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Neurodegenerative disorders are among the most devastating human illnesses. They present a significant source of morbidity and mortality, and given an aging population, an impending public health crisis. Disease-modifying treatments remain sparse, with most current therapies focused on reducing symptom burden. The cellular stress response is intimately linked to energy management and has frequently been posited as playing a central role in neurodegeneration. Using two distinct neurodegenerative diseases as ‘case studies’, aberrant cellular stress and energy management are demonstrated as potential pathways contributing to neurodegeneration. First, the Huntington’s disease protein, huntingtin, is observed to rapidly localize to early endosomes, where it is associated with arrest in early-to-late and early-to-recycling endocytic trafficking. Given the energy-dependent nature of vesicular trafficking, this arrest is postulated to free substantial energy within the cell, which may subsequently be diverted to pathways that are critical for the initiation of longer-duration stress responses, such as the unfolded protein response. In the context of Huntington’s disease, impaired recovery from this stress response is observed, suggesting deficits in intracellular vesicular trafficking and energy regulation exist in disease states. In the second ‘case study’, a novel spinocerebellar ataxia variant is characterized, occurring as a result of point mutations within two genes: ATXN7 and TOP1MT, which encode ataxin-7 and the type I mitochondrial topoisomerase (top1mt), respectively. Ataxin-7 has previously been implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7, which occurs as a result of a polyglutamine expansion in the first exon of the protein. Patient cells are noted to have substantially lower mitochondrial respiratory function in comparison to healthy controls and decreased levels of mitochondrial DNA, and ataxin-7 subcellular localization is observed to be abnormal. This suggests that there is important interplay between the mitochondria and proteins implicated in neurodegeneration and provides further support for aberrant cellular bioenergetics as a unifying pathway to neurodegeneration. In the concluding chapters, the nuclear localization signal of ataxin-7 is characterized, and there is analysis comparing conical ‘atraumatic’ lumbar puncture needles with bevel-tipped ‘conventional’ needles. Atraumatic needles are noted to be associated with significantly less patient complications and require fewer return visits to hospital. Moreover, atraumatic needles are demonstrated to have similar rates of success and failure when controlling for important variables like clinician specialty, dispelling common misconceptions surrounding their ease-of-use. As lumbar puncture is ubiquitous within the clinical neurosciences and is important for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of disease, as well as clinical trials, this work has far-reaching implications for patient care and future research. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Chez les mammifères, les carences nutritionnelles telles que les carences en acides aminés constituent un stress nutritionnel important. Pour faire face à ces situations, l'organisme dispose de processus adaptatifs tels que l'autophagie, régulés par de multiples voies de signalisation. Au niveau cellulaire, plusieurs voies de signalisation sont impliquées dans la régulation de ces processus adaptatifs qui permettent la survie cellulaire lors de différentes conditions de stress environnementaux y compris la carence en acides aminés. En particulie,r la voie eIF2α/ATF4 joue un rôle crucial dans l'adaptation des cellules à ces différents stress notamment en régulant la transcription de nombreux gènes cibles spécifiques. L'objectif de ce travail était donc de déterminer le rôle de la voie eIF2α/ATF4 dans la régulation de la transcription des gènes impliqués dans l'autophagie en réponse à carence en acides aminés. En utilisant p62 comme un modèle de travail, nous avons montré que la kinase GCN2 qui phosphoryle eIF2α et les facteurs de transcription ATF4 et CHOP jouent un rôle clé dans la régulation de la transcription d'un grand nombre de gènes impliqués dans le processus autophagique en réponse à une carence en acides aminés. Nous avons en particulier identifié 3 classes de gènes de l'autophagie selon leur dépendance à ATF4 et CHOP et la liaison de ces facteurs sur les éléments spécifiques de leurs promoteurs en fonction de l'intensité du stress. PLus généralement, nous avons démontré que ce mécanisme pouvait également être activé par la kinase PERK lors d'un stress du réticulum endoplasmique. Enfin, nous avons pu montrer que durant les 6 premières heures de la carence en acides aminés, la voie eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP n'est pas impliquée dans la diminition de la viabilité cellulaire. Cependant, lorsque la carence en acides aminés est prolongée (16-48h), CHOP joue un rôle clé dans la régulation de l'apoptose et dans la répression du processus autophagique en contrôlant la transcription des gènes cibles spécifiques. Ainsi, ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence qu'en cas de carence en acides aminés, la voie eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP joue un rôle clé dans le devenir de la cellule. En fonction de la durée et de l'intensité du stress, la régulation très coordonnée de ces mécanismes moléculaires va permettre successivement la survie de la cellule et ensuite l'apoptose. / In mammals nutritional deficiencies such as amino acid limitation are an important nutritional stress. To deal with these situations, the body has adaptive processes such as autophagy regulated by multiple signaling pathways. At the cellular level, several signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of these adaptive processes that allow cell survival in different conditions of environmental stress, including amino acid deficiency. In particular, the eIF2α/ATF4 pathways plays a crucial role in the adaptation of these cells to various stresses such as the transcriptional regulation of many specific target genes. The aim of this work was to identify the role of the eIF2α/ATF4 pathway in the stress-regulated transcription of mammalian autophagy genes. Using p62 as a working model, we have shown that the GCN2 eIF2α-kinase and ATF4 and CHOP transcription factors are required to increase transcription of a set of autophagy genes implicated in the formation, elongation and function of the autophagosome. We also identify 3 classes of autophagy genes according to their dependence on ATF4 and CHOP and the binding of these factors to specific promoter cis elements. Furthermore, different combinations of CHOP and ATF4 bindings to target promoters allow the trigger of a differential transcriptional response according to the stress intensity. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the same mechanism can also be activated by ER stress through PERK eIF2α-kinase activation. We also show that during the first 6h of starvation, CHOP up-regulates a number of autophagy genes while cell viability is not affected. By contrast, when the amino acid starvation is prolonged (16-48h), we demonstrated that CHOP has a dual role in both limiting autophagy and inducing apoptosis through the transcriptional activation of specific target genes. Thus, this work establishes that following amino acid starvation, the eIF2α/ATF4 pathway plays a key role in the cell fate. Depnding on the duration and intensity of the stress, the highly coordinated regulation of these molecular mechanisms sequentially will allow the survival of the cell and subsequently apoptosis.

2 Abstract Multifunctional adapter protein and histone chaperone Daxx has been described in nu- merous cellular processes, including the regulation of apoptotic and stress signalling, antiviral response and processes connected to chromatin (e. g. transcription). Its influ- ence on chromatin-related processes is mainly carried out by several associated en- zymes, such as DNA-methyltransferase-1, histone deacetylases and chromatin- remodelling ATPase ATRX. In the complex with ATRX Daxx functions as a chaperone of histone-3.3, maintaining the constitutive heterochromatin e. g. at centromeric and telomeric regions. The main aim of this Thesis was a better understanding of the Daxx cellular functions through identification and functional characterization of its novel interacting proteins. Using the yeast two-hybrid screen, several such new Daxx-interacting proteins were identified. These proteins were mainly nuclear, connected to the regulation of chroma- tin-related processes. More detailed analysis focused on the interaction of Daxx with chromatin-remodelling ATPase Brg1. This interaction was confirmed both in vitro and in the cells, where Daxx and Brg1 associated mainly in high molecular weight pro- tein complexes. These likely chromatin-remodelling complexes contain, in addition to Brg1, several...

At the cellular level, the stress response involves the synthesis of a highly conserved family of heat shock proteins (Hsps). These proteins are essential for maintenance of cellular homeostasis, both in times of stress and in normal cell functioning. Some of the most abundant forms of Hsps in the cell are members of the 70 kDa family. Intracellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression in response to proteotoxicity is a highly conserved cellular stress response, but little is known about the role of extracellular Hsp70 (eHsp70) in fish. In order to begin characterizing eHsp70 in fish, the hypothesis that an acute stressor will elevate plasma Hsp70 levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was tested. Subsequent in vitro studies examined whether eHsp70 level was modulated by cortisol and if this involved the action of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. The effect of cortisol on the eHsp70 response is important to consider because this steroid is elevated as a result of stressor exposure to allow for short-term allocation of energy stores to cope with stress. Cortisol is the primary corticosteroid in fish and exerts its main effects by binding to either GR or mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Furthermore, eHsp70 has been previously implicated as having important immunoregulatory roles in mammalian models, but nothing has yet been reported in fish. To this end, a hypothesis tested here was that eHsp70 levels will increase after exposure to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and that this response is modulated by cortisol. Finally, research on the effects of exogenous Hsp70 has not been reported in lower vertebrates; however, the relevance of this protein in intercellular signaling, especially in regards to immune regulation, is gaining increasing importance in mammalian models. Therefore, an experiment to determine whether Hsp70 would elicit upregulation of key immunoregulatory cytokines was also conducted. To accurately measure the low levels of Hsp70 in the plasma, a competitive antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. In the in vivo study, fish exposed to an acute heat shock (1h at 10°C above ambient temperature) exhibited a significant elevation in red blood cell Hsp70 levels over a 24 h period. There was also a significant increase in plasma Hsp70 levels at 4 h, but not at 24 h post-heat shock. To more specifically determine how cortisol affected the release of Hsp70, in vitro studies using primary cultures of hepatocytes demonstrated that cortisol significantly decreased eHsp70 levels in the medium at 24 h when compared with untreated controls, and this response was abolished in the presence of a GR antagonist, mifepristone (RU486). This result for the first time established a link between cortisol signaling and eHsp70 release in any animal model. When hepatocytes were exposed to LPS in vitro, eHsp70 levels were significantly lower in the LPS (30 µg/ml) group; however, heat shock abolished this effect at 24 h. Though eHsp70 levels in the heat shocked hepatocytes treated with low-dose LPS (10 µg/ml) was similar to untreated control levels, high-dose LPS treated hepatocytes showed significant elevation of eHsp70 levels above the low dose group. The ability of LPS to modulate eHsp70 release was not observed to be further regulated by cortisol. While this work suggests the modulation of eHsp70 by LPS, the physiological role remains to be elucidated. Finally when hepatocytes were exposed to exogenous Hsp70, there was no effect on key immunoregulatory genes (IL-1β and IL-8) transcript levels; however, the effect of this protein remains to be tested using other cell systems, including immune cells in fish. Overall, eHsp70 concentration was measured in trout plasma using a competitive ELISA and demonstrates for the first time that stressor exposure affects plasma eHsp70 levels in fish. Furthermore, cortisol, the primary corticosteroid in teleosts, modulates eHsp70 release in trout hepatocytes and this is action is mediated by GR signaling. Also, while trout hepatocytes secrete eHsp70 in response to endotoxin shock, a role for eHsp70 in eliciting an immune response is not clear in lower vertebrates. Taken together the results from this study suggest a role for eHsp70 in acute stress adaptation in fish, but the target tissues involved and the physiological responses remain to be elucidated. Further work on the effects of eHsp70 on target tissues effects, and the mechanisms involved, may have important implications in our understanding of the role of this stress protein in cell signaling and stress adaptation in fish.

At the cellular level, the stress response involves the synthesis of a highly conserved family of heat shock proteins (Hsps). These proteins are essential for maintenance of cellular homeostasis, both in times of stress and in normal cell functioning. Some of the most abundant forms of Hsps in the cell are members of the 70 kDa family. Intracellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression in response to proteotoxicity is a highly conserved cellular stress response, but little is known about the role of extracellular Hsp70 (eHsp70) in fish. In order to begin characterizing eHsp70 in fish, the hypothesis that an acute stressor will elevate plasma Hsp70 levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was tested. Subsequent in vitro studies examined whether eHsp70 level was modulated by cortisol and if this involved the action of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. The effect of cortisol on the eHsp70 response is important to consider because this steroid is elevated as a result of stressor exposure to allow for short-term allocation of energy stores to cope with stress. Cortisol is the primary corticosteroid in fish and exerts its main effects by binding to either GR or mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Furthermore, eHsp70 has been previously implicated as having important immunoregulatory roles in mammalian models, but nothing has yet been reported in fish. To this end, a hypothesis tested here was that eHsp70 levels will increase after exposure to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and that this response is modulated by cortisol. Finally, research on the effects of exogenous Hsp70 has not been reported in lower vertebrates; however, the relevance of this protein in intercellular signaling, especially in regards to immune regulation, is gaining increasing importance in mammalian models. Therefore, an experiment to determine whether Hsp70 would elicit upregulation of key immunoregulatory cytokines was also conducted. To accurately measure the low levels of Hsp70 in the plasma, a competitive antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. In the in vivo study, fish exposed to an acute heat shock (1h at 10°C above ambient temperature) exhibited a significant elevation in red blood cell Hsp70 levels over a 24 h period. There was also a significant increase in plasma Hsp70 levels at 4 h, but not at 24 h post-heat shock. To more specifically determine how cortisol affected the release of Hsp70, in vitro studies using primary cultures of hepatocytes demonstrated that cortisol significantly decreased eHsp70 levels in the medium at 24 h when compared with untreated controls, and this response was abolished in the presence of a GR antagonist, mifepristone (RU486). This result for the first time established a link between cortisol signaling and eHsp70 release in any animal model. When hepatocytes were exposed to LPS in vitro, eHsp70 levels were significantly lower in the LPS (30 µg/ml) group; however, heat shock abolished this effect at 24 h. Though eHsp70 levels in the heat shocked hepatocytes treated with low-dose LPS (10 µg/ml) was similar to untreated control levels, high-dose LPS treated hepatocytes showed significant elevation of eHsp70 levels above the low dose group. The ability of LPS to modulate eHsp70 release was not observed to be further regulated by cortisol. While this work suggests the modulation of eHsp70 by LPS, the physiological role remains to be elucidated. Finally when hepatocytes were exposed to exogenous Hsp70, there was no effect on key immunoregulatory genes (IL-1β and IL-8) transcript levels; however, the effect of this protein remains to be tested using other cell systems, including immune cells in fish. Overall, eHsp70 concentration was measured in trout plasma using a competitive ELISA and demonstrates for the first time that stressor exposure affects plasma eHsp70 levels in fish. Furthermore, cortisol, the primary corticosteroid in teleosts, modulates eHsp70 release in trout hepatocytes and this is action is mediated by GR signaling. Also, while trout hepatocytes secrete eHsp70 in response to endotoxin shock, a role for eHsp70 in eliciting an immune response is not clear in lower vertebrates. Taken together the results from this study suggest a role for eHsp70 in acute stress adaptation in fish, but the target tissues involved and the physiological responses remain to be elucidated. Further work on the effects of eHsp70 on target tissues effects, and the mechanisms involved, may have important implications in our understanding of the role of this stress protein in cell signaling and stress adaptation in fish.

Les facteurs de transcription Twist1 et Twist2 (famille Twist) jouent un rôle majeur dans le développement embryonnaire et dans la progression tumorale. Leur potentiel oncogénique dérive directement de la combinaison de leurs nombreuses activités développementales. Les gènes Twist peuvent notamment, en induisant la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT), promouvoir l’invasion des cellules cancéreuses et participer de ce fait aux processus métastatique. De plus, en bloquant l’activité des voies de signalisation Rb et p53, ils peuvent inhiber les deux principaux programmes de sauvegarde cellulaire que sont l’apoptose et la senescence. Enfin, ils sont également impliqués dans la résistance des cellules cancéreuses aux agents chimio-thérapeutiques. En plus de ces nombreuses activités, nos données préliminaires nous ont amené à considérer un rôle de Twist dans la réponse au stress. Les cellules cancéreuses doivent croitre dans un environnement en perpétuel changement qui génère de nombreux types de stress. Seules les cellules capables de s’adapter, peuvent survivre et acquérir de nouvelles capacités les rendant plus agressives. La résistance au stress fait donc partie intégrante de la progression tumorale. Nos travaux révèlent que Twist en induisant une résistance au stress, plus particulièrement métabolique, est un acteur essentiel de l’acquisition d’u phénotype agressif des cellules cancéreuses. Dans une première étude, nous avons montré que Twist module le stress oxydatif, une condition très fréquemment retrouvée dans les tumeurs. Ainsi, nos résultats indiquent que l’expression de Twist provoque une réduction du taux d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) intracellulaire. Cette activité a pour conséquence directe d’induire une résistance accrue à l’apoptose déclenchée par divers traitements. Nous avons par la suite caractérisé cette activité et mis en évidence un programme génétique contrôlé par Twist impliquant divers facteurs possédant des propriétés anti-oxydantes. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à un autre type de stress métabolique, l’hypoxie. L’hypoxie définie par un taux insuffisant d’oxygène, est retrouvée dans la plupart des tumeurs solides du fait de l’absence ou de l’anomalité de la vascularisation. L’hypoxie mène à la stabilisation d’un facteur de transcription, HIF1α. Cette protéine est essentielle à l’adaptation hypoxique et contrôle l’expression de nombreux gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme du glucose, le transport de l’oxygène, l’angiogenèse ou l’apoptose. Dans les premiers temps d’hypoxie, l’effet d’adaptation induit par HIF1α est bénéfique pour les cellules. Cependant, si l’absence d’oxygène se prolonge, HIF1α, peut pousser les cellules vers la mort. Nos travaux démontrent que Twist est capable de rendre les cellules résistantes à une hypoxie prolongée. De plus, cette activité de protection contre le stress hypoxique agit via un effet paracrine. Enfin, nos données suggèrent que cet effet est médié par une interaction directe entre les protéines Twist et HIF1α. Au final, cette étude indique que l’expression de Twist dans les cellules cancéreuses, en conférant une résistance accrue à l’environnement hypoxique, joue un rôle essentiel dans l’adaptation au stress et à l’acquisition de nouveaux phénotypes agressifs. En résumé, L’objectif principal de ma thèse était de mettre en évidence de nouvelles propriétés cellulaires des oncogènes de la famille Twist. Nos résultats démontrent que Twist par ses capacités à contrôler le stress métabolique, permet à la cellule cancéreuse de mieux s’adapter et donc survivre dans un environnement en constante évolution. Nos travaux renforcent donc la notion de l’importance de ces facteurs dans la progression tumorale. / Twist1 and Twist2 are related transcription factors that play major roles both during embryonic development and in several pathologies, including cancer. Twists' oncogenic potential arises from a combination of their multiple functions in development. Notably, both Twist induce epithelial-to mesenchymal transition, thus promoting tumour invasiveness and possibly conferring to cells self-renewal properties. Furthermore, through disruption of both Rb- and p53-driven pathways, Twist override two major oncogene-induced fail-safe programs, namely senescence and apoptosis, thereby promoting malignant conversion. Twist has also been reported to participate in acquisition of drug resistance and in promotion of neo-angiogenesis.Current knowledge of pleiotropic activities of Twist prompted us to postulate that these factors may be major regulators of stress response. Cancer cells survive and grow within a continuously changing environment that creates multiple stresses to which they must adapt in order to survive and strive. Such adaptations often give rise to the acquisition of an aggressive phenotype. Consistent with this hypothesis, we recently unveiled new activities of Twist proteins that are related to stress response. We have shown that Twist regulates response to oxidative stress, a condition exacerbated in cancer by stimuli such as inflammation, increased cellular metabolism and changes in tumour oxygenation. Our work has contributed to the understanding of molecular mechanisms through which Twist diminishes cellular ROS and thus participates in the escape from apoptosis and senescence. In the first part of my thesis, I worked on the antioxidant activity of Twist and described its molecular mechanisms.The second part of my work addressed the impact of Twist proteins on cellular response to hypoxia that is insufficient oxygen supply, frequently found in solid tumours. Cellular response to hypoxic stress relies on stabilization and activation of HIF1α, a key transcriptional mediator of the hypoxic response, regulating numerous genes involved in glucose metabolism, oxygen transport, angiogenesis, cell growth and apoptosis. HIF1α is beneficial for cancer cells in response to short hypoxic episodes, however its sustained activation in case of prolonged hypoxia may push cancer cells towards apoptosis. In this context, we have shown that Twist protects cancer cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. We have discovered HIF1α and Twist physically interact, suggesting a possible mechanistic basis for Twist's protective effect. These results led us to postulate that Twist plays a role in cellular response to hypoxia and thus participates in cancer cell adaptation and acquisition of aggressive phenotypes triggered by lack of oxygen.Our results reinforce the notion that Twist factors are major cellular stress modulators that might be important for adaptation of cancer cells to changing conditions in the process of tumour progression.

Les protéines APOBEC3 (A3A-A3H) catalysent la désamination des cytidines (C) présentes sur l'ADN simple brin en thymidine (T). Cette activité cytidines désaminase a initialement été décrite comme impliquée dans la restriction des rétrovirus et de certains virus à ADN par leur capacité à induire de nombreuses mutations C->T, ou hypermutations, sur les génomes viraux. Il apparait néanmoins que leur activité n'est pas restreinte aux génomes viraux et que certaines A3 peuvent induire des mutations sur l'ADN mitochondrial (A3A, C, F, G et H) et nucléaire (A3A et A3B). Ainsi, l'impact somatique des A3 est désormais établi dans la formation de certains cancers, dont la majorité des mutations, portent signatures des APOBEC3. Aux vues de ces observations, nous nous sommes intéressés à la façon dont sont régulées ces enzymes dans le contexte du stress cellulaire viro-induit ou endogène. La première partie de nos travaux a porté sur la protéine A3DE, seul membre de la famille APOBEC3 ne possédant pas d'activité cytidine désaminase. De façon intéressante, il apparait qu'A3DE est surexprimée dans les cirrhoses infectées par le VHB, VHC ou co-infectées par le VHC et le VHB. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence qu'A3DE interagit et module l'activité d'A3F et d'A3G, deux cytidines désaminases exprimées dans le foie et impliquées dans la restriction du VHB. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la caractérisation du potentiel génotoxique de la protéine A3B. Cette protéine, de par sa localisation strictement nucléaire, constitue la seule A3 à double domaine n'interagissant pas avec A3DE. Contrairement à A3A, A3B est faiblement active sur l’ADN nucléaire et n’induit pas de cassures de l’ADN double brin. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence par mutagénèse les régions de la protéine impliquées dans l’atténuation de la génotoxicité d’A3B par rapport à A3A et que cette atténuation est conservée chez les primates. Enfin, nous avons étudié le rôle et la régulation d’A3A dans le catabolisme. Nous avons mis en évidence que l’ADN mitochondrial cytoplasmique (ADNcymt) active la voie RIG-I/ARN polymérase III ce qui a pour effet d’induire la production d’IFN qui va activer l’expression d’A3A. A3A va ainsi jouer un rôle dans le catabolisme de l’ADNcymt et contribue à l'élimination de cette source de stress cellulaire, mais occasionnant par la même des dommages sur l’ADN nucléaire. Les A3 sont des enzymes fondamentales de la défense immunitaire innée et du catabolisme de l’ADN. Nous montrons qu’A3DE a pour fonction de moduler l’activité d’A3F et d’A3G tandis qu’A3B, possède un phénotype atténué chez tous les primates et s’avère moins génotoxique que’A3A. Cette dernière participe à la dégradation de l’ADN cytoplasmique, limitant ainsi l’inflammation. Néanmoins, A3A peut s’avérer dangereuse pour l’intégrité génomique et contribuer à l’émergence de cancers, notamment en cas d’inflammation chronique. / APOBEC3 proteins (A3A-A3H) catalyse the deamination of cytosine (C) to thymidine (T) on single stranded DNA. This activity, called cytidine deaminase, has initially been described as a mechanism involved in restriction against retroviruses and DNA viruses by massively inducing C->T mutations on viral genome : this phenomenon is called "hypermutations". Nevertheless, this activity is not virus-specific and some A3 can induce mutations on mitochondrial DNA (A3A, C, F, G, H) and nuclear DNA (A3A and A3B). Thus, the impact of those proteins on cancer formation is now established in cancers where mutations mostly show an APOBEC3 signature. In view of those considerations, we decided to study how those enzymes are regulated in the context of a viral cellular stress or an endogenous cellular stress. The first part of our work is focused on A3DE, the only APOBEC3 lacking a cytidine deaminase activity. Interestingly, A3DE is upregulated in cirrhotic livers infected by HBV, HCV or coinfected with HBV & HCV. We show that A3DE inhibits A3F & A3G activity by interacting with those HBV restriction involved A3. Then, we studied the attributes of the genotoxicity potential of A3B. This protein, by his strictly nuclear localization, constitutes the only double domain A3 which is not regulated by A3DE. Unlike A3A, A3B is weakly active on nuclear DNA and does not induce double strand breaks. We determine by directed mutagenesis the clusters of A3B involved in genotoxicity attenuation compared with A3A. We also show that this attenuation is conserved among primates. Finally, we investigated the role and regulation of A3A in the context of DNA catabolism. We proved that mitochondrial cytoplasmic DNA (mtcyDNA) triggers the RIG-I/DNA polymerase III pathway, which induces IFN production leading to A3A expression. So A3A will be involved in mtcyDNA catabolism and contribute to the clearance of this stress signal, but will also induce double strand breaks on nuclear DNA. A3 are major enzymes of the innate immune response and DNA catabolism. We show that A3DE modulates A3F and A3G activity while A3B is attenuated among primates and is less genotoxic than A3A. A3A participates to cytoplasmic DNA catabolism and limits inflammation. Nevertheless, A3A could be dangerous for the genomic integrity and contributes to cancer, especially in cases of chronic inflammation.

Methodology was developed which allowed the rapid and routine quantitation of subpicomole quantities of diadenosine-5ʹ,5ʹʹʹ-P¹,P⁴-tetraphosphate (Ap₄A) in cultured mammalian cells. This methodology includes the rapid extraction of cellular nucleotides in cold alkali, resolution of Ap₄A from the bulk of cellular materials on a highly specific boronate affinity resin, and quantitation of the dinucleotide in a coupled bioluminescence assay utilizing venom phosphodiesterase and firefly luciferase. The sensitivity and selectivity of this assay is demonstrated and contrasted with previously developed techniques. This assay was used to examine the role of Ap₄A in DNA replication and the cellular stress response.

No description available.