Fuelcells are perspective alternative source of power. Currently used polymer electrolyte membrane. They have good qualities, but they are expensive. This is the reason, why we looking for alternative.This work deal with research qualities polymer electrolyte membrane based on Polyvinylalcohol. This polymer elecrolyte membrane asassembly to MEA structure and research qualities. This qualities based on electrical and non electrical value.

The township in the South African context is a unique consequence of Apartheid spatial planning. Envisaged as settlements for black labourers on the outskirts of the city, they have become home to many South Africans. Mamelodi was established as an effectively designed township for labourers working in Pretoria, and grew at an exponential rate, leading to a sizeable demand for housing. A mass provision of housing was implemented then and, post 1994 to meet this demand. The same strategy of housing is still continuing through the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). This provision of housing has not been complimented by a provision of public amenities and has led to monotonous neighbourhoods filled with housing and no public space. The ever growing community of Lusaka, in the east of Mamelodi, is a community with a landscape of housing without public amenities and public spaces. This neighbourhood has large amounts of people moving in and out, with some people seeing it as a place of permanence and some as a temporary detour. This influx of people and the duality of temporality and permanence creates a very dynamic society, one that the current architecture cannot respond to. The new architecture has to address the above mentioned issues, providing the community with access to public amenities and public spaces that add value to their environment. The solutions derived can be discussed and used to address similar problems plaguing townships around South Africa. / Informele nedersettings in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is 'n unieke gevolg van Apartheid se ruimtelike beplanning. Oorspronklik in die vooruitsig gestel as nedersettings vir swart arbeiders het hulle 'n tuiste vir baie Suid-Afrikaners geword. Mamelodi was gestig as 'n effektief ontwerpde informele nedersetting vir arbeiders wat werk in Pretoria en het teen 'n eksponensi?le koers gegroei wat gelei het tot 'n groot aanvraag vir behuising. 'n Massa voorsiening van behuising was toe en n? 1994 ge?mplementeer om hierdie aanvraag te voorsien. Dieselfde strategie van behuising word steeds voortgesit deur die Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). Hierdie behuisingsvoorsiening was nog nie aangevul deur 'n voorsiening van openbare geriewe nie en het gelei tot eentonige woonbuurte wat gevul is met behuising en geen openbare ruimte. Die steeds groeiende gemeenskap van Lusaka, in die ooste van Mamelodi, is 'n gemeenskap met 'n landskap van behuising sonder openbare geriewe en openbare ruimtes. Hierdie woonbuurt het groot getalle mense wat in en uit beweeg, met sommige mense wat dit sien as 'n plek van blywendheid en ander as 'n tydelike ompad. Hierdie instroming van mense en die dualiteit van tydelikheid en blywendheid skep 'n baie dinamiese samelewing, een wat die huidiglike argitektuur nie op kan reageer nie. Die nuwe argitektuur moet die bogenoemde kwessies aanspreek om die gemeenskap toegang te bied tot openbare geriewe en openbare ruimtes wat waarde toevoeg tot hulle omgewing . Deur dit te doen kan die oplossings wat afgelei is bespreek en gebruik word om soortgelyke kwessies aan te spreek wat informele nedersettings regoor Suid-Afrika teister. Argitektuur is vir die mense / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

This dissertation addresses the reestablishment of the Hammanskraal train station, by providing an integrated transport node that includes a variety of community functions. The aim is to re-introduce the Stationarea as a signifi cant trade and transport node in the Hammanskraal community. The main routes linking to the railway station and the surrounding urban fabric are re-evaluated and altered to accommodate not only the railway programme, but also to better suit the growing needs of the community. Theoretically the project explores the infl uence architecture and spatial perceptions have on the social behaviour and the interactions between diff erent users in these spaces. These relationships are explored to create architecture that not only responds to existing conditions but also becomes a landmark in the area and a reference for future developments in the area. The theoretical investigation can be applied in a design such as the new Hammanskraal station as the characteristics and scope of this node need to integrate diff erent users and functions. Integrating these aspects into the design leads to new forms of interaction and spatial appropriation. The closure of the public component of the railway station resulted in the degradation and neglect of a site that is located within one of the busiest social and commercial nodes of the Hammanskraal Township. The suspended long distance commuter service in favour of the taxi and bus service has resulted in the lack of transport options to thousands of daily commuters between the township and the Pretoria CBD. The new Hammanskraal Railway interchange aims to reconnect the local residents, with a more economic means of travel, to the Pretoria CBD as most of them commute there for work opportunities. Integration and interaction between rail and road transport and numerous informal traders, within a vibrant urban space, are the main focus areas of the design. The design’s intent is to provide a reconnected township, while addressing the immediate needs of the site and the community. The redesign of the Hammanskraal Station precinct does not only reconnect the township to the railway system, but reintroduces much needed energy and public functions to the township itself while providing new economic opportunities both locally and in the surrounds. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Much of the energy used in the United States and around the globe is obtained from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction can be used to transform CO2 to useful fuels and making fossil fuels more renewable. Input of energy is required, and the sun can provide the required energy for this transformation. Photosensitizer, catalyst, and electron donor are required for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Due to lack of earth-abundant sensitizers, zinc dipyrrin complexes were synthesized by previous group members and have been used as photosensitizers in this research. The ground and excited state electrochemical properties of two zinc dipyrrin complexes were determined in polar and nonpolar solvents and the measured potentials were used to match the zinc sensitizers with an energetically appropriate iron porphyrin catalyst and a benzylthiol sacrificial electron donor. Lastly, pure CO2 gas was used as the source of carbon for the reduction of CO2 by photocatalysis with the zinc photosensitizers, iron catalyst and sacrificial electron donor. The products formed in headspace were analyzed by GC

A group of monomers based on disubstitued ethynylpyridine (3-PyCCPh-4-t-Bu, 2-PyCCR, R = 4-t-BuPh, 2-Py, n-Bu) and 4-tert-butyphenylethynyl (4-t-BuPhCCPh-p-OR, R = SiPh2-t-Bu, Si-i-Pr3) were prepared by Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction (PdCl2[(PPh3]2/CuI). All of these monomers were charakterized by IR, UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy. Ethynylpyridine based monomers were polymerised by quarternization (ethylbromid was used as a quarternization agent) and by Grubbs-Hoveyda 2nd generation catalyst. As a product of the quarternization were obtained oligomers compounded by 2 - 13 monomers units (Mw: 1600 - 6000, Y 70%). Only low molecular weight oligomers were also obtained by Grubbs-Hoveyda 2nd generation polymerization (Mw: 400 - 1500, Y 34 %). Monomers based on 4-tert-butyphenylethynyl were polymerized by TaCl5/Bu4Sn/Toluen catalytic system. In that case were obatined polymers (Mw: 64 000 - 200 000, IP = 2,3 -3,9, Y 75 %). Products of polymeryzations were charakterized by GPC, IR, UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy.

By the everyday increasing enthusiasm for using renewable-sustainable sources in energy production area, focusing on one and optimizing it in the best possible way should be of much interest. Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of wastes is a well known energy source which could be applied more efficiently if the CO2portion of it would be upgraded to CH4as well. There is a methanation reaction which could convert carbon dioxide to methane with the use of hydrogenation. In this report, the effort is to simulate this methanation reactor which is a catalytic bed of ruthenium on alumina base. The temperature change and its’ effect on reaction kinetics and equilibrium, also deriving designing parameters for the catalyst bed are different tasks which was tried to be covered in this thesis work. Based on calculations, the reactor can operate isothermally or adiabatically. The point is that each method has its own cons and pros. For the isothermal case finally the optimum temperature to run the reaction is decided to be 600 K in 10 bar total pressure. In adiabatic case then it is understood to work on interstage cooling strategy which in given conditions came to the number of 6 for reactors and 5 for interstage cooling devices. Afterwards it is thought to apply some technical changes to conventional adiabatic method and recycle some part of the product to the entrance of the reactor and assist the conversion. In this method number of reactors would be reduced to 2 and one heat exchanger in the middle. Selecting the best process in large scale treatment, needs lots of economical analysis and detail design while in small scale condition the most preferred method to run the reaction is isothermal.

No description available.

Four nickel-molybdenum catalysts were synthesized on gamma alumina with higher surface area and on NiMo catalyst was prepared using gamma alumina with lower surface area. Catalysts with higher-surface-area support were prepared by co-impregnation, sequential impregnation and adding phosphorous. Theses catalysts were calcined at 500  ͦC. Effect of higher calcination temperature was investigated by preparation of one catalyst calcined at 700 ͦC. Catalysts were thoroughly characterized via four characterization techniques. The hydrotreating activity of three catalysts was carried out in a micro reactor at high pressure and three different temperatures with Nynas vacuum middle distillate. Prior to the test, sulfiding was carried out to activate the catalysts. Hydrotreated-oil samples as products were analyzed to evaluate the activity and conversion of the catalyst. Also, the spent catalysts were characterized to evaluate the surface area characteristics and deactivation of catalysts. Addition of phosphorous to NiMo/gamma-Al2O3 improved the interaction between the metals and the support as well as reduced the coke formation as observed in scanning electron microscopy micrographs.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Anode catalysts are one of the key components of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). They play a huge role in the alcohol oxidation reaction (AOR) that occurs on the anode side. Palladium (Pd) supported on carbon material has been reported to have good catalytic activity towards alcohol oxidation reactions. Better stability and activity has been reported for catalysts supported on conductive polymers like polypyrrole (PPy) when compared to traditional carbon support material. This study investigated the effect of support materials on Pd and PdCo electro-catalysts while concurrently determining the support material that can improve the activity and stability of Pd and PdCo electro-catalysts used as direct alcohol fuel cells catalysts. All Pd and PdCo catalysts supported onPPy (prepared using oxidative polymerization method), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and prepared using modified Hammers method and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and pre-treated by acid. All the catalysts were synthesized using the modified polyol method.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第13403号 / 論工博第4189号 / 新制||工||1761(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 田中 庸裕, 教授 江口 浩一, 教授 阿部 竜 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM