Dendritic cell is one of the professional antigen presenting cells, and it bridges innate immunity and adaptive immunity. To fully activate naïve T cells, it requires DC to provide at least two signals, the interaction between T cell receptor and the MHC class II molecule loaded with antigen processed by DC, and the co-stimulatory signals provided by the co-stimulatory molecules expressed on DC. The identification of more and more co-stimulatory molecules expressed on DC and the studies on their functions highlight the importance of co-stimulatory molecules on the regulation of DC functions. We here hypothesized that different expression levels of co-stimulatory molecules expressed on DC is pivotal of directing DC function towards immunity, tolerance and polarization of Th1/Th2 immune response. Using CD40 as the model molecule to study the effect of its expression levels on DC functions, we found that no/low expression level of CD40 on DC induced antigen-specific immunological tolerance was due to the induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, while the polarization of Th2 immune response induced by DC with medium expression level of CD40 was partially due to the impaired IL-12 production by DC during CD40 crosslinking. Our findings that different levels of co-stimulatory molecules have different regulations on DC functions has the significance in DC based immunotherapy for GVHD as well as the Th1 diseases.

Dendritic cell is one of the professional antigen presenting cells, and it bridges innate immunity and adaptive immunity. To fully activate naïve T cells, it requires DC to provide at least two signals, the interaction between T cell receptor and the MHC class II molecule loaded with antigen processed by DC, and the co-stimulatory signals provided by the co-stimulatory molecules expressed on DC. The identification of more and more co-stimulatory molecules expressed on DC and the studies on their functions highlight the importance of co-stimulatory molecules on the regulation of DC functions. We here hypothesized that different expression levels of co-stimulatory molecules expressed on DC is pivotal of directing DC function towards immunity, tolerance and polarization of Th1/Th2 immune response. Using CD40 as the model molecule to study the effect of its expression levels on DC functions, we found that no/low expression level of CD40 on DC induced antigen-specific immunological tolerance was due to the induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, while the polarization of Th2 immune response induced by DC with medium expression level of CD40 was partially due to the impaired IL-12 production by DC during CD40 crosslinking. Our findings that different levels of co-stimulatory molecules have different regulations on DC functions has the significance in DC based immunotherapy for GVHD as well as the Th1 diseases.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Bibliogr.: f. 101-110. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

Lorsque le lymphocyte B entre en contact avec son antigène, plusieurs interactions sont essentielles. Parmi celles-ci, l'engagement de son récepteur CD40 avec le ligand CD154 d'un lymphocyte T activé est primordial. Des études réalisées in vitro ont démontré que l'intensité et la durée de l'interaction CD40-CD154 entraînent différentiellement l'évolution des lymphocytes B matures naïfs et à mémoire. En conséquence, une source de CD 154 soluble pour stimuler les lymphocytes B a été utilisée dans le but de vérifier comment la modulation de l'interaction modifiait les caractéristiques des populations de lymphocytes B par la transmission intracellulaire du signal, de CD40 au noyau. Les résultats obtenus lors de cette étude suggèrent que certaines voies de signalisation, principalement de la famille des MAPK soit, ERK.1/2 et p38, pourraient être empruntées différemment lors de la liaison de CD40 avec CD154. L'activation modulée des voies de signalisation pourrait participer à la régulation de la réponse immunitaire.

Les populations CD19+CD27+ et CD19+CD27+ de lymphocytes B cultivées dans le système CD40-CD154 évoluent différemment selon l'intensité de cette interaction. Les cellules CD27+ prolifèrent bien en présence d'une forte interaction CD40-CD154 lorsqu'elles sont cultivées seules, mais disparaissent lorsque les cellules CD27" sont présentes. Des facteurs solubles ou des interactions membranaires pourraient être la cause de l'évolution différente des populations. L'étude des facteurs solubles a démontré qu'ils n'étaient pas la cause du changement d'équilibre des populations. Ils avaient une certaine influence, mais ne pouvaient pas à eux seuls changer cette évolution. Ce qui suggérait que les interactions membranaires entre les cellules étaient impliquées. En effet, certains marqueurs de surface, comme CD54, CD38 et CD70, étaient différemment exprimés au sein des populations CD27" et CD27+ . Par conséquent, CD70, le ligand de CD27, devenait un acteur intéressant. Effectivement, lorsque l'interaction CD70-CD27 était bloquée, la prolifération était ralentie et les cellules CD27+ étaient maintenues en plus grande proportion. L'interaction CD27- CD70 pourrait donc avoir un rôle dans l'évolution des populations de lymphocytes B suite à leur activation via CD40.

Most studies of the induction of cytokine synthesis in monocytes have employed an exogenous triggering agent such as lipopolysaccharide. However, in nonseptic inflammatory responses (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) monocyte activation occurs as a result of T cell‐generated signals. In previous reports, we and others have demonstrated that contact‐dependent T cell‐generated signals are capable of contributing to macrophage activation. We have shown that plasma membranes from anti‐CD3 activated purified peripheral CD4+ T cells (TmA) but not from resting CD4+ cells (TmR) induce monocytes to synthesize interleukin (IL)‐1 in the absence of co‐stimulatory cytokines. Studies to determine the expression kinetics of the molecule(s) unique to activated CD4+ T cells which interact with monocytes to induce IL‐1 revealed that optimal expression occurred at 6 h post activation. This matched the previously reported kinetics of expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) on activated peripheral T cells, implicating the CD40‐CD40L interaction as a candidate for the initiator of the IL‐1 signaling event. The ability of TmA to induce IL‐1 synthesis in resting monocytes could be markedly reduced by addition of a monoclonal anti‐CD40L antibody, 5c8. In addition, a monoclonal anti‐CD40 IgM (BL‐C4) proved dramatic in its ability to induce resting monocytes to synthesize IL‐1. In summary, these results demonstrate that the CD40‐CD40L interaction provides a critical component of CD4+ T cell contact‐dependent activation of monocyte IL‐1 synthesis.

The TRAF-binding receptor CD40 belongs to the TNFR superfamily and is broadly expressed on healthy cells, mainly on antigen-presenting cells, but also on other immune cells and non-immune cells. CD40 is bound by its ligand CD40L, which is essential for a wide range of immunological responses by inducing or inhibiting different pathways that are essential for a variety of cellular processes, including immune activation and maturation. (1,2) Dysregulated CD40 signalling has been implicated in inflammatory diseases, such as hyper-IgM syndrome, psoriasis, and cancer. (3–6) Due to its broad expression across various tumour types, it can serve as a tumour-associated antigen and has therefore been proposed as a target for antibodies for cancer treatment. (2,7,8) Agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies have been demonstrated to induce anti-tumoural immune responses as well as therapeutic immunity. (2) Furthermore, prolonged stimulation of CD40 in tumour cells in vitro has been shown to decrease proliferation, increase expression of cytotoxic TNFSFLs and induce apoptosis. (9,10) Their effect on anti-tumoral responses has been well studied and anti-tumoral responses by DC maturation and suppression of malignant growth of B-cells have been confirmed and were found to induce cell death in tumours in vitro. (11–14) Many agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies specifically have been reported to require secondary crosslinking by binding to either activating or inhibitory FcγRs to be agonistic in vitro, while in vivo studies have indicated inhibitory FcƴR2B expression as critical factor. (15–17) However, FcƴR independent agonism has also been reported for anti-CD40 antibodies. (18,19) While agonistic anti-CD40 IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies have been shown to display FcƴR dependent agonism, agonistic anti-CD40 IgG2 antibodies have shown to display FcƴR independent agonism. Conversion of anti-CD40 IgG1 antibodies into IgG2 has also been shown to convert the antibody’s agonism into FcƴR independent agonism. (20) To overcome FcƴR dependency, bispecific antibody fusion proteins containing a scFv as anchoring domain allowing for crosslink independent of FcƴR binding have been designed before. This approach has been found to display strong agonism for other antibody fusion proteins when bound to both targets, with response levels resembling that of FcƴR bound antibodies. (21,22) The relevance of antibody isotype and idiotype for FcƴR-dependent agonism as well as the relevance of valency and antibody oligomerization for FcƴR-independent agonism were investigated in this study on a panel of different anti-CD40 antibodies. Several clinically investigated anti-CD40 antibodies (ADC-1013(23), APX005M(24), ChiLob7.4(25) and CP-870,893(26)) and one preclinical antibody (G28.5(27,28)) were considered. Selected antibodies were then cloned onto an IgG1, IgG1(N297A), IgG2 and IgG4 backbone. The IgG1(N297A) isotype is an IgG1 antibody with a point mutation (N297A) that is known to strongly reduce binding to FcƴR1, while reducing the binding affinity to FcƴR2B to undetectable levels. (29,30) In this work it is demonstrated that the investigated anti-CD40 antibody variants across different isotypes activate both the classical and alternative NFκB pathway by stimulating U2OS cells in an FcƴR dependent manner. Stimulation in the presence of both human FcƴRs as well as murine FcƴRs resulted in CD40 stimulation. A difference in binding competition was observed for the various anti-CD40 IgG1 antibodies, but no indication of a CRD-dependent mechanism responsible for their agonistic activity was found. Moreover, this FcƴR dependency could be overcome by creation of tetravalent antibody fusion proteins. / Zusammenfassung Der TRAF-bindende Rezeptor CD40 ist Teil der TNFR-Superfamilie. CD40 wird auf gesunden Zellen, vor allem auf Antigen-präsentierenden Zellen, aber auch auf anderen Immunzellen und Nicht-Immunzellen in großem Umfang exprimiert. Die Aktivierung von CD40 durch seinen Liganden CD40L ist für zahlreiche immunologische Reaktionen von entscheidender Bedeutung, da sie verschiedene Signalwege induziert oder hemmt, die für zahlreiche zelluläre Prozesse, einschließlich Immunaktivierung und -reifung, wichtig sind. (1,2) Defekte CD40-Signalwege werden mit Entzündungskrankheiten wie dem Hyper-IgM-Syndrom, Psoriasis und Krebs in Verbindung gebracht. (3–6) Da CD40 auf verschiedenen Tumorarten weit verbreitet ist, kann es als tumorassoziiertes Antigen verwendet werden, das dann von zytotoxischen Antikörpern angegriffen werden kann, und wurde als Ziel für Antikörper zur Krebsbehandlung vorgeschlagen. (2,7,8) Es hat sich gezeigt, dass agonistische Anti-CD40-Antikörper antitumorale Immunreaktionen und therapeutische Immunität auslösen können. (2) Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die kontinuierliche Stimulation von CD40 in Tumorzellen in vitro die Proliferation reduziert, die Expression zytotoxischer TNFSFLs hochreguliert und Apoptose induziert. (9,10) Ihre Wirkung auf antitumorale Reaktionen wurde gut untersucht, und antitumorale Reaktionen durch DCReifung und Unterdrückung des malignen Wachstums von B-Zellen wurden bestätigt und es wurde festgestellt, dass sie in vitro den Zelltod in Tumoren induzieren. (11–14) Viele agonistische Anti-CD40-Antikörper erfordern Berichten zufolge eine sekundäre Vernetzung durch Bindung an entweder aktivierende oder hemmende FcγRs, um in vitro agonistisch zu wirken, während In-vivo-Studien auf eine hemmende FcƴR2B-Expression als kritischen Faktor hinwiesen. (15–17) Allerdings wurde auch für Anti-CD40-Antikörper ein FcƴR-unabhängiger Agonismus festgestellt. (18,19) Während agonistische Anti-CD40-IgG1-, IgG3- und IgG4-Antikörper nachweislich einen FcƴR-abhängigen Agonismus aufweisen, haben agonistische Anti-CD40-IgG2-Antikörper einen FcƴR-unabhängigen Agonismus gezeigt. Die Umwandlung von Anti-CD40-IgG1-Antikörpern in IgG2-Antikörper hat ebenfalls gezeigt, dass der Agonismus des Antikörpers in einen FcƴR-unabhängigen Agonismus umgewandelt wird. (20) Um die FcƴR-Abhängigkeit zu überwinden, wurden bereits bispezifische AntikörperFusionsproteine entwickelt, die ein scFv als Verankerungsdomäne enthalten und eine von der FcƴR-Bindung unabhängige Vernetzung ermöglichen. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass dieser Ansatz einen starken Agonismus für andere Antikörper-Fusionsproteine aufweist, wenn sie an beide Zielmoleküle gebunden sind, wobei die Ansprechraten denen von FcƴRgebundenen Antikörpern ähneln. (21,22) Die Bedeutung des Antikörper-Isotyps und des Idiotyps für den FcƴR-abhängigen Agonismus sowie die Bedeutung der Valenz und der Antikörper-Oligomerisierung für den FcƴRunabhängigen Agonismus wurden in dieser Studie an einem Panel verschiedener Anti-CD40-Antikörper untersucht. Es wurden mehrere klinisch untersuchte Anti-CD40-Antikörper (ADC1013(23), APX005M(24), ChiLob7.4(25) und CP-870,893(26)) und ein präklinischer Antikörper (G28.5(27,28)) berücksichtigt. Die ausgewählten Antikörper wurden dann auf ein IgG1-, IgG1(N297A)-, IgG2- und IgG4-Backbone kloniert. Beim Isotyp gG1(N297A) handelt es sich um einen IgG1-Antikörper mit einer Punktmutation (N297A), von der bekannt ist, dass sie die Bindung an FcƴR1 stark reduziert, während sie die Bindungsaffinität zu FcƴR2B auf ein nicht nachweisbares Niveau verringert. (29,30)In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass die Anti-CD40-Antikörper-Varianten verschiedener Isotypen sowohl den klassischen als auch den alternativen NFκB-Signalweg aktivieren, indem sie U2OS-Zellen in einer FcƴR-abhängigen Weise stimulieren. Die Stimulierung in Anwesenheit sowohl von humanen FcƴRs als auch von murinen FcƴRs führte zu einer CD40-Stimulierung. Während für die verschiedenen Anti-CD40-IgG1-Antikörper ein Unterschied in der Bindungskonkurrenz beobachtet wurde, konnten die CRD-Bindungsprofile keine Erkenntnisse über die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen liefern. Darüber hinaus konnte diese FcƴR-Abhängigkeit durch die Herstellung von tetravalenten AntikörperFusionsproteinen überwunden werden.

No description available.

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O receptor CD40 e seu ligante CD40L possuem um papel importante na interface entre a resposta imune inata e a adaptativa. Disfunções desta via de sinalização são descritas em doenças de origem inflamatória e autoimunes. Em Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) foi descrito um aumento nos níveis séricos de CD40L solúvel, que participa na produção de autoanticorpos. Receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxisomos (PPARs) são fatores de transcrição que inicialmente foram descritos como envolvidos apenas no metabolismo lipídico, mas que atualmente são também descritos como atuantes no controle da resposta imune. Com isso, nosso objetivo é determinar se a ativação dos PPARs modula o processo inflamatório através da interação com CD40/CD40L in vitro ou in vivo. Células de linhagem monocítica humana THP-1 foram tratadas por 24 horas com forbol-éster (PMA, 40 nM) e posteriormente estimuladas com CD40L recombinante (rhCD40L, 1 g/ml) por diferentes períodos. Transcritos de mRNA foram analisados por real time PCR e os resultados expressos como razão da expressão do gene housekeeping GAPDH. As células THP-1 apresentam um aumento na expressão de PPAR e após 16 e 2 horas de estímulo com rhCD40L, respectivamente. Estas células também foram estimuladas com LPS (10 g/ml) e LPS+rhCD40L para sabermos se a resposta obtida anteriormente era específica ao estímulo com rhCD40L. O resultado mostra que há uma diminuição na expressão de PPAR e após o estimulo com LPS ou LPS+rhCD40L, indicando que nessas condições a modulação da expressão de PPARs é especifica para a via de sinalização CD40/CD40L. Foi medida também a expressão de CD36, que é descrito na literatura como um indicador da atividade de PPARs. O resultado mostra que o estímulo com CD40L promove um aumento de CD36, o que indica indiretamente que o PPAR estava ativo neste modelo experimental. Para mostrar a interação direta destas duas vias de sinalização, silenciamos o gene de PPAR por siRNA e posteriormente anlisamos a expressão de CD80, cuja expressão encontra-se aumentada logo após a ativação do CD40 de acordo com a literatura. O resultado mostra que, com o silenciamento de PPAR , há um aumento de CD80 logo após a ativação do CD40, evidenciando assim a interação entre essas duas vias de sinalização. A fim de verificar se os achados encontrados in vitro poderiam ser observados in vivo, foi isolada a fração mononuclear de sangue periférico de pacientes com LES com a doença em atividade (n=17), a doença inativa (n=21) ou doadores saudáveis (n=12) e foi medida a expressão de PPAR e por real time PCR. PPAR apresenta um aumento em pacientes com a doença ativa ou inativa em comparação aos doadores saudáveis. Já a expressão de PPAR apresenta aumento apenas em lúpicos em atividade quando comparados com lúpicos inativos ou doadores saudáveis. Quando considerado nesta análise o efeito do tratamento dos pacientes com corticosteróides nos níveis de PPAR, obsevou-se que a expressão de PPAR apresenta o mesmo padrão anterior. Estes resultados sugerem a hipótese de que PPAR seja um possível marcador de atividade de LES. Para confirmar esta especificidade, foram adicionadas à analise células mononucleares retiradas de pacientes com tuberculose e com infecções agudas. Os dados mostram que os níveis elevados de PPAR se mantém apenas em pacientes com lúpus ativo, o que confirma nossa hipótese. Nossos achados sugerem que PPAR e são regulados especificamente em reposta a ativação da via do CD40/CD40L, em monócitos em cultura e em células obtidas de pacientes com LES. Podemos também sugerir que PPAR possa ser um marcador para a atividade de LES. Estes resultados podem representar um novo mecanismo de controle da via de sinalização do CD40/CD40L, participando no controle da resposta inflamatória em cultura e em células de pacientes lúpicos / The membrane receptor CD40 and its ligand CD40L play an important role in the interface between innate and acquired immunity. Dysfunction of this signaling pathway was described in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), increased serum levels of soluble CD40L have been detected, where it plays a significant role in the generation of auto-antibodies. Peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors originally described in lipid metabolism. More recently, they were also characterized as inflammatory modulators. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether the activation of PPARs may modulate the inflammatory process through interaction with the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Macrophages derived from the human monocytic cell line THP-1 by 24h-treatment with PMA (40 nM) were stimulated with human recombinant CD40L (rhCD40L, 1 g/ml) for different periods. Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts for PPAR , and were determined by real time PCR and expressed as a ratio of the housekeeping gene GAPDH transcripts. THP-1 cells express a basal level of PPAR and gene transcription, which is increased 16 and 2 hours after exposure to rhCD40L, respectively. We also stimulated the THP-1 cells with LPS (10 g/ml) and LPS+rhCD40L to see if the increase of PPAR was a response specific to the rhCD40L stimuli. The data show that there is a decrease in PPAR and genes expression upon LPS or LPS+rhCD40L stimulation, indicating that in these times (2 and 16 hours) the response is specific for the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway. Increased expression of CD36 is known as an indicator of PPARs activity. We measured CD36 and saw an increase of this receptor after rhCD40L stimulus, indicating indirectly that PPARs were active in this experimental model. To prove the direct interaction between CD40/CD40L and PPAR , we silenced the PPAR gene by siRNA and analyzed the expression of CD80, which is known to increase after CD40 activation. The results show an increase in CD40L-stimulated CD80 expression upon silencing of PPAR , showing that there is an interaction between these signaling pathways. To confirm whether these findings also occur in vivo, mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood samples from SLE patients with active (n=17) and inactive disease (n=21), and healthy donors (n=12). The mRNA transcripts for PPARs were detected by real time PCR. In both active and inactive SLE patients, monocytes show an increase in PPAR mRNA expression, as compared to healthy donors. PPAR mRNA is increased only in active patients when compared to healthy donors and inactive lupus patients. Further in this analysis, when we separated the patients with and without the administration of corticosteroids, PPAR displayed the same pattern as above. These results suggested that PPAR may be a marker for lupus activity. To validate this hypothesis, we compared the results obtained from patients with tuberculosis and acute infections. Results showed that only active-lupus patients have an increase in PPAR , confirming the specificity of this phenomenon and hence our hypothesis Our findings suggest that PPAR and are up-regulated specifically in response to CD40/CD40L activation, in both cultured macrophages and in monocytes obtained from SLE patients. We could also suggest that PPAR may be marker for lupus activity. Our results may represent a new control mechanism of the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway and seem to be implicated in the control of the inflammatory response in both human macrophages in vitro and SLE patients