The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of the female messenger archetype in Chrétien de Troyes's romances within the context of the rising courtly literature written in France throughout the early twelfth century. The romances by Chrétien that will serve as cases in point for this thesis are Érec et Énide, Lancelot, and Yvain. I analyze the various courtly ladies of the lower nobility to whom Chrétien attributes direct discourse and study how their verbal influence over the plot and the extent to which they are directly involved in the action of that plot correlate to one another. This, as a counterpoint to the queen's traditional role as seemingly powerful, but ultimately passive object in the chivalric paradigm, demonstrates how Chrétien uses the female messenger archetype within his romances. While this study focuses on examining the existence of the female messenger archetype, it also acknowledges the variation amongst the different female characters, even as they fit into the role of the female messenger archetype within Chrétien's individual works. Lastly, the ambiguity of Énide's character, as the oldest example of the female messenger archetype, in comparison with the examples from Chrétien's later works, suggests a possible development in Chrétien's use of the female messenger archetypes, specifically a crystallization of the literary function of both the queen and the female messenger figures in his corpus.

This thesis will prove how the male domestic servant shows a conservative evolution of class freedom through early American films. As an individual thrust into a liminal sphere, these characters paradoxically become a character type for both keeping class-consciousness as well as breaking up notions of class, albeit in a slow process. In comedy, domestic male servants have always been on duty to help their masters while also becoming sources of mischief as tricksters. In early American films, these characters embody the anxiety of a classless body of men who become scapegoats, trickster-figures, and mask-wearing sages in order to survive—attracting as many functions as possible in order to help society question notions of class. Although butlers and valets have existed for several centuries, the Victorian era molded the butler into a marginal existence, trapping this servant into a liminal, and therefore unlikable, sphere. Comedic writers in the Victorian era played the anxiety up—presenting butlers and valets as pompous and unintelligent scapegoats placed in texts to make their masters look good while becoming invisible themselves. Yet, by the time the stereotype reached America through P. G. Wodehouse, the butler became a trickster figure—ready to use the Victorian code as a way to gain monetary compensation and control of the private domain. Jeeves does in fact receive his desires, but he resorts back to set codes—becoming a character that subverts and maintains class structure simultaneously. Charlie Chaplin's butler in City Lights does the same in film. As the overly serious foil, Chaplin's butler controls the class hierarchy by keeping Chaplin away from his master; yet, the butler does this by copying his master's actions, putting himself on the same level as his master. It is only through Sturges films that butlers become relatively free from subordination and even more multivalent as these films delve into class reality versus desire. These butlers and valets continue to play the part of the Victorian butler, but they also become the pivotal characters that move plots in their intended course—becoming fatherly and less anxiety-ridden—creating a freedom unknown to their predecessors.

Orientador: Mario Fernando Bolognesi / Banca: Alexandre Luiz Mate / Banca: Sergio Ricardo de Carvalho Santos / Resumo: O principal objetivo da presente pesquisa é registrar e compreender a trajetória do Projeto Comédia Popular Brasileira (CPB) e, consequentemente, da Fraternal Companhia de Arte e Malas-Artes por meio das personagens criadas durante 15 anos de pesquisa estética (1993-2008). São objetos de análise os projetos específicos desenvolvidos a cada fase do Projeto CPB, suas respectivas peças e espetáculos, concepções de personagens, o trabalho e formação dos atores e a relação estabelecida com o alvo principal de sua vida teatral: o público. Em sua primeira fase (1993-1997) - VER, a Fraternal cria personagens-tipo brasileiras, influenciada pelos comediógrafos Martins Pena, Artur Azevedo e Ariano Suassuna, retomando o diálogo com os tipos fixos da commedia dell'arte. Na segunda fase (1998-2001) - OUVIR, as personagens-tipo cedem o protagonismo às personagens inspiradas nas festas populares medievais, pautadas no estudo teórico de Mikhail Bakhtin. E, na terceira fase (2002-2008) - IMAGINAR, atores saltimbancos apresentam as personagens por meio da narração e da representação. Neste período, a Cia. aprofunda sua prática no jogo cênico estabelecido entre personagens, atores e narradores para a construção dramatúrgica e interpretativa de seus espetáculos, inspirada em Bertolt Brecht e Luigi Pirandello. A escolha de personagens como interlocutoras dos anseios e da história do povo brasileiro refletiu, desde o início, a específica visão de mundo e de cultura popular adotada pela Fraternal, referendada no ponto de vista contrário ao da classe dominante, o da classe dominada, visão reveladora e regeneradora. Dario Fo (1999), Mikhail Bakhtin (1987), Walter Benjamin (1994) e Bertolt Brecht, pautados tanto no que concerne a uma apreensão da encenação e da interpretação cômica, quanto a seus posicionamentos críticos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present research aims at recording and understanding the trajectory of the Projeto Comédia Popular Brasileira (CPB) and, consequently, of the Fraternal Companhia de Arte e Malas-Artes, through the characters created during the 15 years of esthetical research (1993-2008). The objects of this analysis are the specific projects developed at each phase of the CPB Project, their respective plays and spectacles, the conception of the characters and actors' work and formation as well as their relation with their main target: the audience. During its first phase (1993-1997) - SEE, Fraternal creates Brazilian-type characters, influenced by the comedians Martins Pena, Artur Azevedo and Ariano Suassuna and reestablishing the dialogue with the fixed types of commedia dell'arte. In its second phase (1998-2001) - HEAR, the character-types give space to characters inspired by medieval popular parties/festivals, based on the study of Mikhail Bakhtin. Finally, in its third phase (2002-2008) - IMAGINE, acrobat actors introduce the characters through narration and acting. In this period, the Society deepens its practice through the scenic interplay between characters, actors and narrators for the dramaturgical and interpretive construction of its spectacles, which was inspired by Bertolt Brecht e Luigi Pirandello. The choice of characters as interlocutors of Brazilian people history and wishes reflected, since the very beginning, the specific world and popular culture view taken by Fraternal which is opposed to the dominant class' one. Conversely, it meets the dominated class' view in a revealing and regenerative way. Dario Fo (1999), Mikhail Bakhtin (1987), Walter Benjamin (1994) and Bertolt Brecht, guided by what concerns staging and comic interpretation/acting as well as by their critical view of the artistic activity, were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ninin_rc_me_ia.pdf: 1705415 bytes, checksum: f63294567307fd50646a025f70ebffd2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O principal objetivo da presente pesquisa é registrar e compreender a trajetória do Projeto Comédia Popular Brasileira (CPB) e, consequentemente, da Fraternal Companhia de Arte e Malas-Artes por meio das personagens criadas durante 15 anos de pesquisa estética (1993-2008). São objetos de análise os projetos específicos desenvolvidos a cada fase do Projeto CPB, suas respectivas peças e espetáculos, concepções de personagens, o trabalho e formação dos atores e a relação estabelecida com o alvo principal de sua vida teatral: o público. Em sua primeira fase (1993-1997) – VER, a Fraternal cria personagens-tipo brasileiras, influenciada pelos comediógrafos Martins Pena, Artur Azevedo e Ariano Suassuna, retomando o diálogo com os tipos fixos da commedia dell´arte. Na segunda fase (1998-2001) – OUVIR, as personagens-tipo cedem o protagonismo às personagens inspiradas nas festas populares medievais, pautadas no estudo teórico de Mikhail Bakhtin. E, na terceira fase (2002-2008) – IMAGINAR, atores saltimbancos apresentam as personagens por meio da narração e da representação. Neste período, a Cia. aprofunda sua prática no jogo cênico estabelecido entre personagens, atores e narradores para a construção dramatúrgica e interpretativa de seus espetáculos, inspirada em Bertolt Brecht e Luigi Pirandello. A escolha de personagens como interlocutoras dos anseios e da história do povo brasileiro refletiu, desde o início, a específica visão de mundo e de cultura popular adotada pela Fraternal, referendada no ponto de vista contrário ao da classe dominante, o da classe dominada, visão reveladora e regeneradora. Dario Fo (1999), Mikhail Bakhtin (1987), Walter Benjamin (1994) e Bertolt Brecht, pautados tanto no que concerne a uma apreensão da encenação e da interpretação cômica, quanto a seus posicionamentos críticos... / The present research aims at recording and understanding the trajectory of the Projeto Comédia Popular Brasileira (CPB) and, consequently, of the Fraternal Companhia de Arte e Malas-Artes, through the characters created during the 15 years of esthetical research (1993-2008). The objects of this analysis are the specific projects developed at each phase of the CPB Project, their respective plays and spectacles, the conception of the characters and actors' work and formation as well as their relation with their main target: the audience. During its first phase (1993-1997) – SEE, Fraternal creates Brazilian-type characters, influenced by the comedians Martins Pena, Artur Azevedo and Ariano Suassuna and reestablishing the dialogue with the fixed types of commedia dell´arte. In its second phase (1998-2001) – HEAR, the character-types give space to characters inspired by medieval popular parties/festivals, based on the study of Mikhail Bakhtin. Finally, in its third phase (2002-2008) – IMAGINE, acrobat actors introduce the characters through narration and acting. In this period, the Society deepens its practice through the scenic interplay between characters, actors and narrators for the dramaturgical and interpretive construction of its spectacles, which was inspired by Bertolt Brecht e Luigi Pirandello. The choice of characters as interlocutors of Brazilian people history and wishes reflected, since the very beginning, the specific world and popular culture view taken by Fraternal which is opposed to the dominant class' one. Conversely, it meets the dominated class' view in a revealing and regenerative way. Dario Fo (1999), Mikhail Bakhtin (1987), Walter Benjamin (1994) and Bertolt Brecht, guided by what concerns staging and comic interpretation/acting as well as by their critical view of the artistic activity, were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)