Orientador: Marcos Nogueira Eberlin / Dissertação (mestrado)- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:04:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vaz_BoniekGontijo_M.pdf: 1796762 bytes, checksum: 99fcf4a1932654bc32cebbd152642bdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A espectrometria de Massas por eletronspray (ESI-MS) tornou-se um método prático para o estudo de mecanismos reacionais em solução. Neste trabalho importantes reações catalisadas por paládio: reação de Heck-Mizoroki, oxa-Heck e o acoplamento de Buchwald-Hartwig foram monitoradas por ESI-MS visando interceptar espécies que comprovam as atuais propostas mecanísticas ou que abram caminho para novas propostas para estas reações. O monitoramento das reações foi realizado no modo off-line, acompanhamento da reação em intervalos pré-definidos de tempo, no qual alíquotas das soluções reacionais foram retiradas e diluídas em solventes apropriados e injetados por infusão direta no QTOF. Importantes intermediários reacionais destas reações foram interceptados por ESI-MS e caracterizados por ESI-MS/MS, o que possibilitou confirmar as espécies catalíticas responsáveis pela formação da ligação carbono-carbono na reação de Heck-Mizoroki, os principais intermediários para proposta mecanística desta reação e as atuais propostas da reação oxa-Heck e do acoplamento de Buchwald-Hartwig. No caso da reação oxa-Heck, os paladaciclos interceptados são os primeiros indícios experimentais para atual proposta mecanística desta interessante transformação / Abstract: Eletronspray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has become a practical tool to study reaction mechanisms in solution. In this work important reactions catalyzed by palladium: Heck-Mizoroki reaction, oxa-Heck reaction and Buchwald-Hartwig coupling were monitored by ESI-MS to intercept transient intermediates that show the current mechanistic proposals or to open the way for new proposals for these reactions. These reaction was monitored in offline mode, whereas aliquots of the reaction solutions were withdrawn and diluted in appropriate solvents and injected by direct infusion at the Q-TOF in pre-defined intervals of time. Important intermediates from these reactions were intercepted by ESI-MS and characterized by its tandem version ESI-MS/MS, which allowed confirming the catalytic species responsible for the formation of carbon-carbon bond in the Heck-Mizoroki reaction, the main intermediaries mechanistic proposal from this reaction and the current proposals of oxa-Heck reaction and the Buchwald-Hartwig coupling. In oxa-Heck reaction, the intercepted palladacycles are the first experimental evidence for this current mechanistic proposal for this interesting transformation / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Ce travail de thèse décrit la synthèse de nouveaux ligands chiraux pour des applications en catalyse asymétrique. Nous avons ainsi synthétisé différents allènes chiraux possédant des groupements phosphines et nous les avons testés sur des métaux de transition comme l'or(I). Les allènes possédant des oxydes de phosphine ont été préparés à partir de précurseurs de l'acétate propargylique correspondant avec des rendements modérés à élevés. Nous avons pu montrer que les allènes possédant un motif pyridine se coordinent efficacement avec de l'or(I), donnant deux nouveaux types de complexes d'or vinylique. Un complexe cationique vinylique avec un fragment triphénylphosphine d’or(I) permet de préparer des dérivés fonctionnalisés tels qu’un sel d'indolizinium et un iodure de vinyle. L’autre complexe contenant le groupement de chlore d’or a été utilisé comme catalyseur dans des réactions de cyclisation catalysées par de l'or. De plus, les différents allènes synthétisés ont été étudiés dans le cadre de réarrangements catalysés par l'or. Les allènes avec les groupements 3,5-methoxyphenyl et vinylallène peuvent conduire respectivement à des produits indényle et cyclopentadiényle, portant tous deux un centre stéréogène. En outre, un transfert complet de chiralité axiale en chiralité centrée a été observé sur le produit d’indényle -oxyde de phosphine à partir de l’allène optiquement pur. L’étape suivante, nous avons préparé quelques nouveaux précatalyseurs alléniques bisphosphine bimétalliques à base d’or. Ces nouveaux complexes peuvent être utilisés dans des réactions intermoléculaires et des réactions de cyclisation catalysées à l’or. Plusieurs produits carbocycliques et hétéocycliques ont été obtenus avec des rendements modérées à excellents. Ces complexes d’or chiraux peuvent être séparés par HPLC chirale préparative. Certains des excès énantiomériques obtenus dans les réactions des cycloisomérisations sont prometteurs. / This thesis has focused on the synthesis of new ligands bearing chirality for asymmetric catalysis. We first aimed to synthesize chiral allenes with phosphine moieties and use them as ligands of transition metals such as gold(I) species. Allenes bearing a phosphine oxide group were prepared from the corresponding propargylic acetate precursors in moderate to high yields. When substituted by a pyridine substituent, these substrates efficiently combined with gold(I) species to afford two types of new vinyl gold complexes. One cationic vinyl complex featuring a triphenylphosphine gold(I) moiety can be further functionalized to give an indolizinium salt and a vinyliodide derivative. The other one bearing a chlorogold(I) group can be used as a catalyst in gold-catalyzed cyclization. Moreover, other allenes have been investigated in gold(I)-catalyzed rearrangements. To our delight, the allenes featuring a 3,5-methoxyphenyl substituent and a vinylallene can produce respectively indenyl and cyclopentadienyl phosphine oxide products bearing stereogenic centers. In addition, a complete axial-to-center chirality transfer was observed on the indenylphosphine oxide product starting from the optically pure allene. In a next attempt, we have prepared some new digold-allenyl bisphosphine precatalysts. These new complexes can be used in gold-catalyzed intermolecular reactions and cyclization reactions. Several carbo- and heterocyclic products were produced in moderate to excellent yields. These chiral gold complexes could be separated by preparative chiral HPLC. Some promising enantiomeric excesses were observed in cycloisomerization reactions.

Les récepteurs du neuropeptide FF (NPFF) et GPR54 font partie d’une sous-famille de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) de neuropeptides, qui présentent dans la partie C-terminale une même séquence Arg-Phe-NH2. Ce motif dipeptidique a servi initialement à concevoir des ligands nanomolaires des R-NPFF. Cette même approche a été reprise pour développer des ligands agonistes de GPR54 en optimisant la partie N-terminale du dipeptide (synthèse de dérivés de N-(4-phénylacétylen) phénylcarbonyl Arg-Trp-NH2 par une réaction de Sonogashira sur support solide). Plusieurs composés peptidomimétiques de la séquence Arg-Phe ont aussi été synthétisés (gemdiaminals, pipérazinones, imidazole 4-carboxamides, indole-2-carboxamides). Certains d’entre eux ont montré une affinité comparable à celle de leurs analogues en série dipeptides. Un dérivé de 2-N-acylamino-3-cyanopyridine a été identifié comme hit, puis optimisé par les chercheurs des laboratoires Takeda. Ce composé se lie puissamment et sélectivement à GPR54 (Ki~5nM). Cependant le mode d’interaction de cette pyridine polyfonctionnelle n’est pas connu, et a nécessité la mise au point de nouvelles approches faisant appel aux réactions pallado-catalysées(Suzuki-Miyaura, Sonogashira, Buchwald-Hartwig). L’analyse RSA conduit à l’hypothèse d’un mode d’interaction complexe mettant en jeu un système électronique particulier incluant un cortège de liaisons hydrogène intramoléculaires impliquant l’azote sp2 de la pyridine, les deux groupements accepteurs-donneurs de liaison hydrogène en position 2 et 6 et le groupe cyano en position 3. La stratégie méthodologique développée dans le cadre du projet pharmacochimique a pu être appliquée avec succès pour la première synthèse connue à ce jour d’une pyridine pentasubstituée portant cinq aromatiques différents, et nécessitant un contrôle régiosélectif et séquentiel de cinq réactions de Suzuki-Miyaura. Cette approche est modulable et pourra être appliquée à la synthèse de nouvelles pyridines polysubstituées/fonctionnalisées pour la synthèse de nouveaux pharmacophores. / Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptors and GPR54 belong to a sub-class of G protein coupled receptors (GPCR’s) of neuropeptides containing in their C-terminal part the same dipeptidic Arg-Phe-NH2 fragment. This motif served initially for designing nanomolar ligands of NPFF-R. A similar approach was also used in this work for developing agonists dipeptides acting at GPR54, after structural optimization of the dipeptide N-acyl part (solid phase synthesis of N-(4-phenylacetylen)phenylcarbonyl Arg-Trp-NH2 by Sonogashira reaction). Several series of Arg-Phe peptidomimetics were also synthesized (gem-diaminals, piperazinones, imidazol-4-carboxamides, indol-2-carboxamides). Some of them presented affinity profiles similar to those obtained with the corresponding N-acyl RFamides. A non peptidic compound deriving from 2-N-acylamino-3-cyanopyridine was recently identified as a hit, which was further optimized by Takeda laboratories. This compound binds potently to GPR54 (Ki~5nM). However the mode of interaction of this polyfunctional pyridine within the active site of GPR54 is poorly understood. We investigated more structural analogues by means of palladocatalyzed reactions (Suzuki-Miyaura, Sonogashira, Buchwald-Hartwig). SAR analysis highlighted a complex mode of interaction of this series of compounds, involving a set of intramolecular hydrogen bond acceptor-donor systems between pyridine sp2 nitrogen, and the two fragments on position 2 and 6 of the pyridine. In addition the cyano group may be also involved as inducer of a specific electronic current along the main core of the molecule. The strategy developed for the design and synthesis of novel ligands deriving from pyridine could also be applied with success for the first synthesis known to date of a pentasubstituted pyridine bearing five different aromatic rings by means of a five Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. This approach is versatile and will be applied in the future for providing novel polysubstituted/functionalized pyridinecompounds as novel pharmacological agents.

The antiviral or anticancer activities of C-5 modified pyrimidine nucleoside analogues validate the need for the development of their syntheses. In the first half of this dissertation, I explore the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of allylphenylgermanes with aryl halides in the presence of SbF5/TBAF to give various biaryls by transferring multiple phenyl groups, which has also been applied to the 5-halo pyrimidine nucleosides for the synthesis of 5-aryl derivatives. To avoid the use of organometallic reagents, I developed Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of 5-halo pyrimidine nucleosides. It was discovered that 5-aryl pyrimidine nucleosides could be synthesized by Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of N3-free 5-halo uracil and uracil nucleosides with simple arenes or heteroaromatics in the presence of TBAF within 1 h. Both N3-protected and N3-free uracil and uracil nucleosides could undergo base-promoted Pd-catalyzed direct arylation, but only with electron rich heteroaromatics. In the second half of this dissertation, 5-acetylenic uracil and uracil nucleosides have been employed to investigate the hydrogermylation, hydrosulfonylation as well as hydroazidation for the synthesis of various functionalized 5-vinyl pyrimidine nucleosides. Hydrogermylation of 5-alkynyl uracil analogues with trialkylgermane or tris(trimethylsilyl)germane hydride gave the corresponding vinyl trialkylgermane, or tris(trimethylsilyl)germane uracil derivatives. During the hydrogermylation with triphenylgermane, besides the vinyl triphenylgermane uracil derivatives, 5-[2-(triphenylgermyl)acetyl]uracil was also isolated and characterized and the origin of the acetyl oxygen was clarified. Tris(trimethylsilyl)germane uracil derivatives were coupled to aryl halides but with decent yield. Iron-mediated regio- and stereoselective hydrosulfonylation of the 5-ethynyl pyrimidine analogues with sulfonyl chloride or sulfonyl hydrazine to give 5-(1-halo-2-tosyl)vinyluracil nucleoside derivatives has been developed. Nucleophilic substitution of the 5-(β-halovinyl)sulfonyl nucleosides with various nucleophiles have been performed to give highly functionalized 5-vinyl pyrimidine nucleosides via the addition-elimination mechanism. The 5-(β-keto)sulfonyluracil derivative has also been synthesized via the aerobic difunctionalization of 5-ethynyluracil analogue with sulfinic acid in the presence of catalytic amount of pyridine. Silver catalyzed hydroazidation of protected 2'-deoxy-5-ethynyluridine with TMSN3 in the presence of catalytic amount of water to give 5-(α-azidovinyl)uracil nucleoside derivatives was developed. Strain promoted Click reaction of the 5-(α-azidovinyl)uracil with cyclooctyne provide the corresponding fully conjugated triazole product.

A synthetic approach to macromolecules of acetylenic arrays and luminescent properties is proposed and the execution of initial steps is described. Palladium-catalyzed coupling of 1,3,5-triiodobenzene with trimethylsilylbuta-1,3-diyne, trimethylsilylocta-1,3,5,7-tetrayne, and trimethylsilylhexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octayne to yield the new 1,3,5-tris(trimethylsilylbuta-1,3-diynyl)benzene and the proposed 1,3,5-tris(8-(trimethylsilyl)octa-1,3,5,7-tetraynyl)benzene and 1,3,5-tris(trimethylsilyl)hexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octaynyl)benzene respectively. The proposed three-coordinate Au (I) complexed macromolecules will be derived from the metallation of the aforementioned alkynylated arenes.

<div> Carbon monoxide is a useful carbon linchpin to construct complex molecules of natural products by stitching different pieces of target molecules together. Recently, our group reported a novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed spirolactonization by Dr. Dexter Davis to construct oxaspirolacones from esters or lactones. As an essential motif, oxaspirolactone structures in natural products exhibit diverse and exciting structures and biological activities. The first part of this thesis mainly describes the total synthesis of stemoamide alkaloids in the stemona family and the application of our palladium-catalyzed spirolactonization, which was developed by our group to complete total synthesis of bisdehydroneostemoninine and bisdehydrostemoninine with Prof. Kaiqing Ma. The total synthesis features a one-pot ring-closing cross-metathesis, Lewis acid-mediated Friedel-Crafts reaction and lactonization, and accomplished bisdehydrostemonine in 15 steps. The total synthesis of stemoamide, tuberostemoamide, and sessilifoliamide A were finished, and the critical step features an mCPBA oxidation to convert pyrrole to lactam in one step without destructing other functional groups. </div><div> In the second part of this thesis, we developed a novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed cascade amino-carbonylative lactonization to streamline the synthesis of dihydropyrrole-fused furanones in collaboration with Prof. Seleem’s lab for biological activities. Using this method, we quickly expanded this method to construct different ring structures, such as β-lactone and dihydropyrrole-fused pyrrolone. This method was applied to the total synthesis study towards stemofoline alkaloids. Our palladium-catalyzed spirolactonizaiton was also used in this total synthesis study for target molecules. </div><div><br></div>

A single-step, extractive reaction for extraction of lipids such as biodiesel components, omega-3 fatty acids, or other triglycerides from microbial cells was examined. Conventional methods for lipid extraction use toxic solvents, and require multiple steps and long processing times. When the goal is to produce fatty acid methyl esters or FAMEs, the extracted lipids are subjected to a separate transesterification reaction with simple alcohols in the presence of an acid or base catalyst. A simplified, single-step reactive extraction method can be applied that combines the sequential extraction followed by transesterification using acidified alcohols - a process known as in situ transesterification. It was hypothesized that the in situ transesterification could be scaled-up for industrial processing by a systematic understanding of fundamental reaction parameters including temperature, catalyst concentration, and biomass/solvent ratios. The hypothesis was tested using a marine fungus, Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. Growth of SR21 resulted in biomass yields of 0.3g-biomass/g-glycerol and accumulated high amounts of palmitic acid (C16:0, 0.255g-FAME/g-biomass), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, 0.185g-FAME/g-biomass), myristic acid (C14:0) (0.017g-FAME/g-biomass), and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0, 0.012g-FAME/g-biomass). The bulk phase separation characteristics of the FAMEs were evaluated at high biomass concentrations. Recyclability of the acidified methanol in the system was also tested. A significant finding was that automatic phase separation of the FAMEs could be achieved. When FAME concentration reaches critical solubility, 22.7mg-FAME ml-1 methanol, all remaining FAMEs automatically phase separate. After FAME separation, the remaining methanol was recycled and used in subsequent in situ reactions. Upon recycling, greater than 85% of product extraction and recovery was achieved. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction was evaluated under various acid and biomass/solvent conditions. Based on the fundamental reaction mechanism governing the in situ transesterification, a theoretic model was derived to predict the conversion of TAGs into FAMEs. Kinetic parameters were estimated by fitting the experimental data and the resulting model. The model derived closely resembled the observations in this study. Through understanding of the fundamental reaction kinetics and limitations during processing, a new, reliable, and cost-effective system for large scale lipid production can be developed for microbial biomass including oleaginous algae, fungi, and yeast.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 乙第13562号 / 論人健博第12号 / 新制||人健||8(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 高桑 徹也, 教授 藤井 康友, 教授 長尾 美紀 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24148号 / 工博第5035号 / 新制||工||1786(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉野目 道紀, 教授 大江 浩一, 教授 中尾 佳亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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