The prime object of the work undertaken in the present study has been done with the view of determining whether or not the quality and yield of brick cheese may be improved by pasteurizing the milk from which the cheese is made. An effort should be made to put brick cheese-making on a more scientific basis and at the same time produce cheese of better and more uniform quality. Since milk, containing large numbers of undesirable microorganisms thus causing objectionable flavors and odors in dairy products, is frequently delivered to cheese factories to be processed, pasteurization seems to be one way of attacking the problem to accomplish the desirable results. In a measure it gives the cheesemaker a better opportunity to encourage the growth of the more desirable organisms by inoculating them into he milk after it is pasteurized and cooled down, and it also gives him a better opportunity to check the growth of the undesirable ones since most of them are killed at pasteurization temperature. It is essential to have the proper types of organisms present in the processing and ripening of the cheese; since closely associated with bacterial reproduction, there is always some form of decomposition and these products of decomposition give the cheese its flavor and odor. Is is a mistake to think that milk can be produced under unsanitary conditions and that is can be purified by heating. Pasteurization cannot atone for filth. This point should be strongly emphasized. To be made into rick cheese, milk should be clean, sweet, and free from objectionable flavors and odors and should be produced under the most sanitary conditions possible.

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Graduation date: 1999

This study investigated the use of extrusion technology and fat replacers to produce high protein, low fat Cheddar cheese. In chapter 3, four different fat replacers were tested at the highest concentration level of each, as recommended by the manufacturers for low fat cheese, to investigate the change in cheese texture and optimize extruder conditions. In addition, the press time/pressure combinations of the extruded cheeses were optimized. The fat replacers and extruder conditions that were effective in improving the texture of low fat cheese were then used in chapter 4. In chapter 4, three fat replacers were used at three different concentrations (lowest, middle and highest) as recommended by the manufacturers for replacing fat in cheese. The fat replacers were microcrystalline cellulose (MCC 1) (0.125%, 1.06% and 2%), whey protein concentrate (WPC 2) (0.50%, 0.75% and 1%) and whey protein concentrate (WPC 1) (0.40%, 2.20% and 4%). These fat replacers were effective in improving the texture of low fat cheese as determined from the results of chapter 3. The extruded cheese samples with and without fat replacers were analyzed for texture at three different time periods (1 day, 1 week, and 1 month). None of the fat replacers used were effective in improving the texture of low fat cheese significantly. Since none of the treatments statistically improved the texture of low fat cheese, in the next part of the study, extrusion alone and WPC 1 at the middle concentration were then used to produce low fat cheese with high protein content by blending low moisture aged Cheddar cheese and nonfat cheese. Extrusion of cheese blends with or without fat replacer yielded cheese with high protein level. It was concluded from the study that the fat replacers we used were not effective in improving the texture but extrusion of aged Cheddar cheese with nonfat cheese can yield high protein cheese.

Orientador : Luiz Antonio Viotto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AraujoFarro_PatriciaCeciliaAraujo_M.pdf: 10347874 bytes, checksum: 27da3e953a0c24aa4d8d9a820839adb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Estudos de pré-tratamentos do soro que melhorem a taxa de permeação em processos por membranas de ultrafiltração (UF) são importantes para a viabilização econômica da produção de concentrados protéicos de soro (CPS). Além disso, os pré-tratamentos também podem ser utilizados no melhoramento das propriedades funcionais das proteínas do soro. No entanto, este processo de concentração apresenta uma dificuldade natural durante a DF do soro conhecido como "fouling", ou entupimento das membranas, a qual constitui o ¿principal¿ problema do uso desta tecnología nas indústrias de laticínios; uma vez que causa uma alta redução no fluxo de permeado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de pré-tratamentos do soro; microfiltração, ajuste de pH e tratamento térmico, bem como a influência dos parâmetros operacionais de vazão volumétrica e pressão transmembrana no fluxo do permeado durante a ultrafiltração. Amostras de alimentação, do retentado e do permeado das etapas de microfiltração e ultrafiltração foram tomadas para análise de composição química (conteúdo protéico, gordura, nitrogênio total e cinzas). O soro, obtido da produção de queijo Minas Frescal, foi submetido a dois tipos de pré-tratamentos; ajuste do pH 7,3 antes do tratamento térmico a 55°C por 15 minutos, seguido de microfiltração numa membrana cerâmica (alumina), com diâmetro médio de poro de 1,4 f..lm e área de permeação de 0,24 m2, em condições operacionais fixas de 4,3 m3 fh de vazão volumétrica, pressão transmembrana de 0,5 bar e temperatura operacional constante de 50°C. O permeado da microfiltração foi ultrafiltrado em uma membrana de polisulfona, tipo Fibra Oca da Koch Membrane, com massa molecular de corte de 10000 Da, área de permeação de 1,3 m2. A temperatura desta etapa foi fixada em 50°C, variandose a pressão transmembrana de 0,5 a 2 bar e a vazão volumétrica de 1,8 a 3,6m3fh até fator de concentração (FC) 15, resultando em concentrados protéicos de soro (CPS) com cerca de 70% de proteína total, em base seca. Foi possível verificar, através da análise estatística, QS efeitos significativos da pressão transmembrana e da vazão volumétrica sobre o fluxo de permeado nas faixas estudadas. O fluxo médio máximo de 53,77 kg/m2.h foi 9btido a uma vazão de 3,6 m3fh a 2 bar de pressão. O efeito das variáveis independentes não foi significativo no rendimento protéico que assumiu valores de 0,98 e 0,99, demonstrando que este valor é característico da interação entre a membrana e produto, e não depende dos parâmetros do processo. Foi possível verificar ainda que, com o aumento da vazão volumétrica e da alta pressão transmembrana nas faixas estudadas, houve um aumento da relação entre proteína e lactose (Pt/Lact) a FC 15 em relação à alimentação; sendo que a 3,6m3fh e pressão transmembrana de 2 bar, a relação Pt/Lact assumiu o mais alto valor (3610,89). O modelo de Kuo & Cheryan (1983) para as condições de pressão transmembrana de 0,7-2 bar, vazão volumétrica de 1,8-3,6 m3fh e a temperatura de 50° C apresentou melhor concordância com os dados experimentais do que o modelo de Wu et aI. (1991) / Abstract: Pre-treatments of whey to improve the permeate flux in ultra filtration (UF) membrane processes are important for economic viability of whey protein concentrate (WPC) production. Moreover, pre-treatments can also be used to improve functional properties of whey proteins. Nevertheless, membrane fouling is the main technological problem concerned to dairy industries due to the permeate flux reduction during UF processo The goal of this work was to study the influence of pre-treatments like micro filtration (MF), pH adjustment and heat treatment, as well as operational parameters like volumetric flow and transmembrane pressure on ultra filtration permeate fluxo Samples of feed, retentate and permeate at CF 11,5 and 15 were analyzed for chemical composition (protein content, lipids, total nitrogen and ash), on MF and UF steeps, respectively. Sweet whey from Minas Frescal cheese was submitted at two pre-treatments: a combination of pH adjustment and heat treatment followed by micro filtration. Initially, pH was adjusted to 7,3 and heated at 55°C for 15 minutes. After it, the whey was micr filtrated in a ceramic membrane (Alumina), with an average diameter pore of 1,4 _ and permeation area of 0,24 m2. The volumetric flow was maintained constant at 4,3 m3fh, transmembrane pressure at 0,5 bar and temperature at 50°C. The permeate of MF step was then ultra filtered in a polissulfone membrane Hollow Fiber (Koch Membrane), MW lOkDa, with 1,3m2 of permeation effective area at constant temperature at 50°C. The transmembrane pressure varied between 0,5 and 2 bars and flow from 1,8 to 3,6m3fh until a concentration factor (CF) of 15. The WPC produced contain about 70% of total protein, in dry basis. It was observed, by statistical analysis, that transmembrane pressure and volumetric flow had a significant effect on permeate flux in the range value of parameters studied. Maximum flux (53,77 Kg/m2.h) was found with volumetric flow of3,6 m3fh and 2 bars of pressure. Protein yield (with values between 0,98 and 0,99) was not significantly affected by these parameters, which demonstrate that the interaction between the membrane and the product does not depend of there parameters. It was also observed that, with the increase of volumetric flow and the transmembrane pressure resulted, an increase in the percentage of variation of relation protein and lactose (PtlLact) at CF 15 relatively the feed. The maximum value (3610,89%) was obtained at the same condition of the best permate flux Kuo & Cheryan (1983) model showed better agreement to experimental data than Wu et aI. (1991) model, for all combinations of transmembrane pressure and volumetric flow at temperature of 50° C / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

A process which incorporates whey sol ids, primarily protein, into cheese to increase cheese yield and eliminate whey handling problems was evaluated. Whey was concentrated by ultrafiltration to levels of 9.8 to 20.3 percent total solids (4.3 to 7.1 percent protein), heated at 70 C for 30 minutes and added to cheese milk with the coagulating enzyme. Increase in cheese yield, on the basis of 39 percent moisture, for 10 pairs of samples was 4.0 ± 2.8 (S.D.) percent. This increase was significant at alpha less than 0.001. Moisture and protein content increased while fat content decreased. Setting time and pH also decreased. Body/texture evaluation showed no change, but flavor scores decreased. Specific defects responsible for changes in flavor and body/texture were identified.

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Preliminary experiments by API ZYM enzyme system showed that Lactobacillus casei (Lb. casei) subspecies contained low proteinase and high aminopeptidase and esterase-lipase activities, which are the desirable traits of microorganisms to be used as starter adjuncts in Cheddar cheese-making. Six strains of Lb. casei (ssp. casei, ssp. rhamnosus, and ssp. pseudoplantarum), selected from superior peptidase and esterase-lipase profiles, were further studied for their amino-, di-, and carboxy-peptidase activities using thirty synthetic substrates. This study revealed useful information towards improving our understanding of the peptidase profiles and probable role of Lb. casei in Cheddar cheese ripening. Although individual strains varied in their specific activities against different substrates, Lactobacillus subspecies generally exhibited high amino- and di-peptidase, relatively weak tripeptidase, but no carboxypeptidase activities. The knowledge gained from these studies helped us selecting two strains (Lb. casei ssp. casei LLG and Lb. casei ssp. rhamnosus S93) with highest amino- and di-peptidase activities for further research. In order to study their enzymatic characteristics and kinetics, aminopeptidase of these two strains were purified to homogeneity by Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC). A single monomeric enzyme was shown to be responsible for the entire aminopeptidase activity of the cell-free extracts. This investigation provided new insights and revealed fundamental knowledge about the peptidases of Lb. casei group. In addition, new methodologies were developed for rapid enzyme purification using FPLC system, and evaluation of peptidases by API ZYM enzyme system.