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This thesis is an investigation, on the basis of three texts chosen from early Castilian literature, of the importance of thirteenth and fourteenth century Castilian as a vehicle by which information about Islam and the Muslims reached the Christian West. In the Middle Ages, the Iberian Peninsula was in a special position for the transmission of culture, for there, Christian and Muslim communities existed alongside each other. Two authors, Alphonso X of Castile and Don Juan Manuel, recommended themselves for study as they both had contacts with Muslims and produced works containing references to Islam and the Muslims. Of their work, specific texts were chosen to provide evidence of culture contact: Primera Cronica General, Calila e Dimna and El Conde Lucanor. In the thesis, three main questions are posed: firstly, what knowledge was possessed by Christian Spaniards of the Islamic culture, especially as it flourished in Southern Spain; secondly, what sort of cultural material of Islamic origin was most readily transmitted; and thirdly, what was the importance of literature as a means of cultural transmission. The facts that emerge show that religion was a controversial topic, so any cultural material relating to it was transmitted with difficulty; elements of material culture were more readily disseminated. Religious exclusiveness and polemical propaganda on both the Christian and the Muslim side prevented medieval scholars such as Alphonso X from forming a truly accurate picture of the Muslim culture. The. popular literature, as exemplified here by Don Juan Manuel, contributed much to culture transfer, by conveying to Western Europe a relatively favourable view of the Muslims, but literature which bore clerical influences projected a hostile attitude. Therefore, although thirteenth and fourteenth century Castile transmitted much information on the Muslim culture to Western Christendom, the view presented was partly truthful and partly erroneous, and attitudes alternated between' sympathetic and hostile, producing an uneven picture.

The 'Fazienda de Ultramar' is considered to be the earliest extensive prose work in Castilian. The aim of this study is to assess, quantify and examine in detail the linguistic variation in the text and attempt to explain this variation with reference to the various factors that may influence it: internal linguistic factors such as palaeographic, morphological and syntactic considerations, or external extra-linguistic factors comprising variatio, register and scribal considerations. I focus on six variables. Three are orthographic: the use of < m >, < n >, or < ˉ > to represent /M/ before a bilabial; the use of < i > or <y> to represent /i/; the use of < l > to represent /ʎ/ and < r > to represent /r/ intervocalically. Three are morphological variables: variant forms for derivatives of Latin quōmŏdo; -ie and -ia Imperfect and Conditional forms; weak object pronoun apocope. Amongst the most significant conclusions from this study are the following: I demonstrate that the extent of leísmo in the Fazienda is much greater than that proposed by Echenique (1981). On the basis of my analysis of the data from the Fazienda, I argue that the extent of leísmo in other medieval Castilian texts needs to be re-assessed. The information provided by CORDE on the use of cuemo and cumo pre-1250 shows a concentration of these forms in documents from Northern Castile. The discovery of the phrase por consieglo, previously unique to the Fazienda, in one of these documents also establishes a further connection to Northern Castile. I suggest that the manuscript may well originate from this region. It is generally accepted that more than one scribe was involved in the copying of the Fazienda. I test the hypothesis that different scribal interventions may account for some of the variation in the Fazienda and find evidence to support this hypothesis.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns dos impactos do processo macro-político gerado pela União das Coroas Ibéricas (1580-1640) na lógica local, de um espaço colonial, representado pela vila de São Paulo de Piratininga. Entende-se que, efetivamente, o mundo português, tanto em seu viés peninsular, quanto colonial, foi incorporado aos quadros da monarquia católica liderada pelos reis castelhanos, da dinastia Habsburgo os Filipes -, nesse contexto. Assim sendo, os projetos, as políticas, intenções e práticas emanados do império chegavam, de maneira não necessariamente linear nem homogênea, aos mais diversos rincões de sua espacialidade. De qualquer forma, buscou-se aqui compreender como estas normas e determinações da monarquia foram atravessadas pelos agentes de poder, pelas elites locais, instituições, realidades econômicas e disputas políticas. Sob esta perspectiva, o trabalho analisa o processo de incorporação e posse da Capitania de São Vicente na nova lógica monárquica implantada em Portugal a partir de 1580; os sonhos minerais projetados e implantados em São Paulo pelo governador geral D. Francisco de Souza, bem como sua prática política na vila em expansão; as conexões horizontais estabelecidas entre a vila paulista e a região paraguaia, em especial o Guairá, numa perspectiva que nos permita ir além das bandeiras de puro apresamento; e os processos de demarcação e definição de identidades, vivenciados pela Península, pari passu com as colônias nas décadas de 1630 e 1640, e os reflexos da distensão representada pela Restauração portuguesa na vila de São Paulo. Como elemento que norteia todo o período, o trabalho procura recuperar alguns dos vestígios da presença de uma população de origem castelhana, marcante na vila paulista do período, bem como identificar alguns de seus laços e conexões. / This study aims to examine some of the impacts of the macro-political process generated by the Union of Iberian Crowns (1580-1640) in the local logic of the colonial space represented by the village of São Paulo of the Piratininga. It is understood that the Portuguese world, both in its peninsular and colonial bias, was indeed incorporated into the framework of the Catholic monarchy led by the Castilian monarchs, the Habsburg dynasty - the Philips - in this context. Thus, projects, policies, intentions and practices emanating from the empire came, not necessarily in a linear or homogeneous manner, to the most diverse corners of its space. In this paper, we have attempted to understand how these rules and regulations of the monarchy were traversed by the agents of power, by local elites, institutions, economic realities and political disputes. From this perspective, the paper analyzes the process of incorporation and ownership of the Captaincy of São Vicente in the new monarchical logic implemented in Portugal since 1580; dreams of minerals designed and deployed in Sao Paulo by the Governor General D. Francisco de Souza, as well as his political practice in the expanding village; the horizontal connections established between the village of São Paulo and the region of Paraguay, in particular La Guaira, a perspective that allows us to go beyond the bandeiras (exploration groups) of sheer capture; the processes of demarcation and definition of identity, experienced by the Peninsula, pari passu with the colonies in the 1630s and 1640, and the effects of détente represented by the \"Restoration\" in the Portuguese town of São Paulo. As an element that guides the entire period, the paper seeks to recover some of the traces of the presence of a population of Castilian origin, a striking presence in the village of São Paulo at the time, as well as identify some of their ties and connections.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns dos impactos do processo macro-político gerado pela União das Coroas Ibéricas (1580-1640) na lógica local, de um espaço colonial, representado pela vila de São Paulo de Piratininga. Entende-se que, efetivamente, o mundo português, tanto em seu viés peninsular, quanto colonial, foi incorporado aos quadros da monarquia católica liderada pelos reis castelhanos, da dinastia Habsburgo os Filipes -, nesse contexto. Assim sendo, os projetos, as políticas, intenções e práticas emanados do império chegavam, de maneira não necessariamente linear nem homogênea, aos mais diversos rincões de sua espacialidade. De qualquer forma, buscou-se aqui compreender como estas normas e determinações da monarquia foram atravessadas pelos agentes de poder, pelas elites locais, instituições, realidades econômicas e disputas políticas. Sob esta perspectiva, o trabalho analisa o processo de incorporação e posse da Capitania de São Vicente na nova lógica monárquica implantada em Portugal a partir de 1580; os sonhos minerais projetados e implantados em São Paulo pelo governador geral D. Francisco de Souza, bem como sua prática política na vila em expansão; as conexões horizontais estabelecidas entre a vila paulista e a região paraguaia, em especial o Guairá, numa perspectiva que nos permita ir além das bandeiras de puro apresamento; e os processos de demarcação e definição de identidades, vivenciados pela Península, pari passu com as colônias nas décadas de 1630 e 1640, e os reflexos da distensão representada pela Restauração portuguesa na vila de São Paulo. Como elemento que norteia todo o período, o trabalho procura recuperar alguns dos vestígios da presença de uma população de origem castelhana, marcante na vila paulista do período, bem como identificar alguns de seus laços e conexões. / This study aims to examine some of the impacts of the macro-political process generated by the Union of Iberian Crowns (1580-1640) in the local logic of the colonial space represented by the village of São Paulo of the Piratininga. It is understood that the Portuguese world, both in its peninsular and colonial bias, was indeed incorporated into the framework of the Catholic monarchy led by the Castilian monarchs, the Habsburg dynasty - the Philips - in this context. Thus, projects, policies, intentions and practices emanating from the empire came, not necessarily in a linear or homogeneous manner, to the most diverse corners of its space. In this paper, we have attempted to understand how these rules and regulations of the monarchy were traversed by the agents of power, by local elites, institutions, economic realities and political disputes. From this perspective, the paper analyzes the process of incorporation and ownership of the Captaincy of São Vicente in the new monarchical logic implemented in Portugal since 1580; dreams of minerals designed and deployed in Sao Paulo by the Governor General D. Francisco de Souza, as well as his political practice in the expanding village; the horizontal connections established between the village of São Paulo and the region of Paraguay, in particular La Guaira, a perspective that allows us to go beyond the bandeiras (exploration groups) of sheer capture; the processes of demarcation and definition of identity, experienced by the Peninsula, pari passu with the colonies in the 1630s and 1640, and the effects of détente represented by the \"Restoration\" in the Portuguese town of São Paulo. As an element that guides the entire period, the paper seeks to recover some of the traces of the presence of a population of Castilian origin, a striking presence in the village of São Paulo at the time, as well as identify some of their ties and connections.

This study investigated language attitudes toward Valencian Catalan and Castilian among university affiliates in Castellón de la Plana, Spain. One hundred informants completed an online survey regarding attitudes toward and uses of Valencian and Castilian in various situations. The results were first analyzed globally, then again based on the independent variables of age, sex, and mother tongue. The findings suggest that overall, informants held positive attitudes toward Valencian and Castilian and believed that it was important that the local language be preserved and passed down to the next generation. University-aged participants, those whose first language was either Valencian or both Valencian and Castilian, and females tended to hold slightly more positive attitudes toward Valencian than other groups.

En el Cuzco de la última veintena del siglo XVI ejercían su labor de escribanos públicos de cabildo Pedro Quispe y Pedro de la Carrera. El primero de ellos, de origen indígena, dejó un libro de protocolo en que trataba los asuntos particulares de los indígenas que habitaban la parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Purificación del Cuzco. Pedro de la Carrera realizará la misma labor en el cabildo del Cuzco llevando, sobre todo, los asuntos privados de los habitantes españoles, criollos y mestizos cuzqueños. Los documentos que un día configuraron sus respectivos libros de protocolo sirven de corpus para el presente trabajo. Partiendo de dicha documentación se realiza una aproximación al panorama de variación lingüística en la ciudad de Cuzco en la última veintena del siglo XVI. Variación lingüística que hallamos en el español empleado por indígenas con diferente formación y contrastamos con el castellano de españoles, criollos y, tal vez, algún mestizo de la misma época y ciudad. El corpus documental empleado es original y autógrafo, y está constituido por documentos pertenecientes a una misma tradición discursiva, factores estos que, debidamente aprovechados, contribuyen a la fidelidad de la muestra. / In the last twenty Cuzco sixteenth century they exercised their work of public notaries of Pedro Quispe council and Pedro de la Carrera. The first, of Indian origin, left a protocol book that was private affairs of Indians who inhabited the parish of Our Lady of Purificación of Cuzco. Pedro de la Carrera held the same job at the town hall of Cuzco carrying especially the private affairs of the Spanish inhabitants, Creoles and mestizos Cuzco. These two books serve corpus protocol for this study. Based on this documentation it is done to approximate picture of linguistic variation in the city of Cuzco in the last twenty sixteenth century. Linguistic variation we find in the Spanish used by indigenous people with different backgrounds and contrast with Castilian Spanish, Creole and perhaps a mestizo from the same era and city. The documentary corpus employee is original and autograph, and consists of documents belonging to the same discursive tradition, these factors which, if properly harnessed, contribute to the fidelity of the sample.

Hay una controversia entre los términos castellano y español para la lengua mayoritariamente hablada en Hispanoamérica. No existen muchos estudios sobre las actitudes hacia estos dos términos. Por lo tanto, queremos investigar cuáles son las actitudes de los hispanohablantes que residen en Suecia hacia castellano y español y si su mudanza ha cambiado estas actitudes. Nuestras preguntas de investigación son: (1) ¿Cuáles actitudes muestran los hispanoamericanos que viven en Suecia hacia los términos castellano y español? (2) ¿Cuáles factores afectan las actitudes hacia los términos castellano y español? Y particularmente ¿constituye la mudanza a Suecia uno de tales factores? El método usado por esta investigación es el método cualitativo a través de las entrevistas. Los resultados indican que la identidad es una gran parte de las actitudes hacia los dos términos, especialmente la identidad nacional. Corrección es asimismo parte de las actitudes hacia los términos. También la mudanza a Suecia ha afectado el uso de los dos términos. Esta investigación es importante para conocer la cultura hispanoamericana o hispanohablante

Nesta dissertação, partiu-se da herança da tradição cristã do direito de guerra justa a fim de compreender as modulações experimentadas pelo conceito quando de sua aplicação, na legislação castelhana, aos processos de conquista e colonização das Índias Ocidentais de 1492 a 1573. Tendo em conta a polêmica instaurada com a dúvida acerca da legitimidade da conquista, foram consideradas as posições de alguns dos mais influentes teólogos, juristas, conquistadores e administradores coloniais. Deu-se especial atenção ao pensamento de Francisco de Vitoria e Domingo de Soto, os maiores expoentes da Escola de Salamanca, em razão do debate historiográfico pendente na direção da coadunação entre a doctrina communis apresentada por eles quanto à guerra e as normas de Castela. Observou-se que, durante quase todo o período analisado, o teor da legislação pressupôs a inferioridade dos nativos, bem como uma interpretação teocrático-pontifical das bulas papais de 1493. O rol de causas disparadoras da guerra se mostrou variável, conforme o texto e a circunstância, abarcando imperativos de defesa, castigo, conversão, vingança, domínio e civilização. / In this thesis, the heritage of the Christian tradition of just war was considered in order to understand the modulation experienced by the concept upon its application, in Castilian legislation, to the processes of conquest and colonization of the West Indies from 1492 to 1573. Taking into account the controversy brought with the doubt concerning the legitimacy of the conquest, the positions of some of the most influential theologians, jurists, conquerors and colonial administrators were analyzed. Special attention was provided to the thought of Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto, the greatest exponents of the School of Salamanca, given the pending historiographical debate toward coadunition between their doctrina communis about war and the rules of Castile. It was observed that, during most of the period studied, the content of the legislation assumed the inferiority of the natives, as well as a theocratic-pontifical interpretation of the papal bulls of 1493. The list of triggering causes of war was variable, according to the text and the circumstance, covering defense, punishment, conversion, revenge, domination and civilization imperatives.