Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 222-226.

No presente trabalho são apresentadas sugestões de critérios executivos, fundamentados nos tratamentos efetuados em três obras brasileiras, em especial na Usina de Rasgão. O uso dos recursos da estatística também é proposto para avaliar a injeção de solo-cimento, ainda durante a fase executiva dos trabalhos. As análises realizadas mostram que as médias da pressão de iniciação da ruptura do maciço, em terreno natural, são crescentes com a profundidade. Observa-se também que à medida que o tratamento avança, os valores médios das pressões de ruptura e de injeção crescem nas linhas subseqüentes, tendendo a um valor constante com a profundidade e, conseqüentemente, indicando certa homogeneização do maciço. Destaca-se a performance do ensaio do tipo crosshole, executado ainda que em campo de prova, na avaliação da eficiência do tratamento. Nas paredes de uma trincheira escavada no campo de prova, observam-se fraturas hidráulicas predominantemente subverticais, algumas sub-horizontais e poucas inclinadas. Embora diferentes corantes tenham sido empregados nas caldas para observar as possíveis relações entre as fraturas hidráulicas, o processo de pigmentação adotado parece não ter sido adequado. / Soil-cement slurry grouting has been applied for a long time, although not is commonly used in Brazil, a tropical country where thick layers of soil are frequently found. The present paper is based on the soil mass treatment carried out at three different sites, particularly at Rasgão hydroelectric power plant. Statistics methods were applied in order to analyse the variation of the grouting pressures. They showed that pressure of fracturing were increasingly higher with depth in the natural soil mass. As long as the treatment goes on, it has also noticed that the average values of pressures fracturing and injection in each line of grouting became gradually higher, while the subsequent lines showed values of pressures tending to become constant with depth, suggesting a homogeneity of mechanical strength of the natural soil mass. Field geophysical tests performed before and after the grouting, using cross-hole technique, succeeded in verifying the efficiency of the treatment. The excavation of a trench into the test site indicated that the hydraulic fracturing has developed greatly in a vertical position, other than horizontally. Although different colours of pigments were mixed into the slurry in order to investigate the possible relationship among hydraulic fractures, that procedure proved to be unsuccessful.

No presente trabalho são apresentadas sugestões de critérios executivos, fundamentados nos tratamentos efetuados em três obras brasileiras, em especial na Usina de Rasgão. O uso dos recursos da estatística também é proposto para avaliar a injeção de solo-cimento, ainda durante a fase executiva dos trabalhos. As análises realizadas mostram que as médias da pressão de iniciação da ruptura do maciço, em terreno natural, são crescentes com a profundidade. Observa-se também que à medida que o tratamento avança, os valores médios das pressões de ruptura e de injeção crescem nas linhas subseqüentes, tendendo a um valor constante com a profundidade e, conseqüentemente, indicando certa homogeneização do maciço. Destaca-se a performance do ensaio do tipo crosshole, executado ainda que em campo de prova, na avaliação da eficiência do tratamento. Nas paredes de uma trincheira escavada no campo de prova, observam-se fraturas hidráulicas predominantemente subverticais, algumas sub-horizontais e poucas inclinadas. Embora diferentes corantes tenham sido empregados nas caldas para observar as possíveis relações entre as fraturas hidráulicas, o processo de pigmentação adotado parece não ter sido adequado. / Soil-cement slurry grouting has been applied for a long time, although not is commonly used in Brazil, a tropical country where thick layers of soil are frequently found. The present paper is based on the soil mass treatment carried out at three different sites, particularly at Rasgão hydroelectric power plant. Statistics methods were applied in order to analyse the variation of the grouting pressures. They showed that pressure of fracturing were increasingly higher with depth in the natural soil mass. As long as the treatment goes on, it has also noticed that the average values of pressures fracturing and injection in each line of grouting became gradually higher, while the subsequent lines showed values of pressures tending to become constant with depth, suggesting a homogeneity of mechanical strength of the natural soil mass. Field geophysical tests performed before and after the grouting, using cross-hole technique, succeeded in verifying the efficiency of the treatment. The excavation of a trench into the test site indicated that the hydraulic fracturing has developed greatly in a vertical position, other than horizontally. Although different colours of pigments were mixed into the slurry in order to investigate the possible relationship among hydraulic fractures, that procedure proved to be unsuccessful.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoATB_DISSERT.pdf: 170574 bytes, checksum: 1c8ab112e2d611ca8a276251605aaaa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-11 / The Compound Portland cements are commonly used in construction, among them stand out the CPII-Z, CPII-F and CPIV. These types of cement have limited application on oil well cementing, having its compositional characteristics focused specifically to construction, as cement for use in oil wells has greater complexity and properties covering the specific needs for each well to be coated. For operations of oil wells cementing are used Portland cements designed specifically for this purpose. The American Petroleum Institute (API) classifies cements into classes designated by letters A to J. In the petroleum industry, often it is used Class G cement, which is cement that meets all requirements needed for cement from classes A to E. According to the scenario described above, this paper aims to present a credible alternative to apply the compound cements in the oil industry due to the large availability of this cement in relation to oil well cements. The cements were micro structurally characterized by XRF, XRD and SEM tests, both in its anhydrous and hydrated state. Later technological tests were conducted to determine the limits set by the NBR 9831. Among the compound cements studied, the CPII-Z showed satisfactory properties for use in primary and secondary operations of oil wells up to 1200 meters cementing / Os cimentos Portland Compostos s?o comumente utilizados na constru??o civil, dentre eles destacam-se os CPII-Z, CPII-F e o CPIV. Estes tipos de cimento t?m sua aplica??o limitada para cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo, tendo em vista suas caracter?sticas composicionais direcionadas especificamente para a constru??o civil. Cimentos para uso em po?os de petr?leo possuem uma maior complexidade e propriedades que d?o suporte ?s necessidades especificas para cada po?o a ser revestido. Para as opera??es de cimenta??o de po?os petrol?feros, s?o usados cimentos Portland desenvolvidos especialmente para tal finalidade de acordo com as normas API (American Petroleum Institute), os quais s?o classificados por classes, designadas pelas letras de A a J. Na ind?stria do petr?leo, comumente se utiliza o cimento da classe G, por ser um cimento que atende praticamente todas as condi??es previstas para os cimentos das classes A at? E. De acordo com o cen?rio descrito acima, esse trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma alternativa confi?vel para aplica??o de cimentos compostos na ind?stria do petr?leo em fun??o da grande disponibilidade destes cimentos em rela??o aos cimentos petrol?feros. Os cimentos foram caracterizados microestruturalmente atrav?s de ensaios de FRX, DRX e MEV, tanto em seu estado anidro quanto hidratado. Posteriormente, foram realizados ensaios tecnol?gicos para determinar os limites estabelecidos pela norma NBR 9831. Dentre os cimentos compostos estudados, o cimento CPII-Z apresentou propriedades satisfat?rias para aplica??o em opera??es de cimenta??o prim?ria e secund?ria de po?os petrol?feros at? 1200 metros

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloDPS_DISSERT_partes_autorizadas.pdf: 366490 bytes, checksum: 3e5abdd24789d0e82844edffadbb1a3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / Steam injection is the most used thermal recovery method of oil nowadays because of the high degree of development of the technique that allows high recovery factors. However, injection of superheated steam into the reservoir affects the entire structure of the well, including the cemented layer that presents a retrogression of compressive strength and increases the permeability due to formation of more crystalline and denser phases at temperatures above 110 ?C. These changes result in failures in the cement that favor the entrance of formation fluids into the annulus space resulting in unsafe operations and restrictions in the economic life of the well. But the strength retrogression can be prevented by partial replacement of cement by silica-based materials that reduce the CaO/SiO2 ratio of cement slurries changing the trajectory of the reactions, converting those deleterious phases in phases with satisfactory mechanical strength and permeability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of a ceramic waste material rich in silica in partial and total substitution of a mineral additive used to fight the strength retrogression of cement slurries subjected to high temperatures. The evaluation was made by compression, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). The samples were submitted to a cycle of low temperature (38 ?C) for 28 days and a cycle of low temperature followed by exposure to 280 ?C and 1000 psi by 3 days. The results showed that slurries with additions of up to 30% of the waste material are not enough to prevent the strength retrogression, while slurries with additions of the waste material combined with silica flour in various proportions produced hydrated products of low Ca/Si ratios that maintained the compressive strength at satisfactory levels / A inje??o de vapor ? o m?todo t?rmico de recupera??o de ?leo mais utilizado atualmente em virtude do alto grau de desenvolvimento da t?cnica que permite elevados fatores de recupera??o. No entanto, inje??o de vapor superaquecido no reservat?rio faz com que toda estrutura do po?o seja afetada pela alta temperatura, inclusive a camada cimentada, que apresenta uma retrogress?o da resist?ncia ? compress?o e um aumento da permeabilidade devido ? forma??o de fases mais cristalinas e mais densas sob temperaturas superiores a 110 ?C. Essas altera??es d?o origem a falhas no cimento que propiciam a entrada de fluidos da forma??o para o espa?o anular, resultando em uma opera??o insegura e limita??es na vida econ?mica do po?o. Por?m, a retrogress?o da resist?ncia pode ser evitada atrav?s da substitui??o parcial do cimento por materiais a base s?lica, os quais reduzem a raz?o CaO/SiO2 das pastas de cimento, modificando, assim, a trajet?ria das rea??es, transformando aquelas fases delet?rias em fases com resist?ncia mec?nica e permeabilidade satisfat?rias. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de um res?duo cer?mico rico em s?lica em substitui??o parcial e total de um aditivo mineral de uso consagrado no combate a retrogress?o da resist?ncia de pastas de cimento submetidos a altas temperaturas. A avalia??o se deu atrav?s de ensaios de resist?ncia ? compress?o, t?cnicas de difra??o de raios X (DRX) e termogravimetria (TG/DTG) das pastas submetidas a um ciclo de baixa temperatura (38 ?C) por 28 dias e, tamb?m, um ciclo de baixa temperatura seguido de cura a 280 ?C e 1000 psi por 3 dias. Os resultados mostraram que pastas contendo adi??es de at? 30% do res?duo n?o foram suficientes para evitar a retrogress?o da resist?ncia, enquanto pastas contendo adi??es do res?duo de maneira combinada com a s?lica flour formaram produtos hidratados de baixa rela??o Ca/Si que fizeram com que a resist?ncia se mantivesse em n?veis satisfat?rios

A relatively new method used to reduce the amount of cement-treated base (CTB) shrinkage cracking is microcracking of the CTB shortly after construction. Three portable instruments used in this study for monitoring the microcracking process include the heavy Clegg impact soil tester (CIST), portable falling-weight deflectometer (PFWD), and soil stiffness gauge (SSG). The specific objectives of this research were 1) to evaluate the sensitivity of each of the three portable instruments to microcracking, and 2) to compare measurements of CTB stiffness reduction obtained using the three devices. The test locations included in this study were Redwood Drive and Dale Avenue in Salt Lake City, Utah; 300 South in Spanish Fork, Utah; and a private access road in Wyoming. Experimental testing in the field consisted of randomized stationing at each site; sampling the CTB immediately after the cement was mixed into the reclaimed base material; compacting specimens for laboratory testing; and testing the CTB immediately after construction, immediately before microcracking, immediately after each pass of the vibratory roller during the microcracking process, and, in some instances, three days after microcracking. Several linear regression analyses were performed after data were collected using the CIST, PFWD, and SSG during the microcracking process to meet the objectives of this research. Results from the statistical analyses designed to evaluate the sensitivity of each of the three portable instruments to microcracking indicate that the PFWD and SSG are sensitive to microcracking, while the CIST is insensitive to microcracking. Results from the statistical analyses designed to compare measurements of CTB stiffness reduction demonstrate that neither of the instrument correlations involving the CIST are statistically significant. Only the correlation between the PFWD and SSG was shown to be statistically significant. Given the results of this research, engineers and contractors should utilize the PFWD or SSG for monitoring microcracking of CTB layers. The heavy CIST is unsuitable for monitoring microcracking and should not be used. For deriving target CTB stiffness reductions measured using either the PFWD or SSG from specified targets measured using the other, engineers and contractors should utilize the correlation chart developed in this research.

Full-depth reclamation (FDR) in conjunction with cement stabilization is an established practice for rehabilitating deteriorating asphalt roads. Conventionally, FDR uses dry cement powder applied with a pneumatic spreader, creating undesirable fugitive cement dust. The cement dust poses a nuisance and, when inhaled, a health threat. Consequently, FDR in conjunction with conventional cement stabilization cannot generally be used in urban areas. To solve the problem of fugitive cement dust, the use of cement slurry, prepared by combining cement powder and water, has been proposed to allow cement stabilization to be utilized in urban areas. However, using cement slurry introduces several factors not associated with using dry cement that may affect road base strength, dry density (DD), and moisture content (MC). The objectives of this research were to 1) identify construction-related factors that influence the strength of road base treated with cement slurry in conjunction with FDR and quantify the effects of these factors and 2) compare the strength of road base treated with cement slurry with that of road base treated with dry cement. To achieve the research objectives, road base taken from an FDR project was subjected to extensive full-factorial laboratory testing. The 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS), DD, and MC were measured as dependent variables, while independent variables included cement content; slurry water batching temperature; cement slurry aging temperature; cement slurry aging time; presence of a set-retarding, water-reducing admixture; and aggregate-slurry mixing time. This research suggests that, when road base is stabilized with cement slurry in conjunction with FDR, the slurry water batching temperature; haul time; environmental temperature; and presence of a set-retarding, water-reducing admixture will not significantly affect the strength of CTB, provided that those factors fall within the limits explored in this research and are applied to a road base with similar properties. Cement content and cement-aggregate mixing time are positively correlated with the strength of CTB regardless of cement form. Additionally, using cement slurry will result in slightly lower strength values than using dry cement.