L’athérosclérose est caractérisée par l’accumulation de lipides dans les artères de gros et moyen calibre. Cette accumulation est due à une série de mécanismes complexes aboutissant a une réaction inflammatoire chronique et l’accumulation de cellules spumeuse dans l’espace neointimale de la paroi vasculaire. Les complications liées à cette pathologie peuvent entraîner des événements vasculaires graves, tels que l’infarctus du myocarde ou les accidents vasculaires cérébraux. Nos travaux de recherches s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la Gutenberg Health Study, une étude de population dans la région de Mayence (Mainz) en Allemagne, dont le but est d’identifier de nouveaux marqueurs biologiques et cibles thérapeutiques liées aux maladies cardiovasculaires, avec un accent particulier sur l’athérosclérose. Nos précédents travaux ont démontré que l’expression de certains gènes dans les monocytes circulants était corrélée à la fois au tabagisme et à l’athérosclérose, ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives pour expliquer les mécanismes par lesquels le tabagisme accélère la formation des plaques d’athérosclérose. Parmi ces gènes, SASH1, un gène suppresseur de tumeur était le plus corrélé au tabagisme, tout en étant également corrélé au nombre de plaques. Un autre gène, SLC39A8, montrait la plus forte corrélation avec le nombre de plaque. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à explorer le rôle de SASH1, un gène suppresseur de tumeur, et SLC39A8, un symporteur HCO3-/ion métallique divalent, in vitro pour tenter de déterminer par quels mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires ils pouvaient affecter la formation de la plaque d’athérosclérose. L’étude sur SASH1 porte en particulier sur la paroi vasculaire où SASH1 a été détectée dans toutes les cellules présentes (cellules endothéliales, cellules musculaires lisses, monocytes et macrophages). De plus, des mesures en RT-qPCR ont montré que l’expression de SASH1 était plus élevée dans les carotides de fumeurs que dans celles des non-fumeurs et ex-fumeurs, confirmant ainsi les observations déjà faites dans les monocytes circulants humains... / Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipids accumulation in medium and big size arteries, as the result of a complex series of mechanisms leading to chronic inflammation and accumulation of macrophage-derived foam cells in the intimal space of the vessels leading to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Rupture of the plaque can lead to life threatening events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Our scientific work is in the frame of the Gutenberg Health Study, a population based study in the region of Mainz in Germany, which goal is to identify new biological markers and therapeutic targets, with a particular focus on atherosclerosis. These previous studies have shown through transcriptomic analyses that a number of gene expression were correlated to both smoking and atherosclerosis, opening new perspective to better characterize mechanisms linking smoking to atherosclerosis. Among those genes SASH1, a tumor suppressor was the most correlated to smoking and was also correlated to plaques. Another gene of interest, SLC39A8 showed the strongest correlation to plaques. This thesis project aimed at exploring the role of the tumor suppressor SASH1 and the metallic ion transporter in vitro to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which they could affect plaque formation during atherosclerosis...

The transcription factor Six1 of the sine oculis homeobox family has been tied to skeletal muscle formation. Work completed thus far has allowed our research team to identify the precise mechanism by which Six1 regulates the expression of MyoD, a key myogenic gene, in muscle stem cells. Furthermore, loss-of-function of this protein, mediated by RNA interference, has implicated Six1 as essential towards normal myogenic differentiation. However, beyond Six1 and its involvement towards myogenesis, our data also suggests the transcription factor as a potential regulator of the cell cycle. Data from our lab shows that loss of Six1 expression significantly impairs primary myoblast proliferation and appears to impair satellite cell activation in response to muscle injury in vivo. Furthermore, loss of Six1 decreases the expression of key cell cycle genes. Combining functional genomics approaches such as ChIP-Seq and Gene Expression Profiling together with Gene Ontology Term Enrichment shows a significant representation for biological processes regarding the cell cycle and its regulation; these biological clusters contain a large subset of genes that are bound and modulated by Six1. In particular, Ccnd1 was found to display a similar expression pattern as Six1 in growing myoblasts and its expression was found to be directly controlled by Six1. Furthermore, Ccnd1 over-expression was sufficient to rescue the Six1-knockdown associated cell cycle phenotype. Together, these data suggest that in response to injury Six1 enhances the expression of the cell cycle gene Ccnd1 thus modulating myoblast proliferation for muscle regeneration.

Kaiso is a novel member of the BTB/POZ (Broad complex, Tramtrak, Bric a brac,/Pox virus and zinc finger) zinc finger family of transcriptional regulators that have many roles in development and tumorigenesis. Kaiso was first identified as a binding partner for p 120ctn, an Armadillo catenin with roles in cell adhesion and stabilization of cadherins at the cell membrane. Kaiso is both an activator and repressor of gene transcription and interacts with two distinct types of DNA sequence; a consensus Kaiso binding site (KBS) TCCTGCNA and methylated CpG dinucleotide pairs (i.e. CpGCpG). Thus far p120's nuclear role is to inhibit Kaiso-mediated regulation of its target genes. Some of the Kaiso target genes identified to date include, matrilysin, rapsyn, and MTA2. The Kaiso homologue in Xenopus laevis (frog) has also been shown to regulate the cell cycle regulator CCND 1. Sequence analysis of the human CCND1 promoter revealed several potential Kaiso binding elements including both KBS and methylatable CpGs. My research demonstrated that Kaiso binds to the CCND1 promoter in vitro and in vivo to both KBS-specific and CpG-specific regions. Furthermore, I determined that Kaiso may act as either a repressor or activator of the human CCND 1 gene depending on the cellular environment. Altogether these data support my hypothesis that Kaiso is a regulator of the CCND1 gene. Future studies looking at the significance of KBS versus CpG-binding on Kaiso's mechanism of regulation are required to determine the significance of this regulation. Furthermore, studies examining the cell cycle-dependent changes in Kaiso levels may reveal how alterations in Kaiso expression affect Kaiso target genes including CCND1. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the most frequently diagnosed gynecological cancer of the female genital tract in the Western world. Research studies in EC is difficult to conduct on human tumor samples due to the complex nature of tumor arousal and genetic heterogeneousness in the human population. Therefore, inbred animal models can be promising tools to use in EC research due to similar histopathology and pathogenesis as humans. Studies performed on MAP2K1 and CCND1 has shown that their altered expression play a crucial role in carcinogenesis. CCND1 has been demonstrated to have oncogenic properties when overexpressed in human neoplasias. The aim of this study is to investigate gene expression levels of MAP2K1 and CCND1 in BDII rat model of endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze expression levels of MAP2K1 and CCND1 genes in BDII/Han rat model of endometrial cancer cells using TaqMan approach. The differences in gene expression levels of MAP2K1 and CCND1 between pathologically EAC malignant and nonmalignant cells showed an upregulation of MAP2K1 and CCND1 in EAC malignant cells. The analyzed data presented observable mean differences between MAP2K1 and CCND1 in several endometrial cell lines that were examined. Although no statistical significance was reached, an alteration in gene expression levels in malignant and nonmalignant endometrial cells could be observed. Furthermore, this present study shows observable upregulation of MAP2K1 and CCND1 in endometrial carcinoma cells vs. nonmalignant endometrium cells and encourages further investigation of the role of CCND1 and MAP2K genes in endometrial carcinogenesis.

Esta tesis se interesa por distinguir entre los efectos directos de los receptores nucleares y aquellos mediados por las rutas de transducción de señales en la transcripción de genes en respuesta a hormona y proliferación celular. Para esto, nosotros hemos expresado establemente en una línea celular T47Dy desprovista de PR, formas variantes marcadas de la isoforma B del PR en regiones involucradas bien en la unión al DNA(PRB-DBD), en su habilidad para interaccionar con ER y activar la cascada c-Src/Erk (PRB-ERID), o la incapacidad de reclutar coactivadores. La expresión génica en respuesta a progesterona en líneas celulares expresando los PRB salvaje y mutantes ha sido estudiada un microarray con 750 genes de cáncer de mama. Los resultados definen conjuntos de genes regulados en respuesta a hormona por los diferentes modos de acción del PRB, también genes dónde las rutas nucleares y no genómicas cooperan. Por último, se ha centrado la atención en la participación del gen Ciclina D1 (CCND1) en proliferación celular por hormona, el modo de acción del PR en su activación y el análisis de las regiones promotoras dónde PR se une. / This these is interested on distinguishing between direct effects of nuclear receptors and those mediated by signal transduction pathways on transcription of hormone-responsive genes and cell proliferation. For this, it stablies expressed in the PR-negative T47Dy breast cancer cell line, tagged forms of the PRB mutated at regions involved either in DNA binding, in its ability to interact with ER and activate the c-Src/Erk cascade, or the recruitment of coactivators. Gene expression in response to progestins in cell lines expressing wild type or mutant PRB has been studied by a 750 genes-containing breast cancer customized cDNA microarray. Our results define the subsets of hormoneresponsive genes regulated by the different modes of action of PRB, as well as genes where the nuclear and nongenomic pathways of PRB cooperate. Finally, it has focused the attention on the involvement of Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) activation by hormone on cell proliferation, the mode of action of PR on its activation and the analysis of promoter regions where PR binds.