the capillary entry pressure is exceeded for more permeable layers. Since non-negligible leakage rates are possible along wellbores, it is important to be able to diagnose whether leakage is occurring. Concurrent pressure and temperature measurements are especially valuable because they independently constrain the effective permeability of a leakage path along wellbore. We describe a simple set of coupled analytical models that enable diagnosis of above-zone monitoring data. Application to data from a monitoring well during two years of steady CO₂ injection shows that the observed pressure elevation requires a model with an extremely large leakage rate, while the temperature model shows that this rate would be large enough to raise the temperature in the monitoring zone significantly, which is not observed. The observation well is unlikely to be leaking. Extraction of brine from the aquifer offers advantage over standard storage procedure by greatly mitigating pressure elevation during CO₂ injection. A proper management of the injection process helps reduce the risk of leakage associated with wellbores and faults. We provide strategies that optimize the injection of CO₂ which involve extraction of brine in two scenarios, namely injecting dissolved CO₂ and supercritical CO₂. For surface dissolution case we are concerned with bubble point contour, while for supercritical CO₂ injection we are concerned with breakthrough of CO₂ at extractors. In a surface dissolution project, the CO₂ concentration front shape when it reaches the saturation pressure contour defines the maximum areal extent of CO₂-saturated brine and hence the aquifer utilization efficiency. We illustrate the reduction of utilization efficiency due to heterogeneity of the aquifer. We develop an optimal control strategy of the injection/extraction rates to maximize the utilization efficiency. We further propose an optimal well pattern orientation strategy. Results show that the approach nearly compensates the reduction of utilization efficiency due to heterogeneity. In a supercritical CO₂ injection that involves brine extraction, the problem of avoiding breakthrough of CO₂ at extraction wells can be addressed by optimizing flow rates at each extractor and injector to delay breakthrough as long as possible. We use the Capacitance-Resistive Model (CRM) to conduct the optimization. CRM runs rapidly and requires no prior geologic model. Fitting the model to data recorded during early stages of CO₂ injection characterizes the connectivities between injection and brine-extraction wells. The fitted model parameters are used to optimize subsequent CO₂ injection in the formation. Field illustration shows a significant improvement in CO₂ storage efficiency. / text

The aim of the thesis was to show that it is possible to develop a sustainable product of a discarded material and provide a framework for how to do that. A great amount of discarded material is today put on landfill due to its low value and difficulties to use. But putting the waste on landfill is the least preferred way of handling it, especially when the resources in the world are not infinite. It is therefore of importance that we find another way of handling the discarded material, which is why this thesis was written.  During the work has a qoute by McDonough and Braungart (2002) been kept in mind, reminding us, as product designers,  of the responsibilty we have  for future generations well-being.  “How can we love the children of all species– not just our own – for all time?” – McDonough and Braungart. 2002. Remaking the way we want things, pp 168. This thesis consisted of three phases. In phase 1 the plastic WEEEBR (a recycled plastic blend from waste from electrical and electronic equipment) was evaluated and a suitable product for it was found. Phase 2 started with a market research trying to find a market opportunity for that product. Thereafter several concepts for the product was developed. The last phase, phase 3, analyzed and evaluated the two previous phases in order to summarize the process and develop a method for how to put requirements on future products.   Phase 1 and 2 are shortly described, thereafter follows the analysis of them. The proposed method are exemplified with concepts and results from phase 1 and 2. The result of the thesis was a method based on following 6 steps: Agree to the company’s vision Evaluate what available material you have Evaluate your technical possibilites with the material Highlight a market possibility Set product requirements Develop the concept This method is generic and shall be used as a guide when developing sustainable products. Developing sustainable products include thinking about what material you have. It is worth thinking about if the product shall be produced locally, with local material and also how the material should be handled after it is used and at last where it ends up. / Waste to Design / Closing the loop

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo analisar diversas camadas de cobertura quanto às propriedades físicas, químicas e microbiológicas em dois ambientes de cultivo e compará-las quanto à conversão energética na produção de basidiomas de Agaricus blazei. A camada de cobertura é um dos fatores que afeta a produção, a qualidade e a uniformidade no cultivo de cogumelos. Cinco combinações de solos foram coletados em duas profundidades (0,2 m e 2 m) "superfície e barranco" e avaliados como camadas de cobertura. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 2 (cinco combinações de solo, duas profundidades de coleta e dois ambientes de cultivo - Câmara Dalsem Mushroom "ambiente climatizado" e estufa rústica), com 8 repetições cada tratamento. Cada repetição correspondeu a uma caixa com 12 kg de composto (peso úmido) adicionado das camadas de cobertura. As variáveis avaliadas foram: produção por caixa (kg), produtividade (%), eficiência biológica (%), precocidade (%), número e massa de basidiomas (g) e características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas das camadas de cobertura. Verificou-se que as diferentes combinações de solos utilizados nas camadas de cobertura não diferem entre si, em relação à produção, produtividade, eficiência biológica e número de basidiomas, embora tenham sido verificadas diferenças nas massas de basidiomas. Com relação à profundidade de coleta das amostras de solo, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Porém, o cultivo realizado na estufa rústica proporcionou maior produção, produtividade, eficiência biológica e número de basidiomas, enquanto que o ambiente climatizado apresentou as maiores massas de basidiomas colhidas ao longo do experimento. Foi verificado correlação positiva entre a produtividade de A. blazei e o teor de silte, densidade do solo, conteúdo de água (saturado)...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze different casing soils about physical, chemical and microbiological proprieties in two environments of cultivation and compare them about the energetic conversion in the yield of mushroom of Agaricus bisporus. The casing layer is one of the factors that affect the yield, the quality and the uniformity in mushrooms industry. Five combination of soils were collected in two depths (0,2 m and 2,0 m) " surface and embankment" and considered as casing soil. The experimental design was in factorial setup 5 x 2 x 2 (five combination of soils, two depths and two environments of cultivation - Chamber Dalsem Mushrooms "controlled atmosphere" and Plastic House), with eight repetitions each treatment. Each repetition corresponded to one box with 12 kg of compost (weight wet), added to the casing soils. The analyzed variable were: yield in box (kg), yield (%), biological efficiency (%), precocity (%), number and weight of mushrooms (g) and physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soils used as casing soils. It was noticed that the different combination of soil used in casing layer aren't different among each other considering the yield in box, yield, biological efficiency and number of mushrooms, but differences appeared when were compared the weights of mushrooms. Considering the depths of the collected samples, they don't represent any significant difference. However the cultivation in plastic house provides the biggest yield in box, yield, biological efficiency and number of mushrooms; and the controlled atmosphere has shown the biggest weights of mushrooms in harvest during the experiment...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Coorientador: Antonio Evaldo Klar / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Vera Lucia Ramos Bononi / Mestre

Os hidrocarbonetos são encontrados sob alta pressão em rochas porosas, denominadas rochas reservatório. A camada pré-sal apresenta rochas reservatório cobertas por uma camada impermeável de sal de grande espessura. Ocorrências de estruturas salinas são favoráveis para o aprisionamento dos hidrocarbonetos e aumentam a probabilidade de sucesso na prospecção de óleo e gás, pois são excelentes rochas capeadoras, de porosidade e permeabilidade praticamente nulas. As rochas salinas apresentam deformação lenta e contínua quando submetidas a tensões constantes, fenômeno conhecido como fluência. Durante a perfuração de poços através de espessas camadas de sal podem ocorrer problemas operacionais, como o aprisionamento da coluna de perfuração e o colapso do poço. Ainda, a fluência pode levar ao colapso os revestimentos de um poço de petróleo revestido. Estes contratempos geram grandes desafios e criam oportunidades de evolução na indústria do petróleo. Neste contexto, este trabalho consiste na análise numérica da escavação de poços em rochas salinas para exploração de petróleo, com o estudo do comportamento geomecânico do sal utilizando o programa de elementos finitos Abaqus®. O efeito da fluência do sal durante e após a perfuração e cimentação dos poços foi verificado utilizando diferentes pesos de fluido de perfuração, simulado como não penetrante. Análises dos deslocamentos, deformações e tensões na parede do poço e em sua vizinhança foram realizadas por meio de análises de deformação plana e análises axissimétricas. Após a instalação do revestimento e cimentação do poço que engloba tanto o processo de endurecimento do cimento, quanto a resposta de fluência da camada de sal, pôde-se analisar os deslocamentos, deformações e o comportamento das tensões na fronteira sal-cimento, evitando possíveis intervenções em poços que acarretam perdas econômicas. Sendo assim, este estudo auxilia no monitoramento e controle do fechamento de poços de petróleo em evaporito, após a escavação e cimentação do poço, evitando os diversos problemas decorrentes do comportamento de fluência do sal. / Hydrocarbons are found under high pressure in porous rocks, called reservoir rocks. The presalt layer shows reservoir rock covered by an impermeable salt thick layer. Occurrences of salt structures are favorable for trapping of hydrocarbons and increase the probability of success in oil and gas prospecting. They are excellent cap rocks with porosity and permeability practically nil. Salt rock present creep when subjected to continuous and constant stress. During well drilling through thick salt layers operational problems may occur like the imprisonment of the drill string and the collapse of the well. Also, creep may cause the collapse of the well casing. These setbacks create great challenges and opportunities for the evolution of the oil industry. In this context, this work proposes the numerical analysis of well excavation in salt rock for oil exploration with the study of the geomechanical behavior of salt using a finite element method (FEM) software Abaqus®. The effect of salt creep during and after drilling and cementing of wells was verified using different weights of the drilling fluid assumed to be non-penetrable with respect to the wellbore formation. Analysis of displacements, strains and stresses on the face of the wellbore and into the salt formation were performed with plane strain and axisymmetric techniques. After installation of the well casing, cementing is simulated encompassing cement hardening as well as salt creep. It was possible to analyze displacements, strains and the behavior of the stress interactions between the existing boundary cement-salt formation, avoiding possible unnecessary workover operations that cause economical losses. Thus, this study assists in the control and monitoring of closing oil wells in evaporite, after excavation and cementing the well, avoiding many problems stemming from the behavior creep of salt.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JairJF_TESE.pdf: 2222193 bytes, checksum: b572697498429b717de3a15791bc4a09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-21 / Thermal recovery methods, especially steam injection, have been used to produce heavy oils. However, these methods imply that the metallic casing-cement sheath interface is submitted to thermal cycling. As a consequence, cracking may develop due to the thermal expansion mismatch of such materials, which allows the flow of oil and gas through the cement sheath, with environmental and economical consequences. It is therefore important to anticipate interfacial discontinuities that may arise upon Thermal recovery. The present study reports a simple alternative method to measure the shear strength of casing-sheath interfaces using pushthrough geometry, applied to polymer-containing hardened cement slurries. Polyurethane and recycled tire rubber were added to Portland-bases slurries to improve the fracture energy of intrinsically brittle cement. Samples consisting of metallic casing sections surrounded by hardened polymer-cement composites were prepared and mechanically tested. The effect of thermal cycles was investigated to simulate temperature conditions encountered in steam injection recovery. The results showed that the addition of polyurethane significantly improved the shear strength of the casing-sheath interface. The strength values obtained adding 10% BWOC of polyurethane to a Portland-base slurry more than doubled with respect to that of polyurethane-free slurries. Therefore, the use of polyurethane significantly contributes to reduce the damage caused by thermal cycling to cement sheath, improving the safety conditions of oil wells and the recovery of heavy oils / Atualmente, os m?todos com maior ?ndice de sucesso de recupera??o de ?leos pesados s?o os t?rmicos, principalmente a inje??o de vapor. Este m?todo de recupera??o coloca a interface entre o revestimento met?lico e a bainha de cimento em ciclagem t?rmica, que devido ? diferen?a de coeficientes de expans?o entre os dois materiais pode provocar o surgimento de trincas, possibilitando a passagem de fluidos pela bainha de cimento. Isto ocasiona s?rios riscos s?cio-econ?micos e ambientais. Para minimizar este problema, foi realizado um estudo que consiste em mensurar a resist?ncia ao cisalhamento entre um tubo de a?o e uma bainha de cimento. Ao material cimentante foram adicionados pol?meros, como poliuretana e borracha reciclada triturada de pneus. A adi??o de pol?meros visa melhorar a plasticidade do material cimentante e, assim, aumentar a ader?ncia da pasta endurecida sobre o revestimento, bem como a energia de ruptura do conjunto. Diante disso, a meta principal desse estudo foi avaliar a ader?ncia de comp?sitos cimentantes para po?os de petr?leo com revestimentos met?licos ap?s ciclagens t?rmicas, simulando as condi??es de varia??o de temperatura a que po?os de petr?leo s?o submetidos durante a recupera??o de ?leos pesados por m?todos t?rmicos. Observou-se que com a adi??o de poliuretana houve uma melhoria significativa da ader?ncia da interface revestimento met?lica - bainha de cimento com rela??o ? pasta padr?o, sem pol?meros. Os melhores resultados obtidos foram com pastas contendo 10% de poliuretana, que apresentaram aumento de mais de 100% na resist?ncia ao cisalhamento, em rela??o ? pasta padr?o. A adi??o de poliuretana ? pasta de cimento contribui de forma significativa para reduzir o dano causado pela ciclagem t?rmica a bainhas de cimento, melhorando a seguran?a e as condi??es de produ??o de po?os de petr?leo sujeitos ? recupera??o secund?ria por m?todos t?rmicos

The proposed fire station (type JPO II/1) is situated in village Měřín in gently prone terrain. It is brick, non-basement, two-floor structure in operational part. Building contains two rectangles with dimensions – 24,9x17,0 metres in operational part, 18,45x16,1 metres in technical part. The fire station is based on plain concrete foundations and roofed is designed on a single casing roof.

This diploma work deals with a production technology of a casing for a gear-less elevator in a batch production. A technological analysis of the product is done, including two grades of materials for castings or weldments. The technology of machining includes a NC program. Both production variants have been assessed and the optimal production according to selected criteria is recommended.

Drilling operations in deepwater (DW) or ultra-deepwater areas, even more in exploratory frontiers, have been increasingly challenging due to the operational complexities and limited available data about the subsurface conditions. In this sense, enhancing safety and minimizing the likelihood of losing well integrity and damage to the environment is a currently essential objective relating to offshore drilling activities. Hence, deepwater well designs should advance to safely meet the challenges related to the progression of well and water depths. The safe construction of these wells requires the application of suitable well design considerations that include well integrity approaches to reduce the risk of an unintended release of formation fluids (oil, gas or water) to the environment during the deepwater drilling operations, in other words a \"Blowout\" occurrence. In this study it is proposed two deepwater well architectural designs, limited to drilling stage, that safely accomplish the well targets and facing several deepwater well complexities, e.g. narrow operating envelopes. Thus, well logging and geological data of two actual pioneer wells drilled in deep and ultradeep water zones in Ceará Basin are used as a basis to construct and assess the drilling operating envelopes, to define the casing shoe depths and well barrier envelope. Furthermore, it is introduced the application of at least two independent Barrier Integrated Sets (BISs) to ensure the well integrity during the 4th phase drilling of the proposed well architectures, as it has recently been required in Brazil by the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) through \"Well Integrity Management System\" (SGIP for its acronym in Portuguese). / As operações de perfuração em áreas de águas profundas ou ultra profundas, ainda mais nas fronteiras exploratórias, têm sido cada vez mais desafiadoras devido às complexidades operacionais e aos limitados dados disponíveis sobre as condições do subsolo. Nesse sentido, aumentar a segurança e minimizar a probabilidade de perder a integridade do poço e os danos ao meio ambiente são objetivos essenciais atualmente relacionados às atividades de perfuração offshore. Portanto, os projetos de poços em águas profundas devem avançar para enfrentar com segurança os desafios associados à progressão do poço e das profundidades da água. A construção segura desses poços requer a aplicação de considerações de projeto adequadas que incluam abordagens da integridade do poço para reduzir o risco de liberação não intencional de fluidos de formação (óleo, gás ou água) para o ambiente durante as operações de perfuração em águas profundas, em outras palavras a ocorrência de \"Blowout\". Neste estudo, são propostos dois projetos arquiteturais de poços em águas profundas, limitados à etapa de perfuração, que cumprem com segurança os objetivos do poço e enfrentam várias complexidades de poços em águas profundas, por exemplo janelas operacionais estreitas. Assim, dados geológicos e de perfilagem de dois poços pioneiros perfurados nas zonas de águas profundas e ultra profundas da Bacia do Ceará são usados como base para a construção e avaliação da janela operacional, para definir as profundidades da sapata do revestimento e do conjunto das barreiras do poço. Além disso, é introduzida a aplicação de pelo menos dois Conjuntos Solidários de Barreiras (CSBs) independentes para garantir a integridade do poço durante a perfuração da 4ª fase das arquiteturas dos poços propostos, como tem sido recentemente exigido no Brasil pela Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP), através do \"Sistema de Gerenciamento de integridade de Poços\" (SGIP).

A thermal tip clearance control system provides a robust and flexible means of manipulating the closure between the casing and the rotating blade tips in a jet engine, reducing undesirable tip leakage flows. This may be achieved using an impingement cooling scheme on the external casing of the engine in conjunction with careful thermal management of internal over-tip seal segment cavity. For a reduction in thrust specific fuel consumption, the mass flow rate of air used for cooling must be minimised, be at as low a pressure as possible and delivered through a light weight structure surrounding the rotating components in the turbine. This thesis first characterises the effectiveness of a range of external impingement cooling arrangements in typical engine casing closure system. The effects of jet-to-jet pitch, number of jets, inline and staggered alignment of jets, arrays of jets on flange, on an engine representative casing geometry are assessed through comparison of the convective heat transfer coefficient distributions in a series of numerical studies. A baseline case is validated experimentally. The validation data allowed the suitability of different turbulence closure models to be assessed using a commercial RANS solver. Importantly for each configuration the thermal contraction of an idealised engine casing is predicted using thermo-mechanical finite element models, at a series of operating conditions representing engine idle to maximum take-off conditions. Cooling is provided by manifolds attached to the outside of the engine. The assembly tolerance of these components leads to variation in the standoff distance between the manifold and the casing. For cooling arrangements with promising performance, the study is extended to characterise the variation in closure with standoff distance. It is shown that where a sparse array of non-interacting jets is used the system can be made tolerant of large build misalignments. The casing geometry itself contributes to the thermal response of the system, and, in an additional study, the effect of casing thickness and circumferential thermal control flanges are investigated. Restriction of the passage of heat into the flanges was seen to be dramatically change their effectiveness and slight necking of the flanges at their root was shown to improve the performance disproportionally. High temperature secondary air flowing past the internal face of the engine casing tends to heat the casing, causing it to grow. Experimental and numerical characterisation of a heat transfer within a typical over-tip segment cavity heat transfer is presented in this thesis for the first time. A simplified modelling strategy is proposed for casing and a means to reduce the casing heat pickup by up to 25 % was identified. The overall validity of the modelling approach used is difficult to validate in the engine environment, however limited data from a test engine temperature survey became available during the course of the research. By modelling this engine tip clearance control system it was shown that good agreement to the temperature distribution in the engine casing could be achieved where full surface external heat transfer coefficient boundary conditions were available.

The supply and demand situation is crucial for the oil and gas industry during the first half of the 21st century. For the future, we will see two trends going in opposite directions: a decline in discoveries of conventional oil and gas reservoirs and an increase in world energy demand. Therefore, the need to develop and produce unconventional oil and gas resources, which encompass coal-bed methane, gas-shale, tight sands and heavy oil, will be of utmost importance in the coming decades. In the past, large-scale production from tight gas reservoirs occurred only in the U.S. and was boosted by both price incentives and well stimulation technology. A conservative study from Rogner (1997) has shown that tight gas sandstone reservoirs would represent at least over 7,000 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas in place worldwide. However, most of the studies such as the ones by the U.S. Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.) and Kuuskraa have focused on assessing the technically recoverable gas resources in the U.S. with numbers ranging between 177 Tcf and 379 Tcf. During the past few decades, gas production from tight sands field developments have taken place all around the world from South America (Argentina), Australia, Asia (China, Indonesia), the Russian Federation, Northern Europe (Germany, Norway) and the Middle East (Oman). However, the U.S. remains the region where the most extensive exploration and production for unconventional gas resources occur. In fact, unconventional gas formations accounted for 43% of natural gas production and tight gas sandstones represented 66% of the total of unconventional resources produced in the U.S. in 2006. As compared to a conventional gas well, a tight gas well will have a very low productivity index and a small drainage area. Therefore, to extract the same amount of natural gas out of the reservoir, many more wells will have to be drilled and stimulated to efficiently develop and produce these reservoirs. Thus, the risk involved is much higher than the development of conventional gas resources and the economics of developing most tight gas reservoirs borders on the margin of profitability. To develop tight gas reservoirs, engineers face complex problems because there is no typical tight gas field. In reality, a wide range of geological and reservoir differences exist for these formations. For instance, a tight gas sandstone reservoir can be shallow or deep, low or high pressure, low or high temperature, bearing continuous (blanket) or lenticular shaped bodies, being naturally fractured, single or multi-layered, and holding contaminants such as CO2 and H2S which all combined increase considerably the complexity of how to drill a well. Since the first tight gas wells were drilled in the 1940's in the U.S., a considerable amount of information has been collected and documented within the industry literature. The main objective of this research project is to develop a computer program dedicated to applying the drilling technologies and methods selection for drilling tight gas sandstone formations that have been documented as best practices in the petroleum literature.