Enquanto o mundo discute os esforços para combater as alterações climáticas globais, reconhece-se cada vez mais o papel vital das florestas na manutenção do bem-estar ecológico, social, econômico e cultural. Reafirma-se a importância da definição dos direitos de propriedade (posse e uso) sobre as florestas que pode determinar o seu destino. Para muitos países, as políticas de gestão de florestas combinam vários modos de acesso e gestão como i) áreas protegidas; ii) concessões florestais com critérios de gestão baseados em desempenho; iii) a devolução de áreas de florestas para as comunidades tradicionais e povos indígenas que farão sua gestão.O maior desafio é cumprir o planejado e implantar os diversos modos de gestão florestal para alcançar os objetivos sociais, econômicos e ambientais previstos face à pressão dos interesses econômicos internos e externos. A concessão de florestas é a forma dominante de gestão em quase todos os países da África Central e Ocidental. Ela também é o tipo dominante de exploração de florestas na Ásia (Malásia, Indonésia, Papua-Nova Guiné e Camboja). Na segunda metade dos anos 90, com o forte apoio de projetos de cooperação multilateral e de ONGs internacionais, a Bolívia introduziu a concessão florestal como um modo de conceder direitos de posse e uso sobre florestas. No Brasil, após duas tentativas fracassadas, o governo aprovou sua nova lei de gestão de florestas públicas em 2006. Bolívia e Brasil têm muito em comum em relação aos conflitos fundiários e desafios para impor novas regras relativas à maneira como as florestas podem ser exploradas nas suas regiões amazônicas, principalmente. Este trabalho de investigação centra-se sobre os principais obstáculos enfrentados pelas autoridades florestais bolivianas e brasileiras para implantar as concessões florestais na escala inicialmente prevista. O desenvolvimento do trabalho demandou a mobilização de duas correntes teórico-metodológicas. Por um lado, buscou-se um mapeamento dos modos pelos quais os indivíduos e grupos se apropriam e formulam regras para gerir porções de florestas. Por outro lado, a abordagem teórica da sociologia econômica, mais precisamente os trabalhos de Neil Fligstein e sua abordagem política-cultural, forneceu elementos para avaliar o processo de organização social da produção florestal madeireira nas duas regiões estudadas, que depende de quatro fatores: i) os direitos de propriedade, ii) as estruturas de governança, iii) as regras de troca e iv) as concepções de controle. A abordagem política-cultural considera a participação dos atores sociais como governos, empresas e consumidores, entre outros, e os incentivos para ações de cooperação com base nos laços cognitivos que os ligam. O estudo centrou-se na região amazônica de cada país: nas terras baixas bolivianas e, no Brasil, na região da rodovia Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163). Isto porque estas regiões são os principais alvos para implantação de concessões florestais. Mostra-se neste estudo que sob um cenário de confusão fundiária, no qual há batalhas por pedaços dos territórios florestais e onde as alianças políticas são forjadas para favorecer outros padrões de uso das terras, a aplicação de concessões florestais em grande escala pode ser inviabilizada ou ficar bastante reduzida. / As the world is preparing to scale up its efforts to combat global climate change, groups are increasingly recognizing the vital role forests play in maintaining ecological, social, economic and cultural well-being. They are beginning to affirm more that forest tenure plays a fundamental role in determining the fate of the worlds forests. In many countries, questions are raised on whether tropical forests should be publicly, commonly or privately owned. For many countries the forest management policies will likely involve a combination of: i) protected areas of sufficient size to provide habitat protection, and in a contiguous pattern; ii) forest concessions with enforceable performance-based management criteria; iii) community forests and community forest concessions managed by communities and indigenous groups. The challenge is to undertake the land use planning commitment and implementation to achieve this in the face of pressure from internal and external interests. Forest concessions of various types are the dominant form of forest tenure in almost all the forest countries of West and Central Africa. They are also the dominant types of forest tenure in Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Cambodia). In South America, Peru and Bolivia introduced forest concession as a possible tenure model in the early 90s with the strong support of international NGOs. In Brazil, after two failed attempts, the government has passed its new forest management law in 2006. Bolivia and Brazil have much in common regarding forest tenure conflicts and challenges to enforce new rules in the forestry sector. Forest concession implementation in these countries has generated many expectations and investments in law changes.This research work focuses on the main barriers faced by Bolivian and Brazilian forest authorities in implementing forest concession on the scale initially planned. The studies required a mapping of the property rights regimes over forest and forest resources as well as a theoretical approach of economic sociology. This approach, which provides elements to evaluate the process of social market construction, is dependent upon four essential factors: property rights, governance structures, rules of exchange and conceptions of control. The political-cultural approach emphasizes the historic perspective of the markets to understand the role of dominant groups and challengers in action arenas. It also considers the participation of social actors like governments, firms and consumers, among others, and their incentives for cooperative actions based on the cognitive ties that bind them. This empiric study focused on each countrys geographically-delimited regions of Amazon: in the Bolivian lowlands region and in the Brazilian Cuiabá-Santarém Highway (namely BR-163). Thats because they are the main targets for forest concession implementation. We show in this study that under a tenure uncertainty scenario, in which there are battles for territorial pieces and political alliances are forged that prefer other land use (and forests uses also) patterns the forest concessions implementation on a large scale will be jeopardized in these territories.

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The purpose of the project was to develop a single-semester curriculum for Citrus College. The curriculum was directed at adults returning from the workplace to update their skills, and college students that are enrolled in the information technology (IT), or computer science (CS) tracks.

The purpose of the project was to develop a single-semester curriculum for Citrus College. The curriculum was directed at adults returning from the workplace to update their skills, and college students that are enrolled in the information technology (IT), or computer science (CS) tracks.

The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) represents a major change to U.S. food policy. Because several FSMA rules require that covered businesses comply with standards by 2019 at the latest, the legislation is expected to have considerable effects on the U.S. food system in the near future. This research examines potential challenges associated with two different FSMA rules. The first essay uses farm-level data from the 2012 Census of Agriculture to estimate the number of farms and acres covered by the FSMA Final Rule on Produce Safety in the California, the Northeast, and the entire U.S. Industry information and interviews with stakeholders are assessed in conjunction with the Census data to hypothesize how farms in two distinct U.S. production regions, California and the Northeast, will fare under the rule. For the second essay, we developed unique datasets containing information on 425 food certification standards and 581 certification bodies. The certification data is used to develop a descriptive analysis of patterns in the international food certification industry. We show how offices of certification bodies that offer food safety certification services are distributed geographically, which serves as a basis for assessing international auditing capacity under the FSMA Final Rule on Accredited Third-Party Certification.

Growing demand for coffee and cocoa is a relevant driver of tree cover loss in tropical countries. Voluntary sustainability certification schemes have been promoted over the last decades as a system to regulate sustainable production. The effectiveness of this method to halt tree cover loss and promote the restoration of tree cover in cocoa and coffee agroforestry systems is disputed and relies on the different parameters and criteria for certification. For voluntary sustainability certification systems to effectively contribute to the protection of tropical ecosystems, the costs and benefits of certification need to be weighed carefully. This research explores the relationship between tree cover loss and intensification of coffee and cocoa production in major producing countries and explores existing responses in the field of sustainability certification and the impact on the livelihoods and capital base of producers.

The main aim of the this diploma thesis is the wing design of the UAV aircraft, including the appropriate material choice, calculation of the wing load and also strength analysis. Other goals include the design of the location and volume of fuel tanks, as well as the design of wingspan reduction after landing.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar como la certificación OEA (Operador Económico Autorizado) es herramienta que beneficia los procesos de la cadena logística de las importaciones en el Perú en el periodo del 2013 al 2018. Por lo cual, se elaboró la presente investigación en cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se elabora el estado de cuestión donde se investiga y elabora los diversos conceptos OEA, logística, sus características, teorías relacionadas y conceptos. En el segundo capítulo, se elabora el planteamiento del problema y la relevancia de la investigación, en el cual se plantea el problema, los objetivos y las hipótesis relacionadas al presente trabajo. En el tercer capítulo, se desarrolla la metodología de investigación donde se determinaron los actores claves y las técnicas para la recolección de datos. En el cuarto capítulo, se abordar el desarrollo del trabajo y el perfil de los entrevistados que engloba importadores y expertos. En el quinto capítulo, se realiza el análisis de objetivos y validación de hipótesis de la información obtenida de todo lo relacionado con la certificación de operador económico autorizado y la logística en empresas importadoras peruanas. Y por último, se detallan conclusiones y recomendaciones generadas a partir de la información obtenida. / This research work aims to develop how the AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) certification is a tool that benefits the processes of the logistics chain of imports in Peru in the period since 2013 to 2018. Therefore, this was developed Research in five chapters. In the first chapter, the state of the matter is elaborated where the various AEO concept concepts, logistics, their characteristics, related theories and concepts are investigated and elaborated. In the second chapter, the problem statement and the relevance of the research are elaborated, in which the problem, the objectives and the hypotheses related to the present work are raised. In the third chapter, the research methodology is developed where the key actors and the techniques for data collection were determined. In the fourth chapter, the development of the work and the profile of the interviewees that include importers and experts will be addressed. In the fifth chapter, the objective analysis and hypothesis validation of the information obtained from everything related to the certification of authorized economic operator and logistics in Peruvian importing companies is made. And finally, conclusions and recommendations generated from the information obtained are detailed. / Tesis