This thesis investigates end-effector systems used in a chemomechanical scribing process. Chemomechanical scribing is a method of patterning silicon to selectively deposit a monolayer of material on the surface of the silicon. This thesis details the development of a unique end-effector for chemomechanical scribing using a compliant mechanism solution. The end-effector is developed to scribe lines that have uniform geometry and produce less chipping on the surface of the silicon. The resulting scribing mechanism is passively controlled, has high lateral stiffness, and low axial stiffness. The mechanism is analyzed using the pseudo-rigid-body model and linear-elastic beam method to determine the axial stiffness, finite element methods to determine the lateral stiffness, and fatigue analysis to determine mechanism cycle life. This thesis also investigates the significance of mechanical factors on the chemomechanical scribing process using the compliant end-effector. The factors examined are scribing force, scribing speed, tip geometry, wafer orientation, and wetting liquid. The factors are analyzed using a two-step approach: first, an analysis of the influence of the mechanical factors on line characteristics and second, an analysis of the influence of line characteristics on line performance.

No description available.

SyfteDenna systematiska översiktsstudie gjordes i syfte att sammanställa randomiserade kontrollerade studier som jämför fyllningsöverlevnaden där kaviteten preparerats med Carisolv, borr och/eller hand exkavering. Studien gjordes också för att kunna användas till fortsatta studier inom området.Material & MetodDatabassökning i PubMed och Cochrane gjordes. Alla titlar och sammanfattningar lästes, de som var relevanta för denna studie lästes sedan i fulltext. Totalt 9 artiklar inkluderades och varje artikel granskades m h a GRADE modellen för att bestämma studiernas evidensstyrka.Resultat913 tänder behandlades med en av metoderna. Studierna undersökte fyllningsöverlevnaden vid olika uppföljningstillfällen, mellan 6 månader och 2 år. Resultaten visar inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader för fyllningsöverlevnad mellan de olika metoderna.SlutsatsResultaten visar ingen statistisk skillnad i fyllningsöverlevnad mellan Carisolv och andra metoder för att avlägsna karies. Resultaten kan stödja karies exkavering med Carisolv, eftersom metoden dessutom kan användas för karies exkavering på barn och tandvårdsrädda patienter då metoden är mindre obehaglig och patienten behöver således inte lokalanestesi lika ofta. Dock är studierna inom detta område få samt att de har låg evidensstyrka vilket gör att det behövs fler studier på området med högre evidensstyrka. / AimThis systematic review aimed to summarize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluate the survival rates of restorations, comparing the Carisolv system to hand excavation and/or the conventional drilling method. The aim was also to collect all data in one place to be used for further research.Materials & MethodsA database screening of PubMed and the Cochrane library was performed. One reviewer read all titles and abstracts, those considered of interest were fully scrutinized. A total of 9 articles were included and each was evaluated using the GRADE-system. The studies were appraised to have a low level of evidence.ResultsA total 913 teeth received treatment either with Carisolv, hand excavation and/or drilling. The studies evaluated the success rate of dental restorations at follow-ups between 6 months to two years. The results showed no significant difference in success rate of restorations made either by Carisolv, bur or hand excavation.ConclusionsThe results showed as high success rates for caries removal with Carisolv as with other methods, in terms of restoration survival, and that there was no statistically significant difference between the test group and control group. These results are encouraging for caries removal with Carisolv since it also can be used as an alternative treatment for children and patients with dental fear due to the less painful experience and lesser need for local anesthesia. The present studies on this subject are few and have limited evidence, thus underlining the need for more studies on the subject and studies with higher evidence for further research.

No description available.

This dissertation presents a new class of engineered devices, fabricated from synthetic materials and protein transporters extracted from cell membranes of plants, that use chemomechanical and chemoelectrical energy conversion processes to perform mechanical and electrical work. The chemomechanical energy conversion concept is implemented in a protein based actuator. The chemical energy is applied as an electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane assembly formed from phospholipids and SUT4 -a proton-sucrose cotransporter. The membrane assembly forms a physical barrier between two chambers in the actuator. The SUT4 proteins in the membrane assembly balances the applied electrochemical gradient by a concentration gradient of sucrose across the membrane. The sucrose gradient simultaneously generates an osmotic flow which deforms a flexible wall in a constrained chamber of the actuator, thus exhibiting mechanical strain. The sucrose concentration balanced by the protein transporter is used as the control variable for fluid flow through the membrane. The transport properties of the membrane assembly has been characterized for the control variable in the system. The reaction kinetics based model for solute transport through the cotransporter is modified to compute the equilibrium constant for solute binding and fluid translocation rate through the membrane. The maximum initial flux rate through the membrane is computed to be 2.51+/-0.6 ul/ug.cm^2.min for an applied pH4.0/pH7.0 concentration gradient across the membrane. The flux rate can be modulated by varying the sucrose concentration in the actuator. The prototype actuator has been fabricated using the characterized membrane assembly. A maximum deformation of 60microns at steady state is developed by the actuator for 20 mM sucrose concentration in the system. The chemoelectrical energy conversion concept is based on the electrogenic proton pumps in plasma and vacuolar membranes of a plant cell. A prototype device referred to as a BioCell demonstrates the chemoelectric energy conversion using V-type ATPase extracted from plant cell membranes. The enzyme in the bilayer lipid membrane hydrolyzes ATP and converts the chemical energy from the reaction into a charge gradient across the membrane. Silver-silver chloride electrodes on both the sides of the membrane convert the charge established by the proton pumps into cell voltage. The redox reactions at the surface of the electrodes result in a current through the external load connected to the terminals of the BioCell. The single cell behaves like a constant current power source and has an internal resistance of 10-22kOhms. The specific power from the cell of the membrane assembly is estimated to be around 2microwatts/sq/cm. The demonstration of chemoelectrical energy conversion shows the possibility to use ATP as an alternative source of electrical power to design novel chemo-electro-mechanical devices. / Ph. D.

Este trabalho in vitro teve objetivo de avaliar a superfície dentinária remanescente após remoção de tecido dentinário cariado, com instrumento cortante rotatório em baixa rotação e dois métodos químico-mecânicos (Papacárie® e Carisolv®) através da fluorescência laser (DIAGNOdent), microdureza e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Na primeira fase do estudo, trinta incisivos decíduos com lesão de cárie em uma das faces proximais provenientes do Banco de Dentes Humanos da FOUSP foram avaliados antes e após a remoção do tecido cariado, pela fluorescência laser, sendo posteriormente preparados avaliação da microdureza . O teste de microdureza foi realizado em diferentes distâncias abaixo da dentina tratada após remoção do tecido cariado (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 e 500µm) e do lado hígido (100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000 e 1500 µm). Posteriormente, mais 30 dentes decíduos cariados foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com os diferentes tipos de tratamento para análise em MEV, sendo 15 dentes para análise do substrato e 15 dentes para observação de réplicas. Para obtenção destas, os dentes foram restaurados com o adesivo Single Bond (3M) e resina Filtek Z100 (3M) para avaliação de tags (15). Concluiu-se que houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos valores de fluorescência laser da dentina cariada e da dentina após a remoção do tecido cariado, não havendo influência dos tipos de tratamento utilizados. A análise estatística da microdureza mostrou que a dureza da dentina remanescente após remoção do tecido cariado foi menor que aquela obtida do lado hígido, não havendo diferença entre os grupos tratados: Instrumento cortante rotatório, Papacárie® e Carisolv®. Na análise em MEV pode-se observar com uso do Papacárie® e Carisolv® presença de uma camada amorfa semelhante a smear layer e poucas áreas com túbulos dentinários expostos; e no grupo do instrumento rotatório constatou-se superfície uniforme e lisa com smear layer característica e exposição de túbulos dentinários. Todos os grupos apresentaram acentuada formação de tags / The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the residual dentinal surfaces following caries removal using rotatory instruments and two chemomechanical methods (Papacárie® and Carisolv®), by laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent), microhardness test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thirty primary incisives, from the Human Bank Teeth of FOUSP, with carious cavities on one of the proximal surfaces were evaluated, before and after caries removal, by laser fluorescence, and then, prepared for the microhardness test. Microhardness was measured in different distances bellow the carious cavity side (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 e 500µm) and on sound dentine of the other proximal side (100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000 e 1500 µm). Next, other 30 primary incisives were divided in three groups, according to the caries removal method used, and their residual dentine was examined under SEM (15). After caries removal, 15 of these teeth were restored with Single Bond (3M) adhesive system and Z100 Filtek composite resin (3M). The tags of the replicas were observed under SEM. In conclusion, the laser fluorescence measurements observed before and after caries removal showed statistically significant difference in all groups; however, there was no difference among the caries removal methods used. The microhardness values of the residual dentinal surfaces were significantly lower than the ones found on sound dentine. No difference was found among the three caries removal methods regarding the microhardness values of residual dentine. Under SEM, the chemomechanical caries removal methods (Papacárie® and Carisolv®) formed an amorphous layer, similar to the smear layer and few exposed dentinal tubules; the conventional caries removal method produced a smooth and regular dentinal surface, with typical smear layer and exposed dentinal tubules. All groups showed abundant tag formation

Este trabalho in vitro teve objetivo de avaliar a superfície dentinária remanescente após remoção de tecido dentinário cariado, com instrumento cortante rotatório em baixa rotação e dois métodos químico-mecânicos (Papacárie® e Carisolv®) através da fluorescência laser (DIAGNOdent), microdureza e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Na primeira fase do estudo, trinta incisivos decíduos com lesão de cárie em uma das faces proximais provenientes do Banco de Dentes Humanos da FOUSP foram avaliados antes e após a remoção do tecido cariado, pela fluorescência laser, sendo posteriormente preparados avaliação da microdureza . O teste de microdureza foi realizado em diferentes distâncias abaixo da dentina tratada após remoção do tecido cariado (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 e 500µm) e do lado hígido (100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000 e 1500 µm). Posteriormente, mais 30 dentes decíduos cariados foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com os diferentes tipos de tratamento para análise em MEV, sendo 15 dentes para análise do substrato e 15 dentes para observação de réplicas. Para obtenção destas, os dentes foram restaurados com o adesivo Single Bond (3M) e resina Filtek Z100 (3M) para avaliação de tags (15). Concluiu-se que houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos valores de fluorescência laser da dentina cariada e da dentina após a remoção do tecido cariado, não havendo influência dos tipos de tratamento utilizados. A análise estatística da microdureza mostrou que a dureza da dentina remanescente após remoção do tecido cariado foi menor que aquela obtida do lado hígido, não havendo diferença entre os grupos tratados: Instrumento cortante rotatório, Papacárie® e Carisolv®. Na análise em MEV pode-se observar com uso do Papacárie® e Carisolv® presença de uma camada amorfa semelhante a smear layer e poucas áreas com túbulos dentinários expostos; e no grupo do instrumento rotatório constatou-se superfície uniforme e lisa com smear layer característica e exposição de túbulos dentinários. Todos os grupos apresentaram acentuada formação de tags / The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the residual dentinal surfaces following caries removal using rotatory instruments and two chemomechanical methods (Papacárie® and Carisolv®), by laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent), microhardness test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thirty primary incisives, from the Human Bank Teeth of FOUSP, with carious cavities on one of the proximal surfaces were evaluated, before and after caries removal, by laser fluorescence, and then, prepared for the microhardness test. Microhardness was measured in different distances bellow the carious cavity side (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 e 500µm) and on sound dentine of the other proximal side (100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000 e 1500 µm). Next, other 30 primary incisives were divided in three groups, according to the caries removal method used, and their residual dentine was examined under SEM (15). After caries removal, 15 of these teeth were restored with Single Bond (3M) adhesive system and Z100 Filtek composite resin (3M). The tags of the replicas were observed under SEM. In conclusion, the laser fluorescence measurements observed before and after caries removal showed statistically significant difference in all groups; however, there was no difference among the caries removal methods used. The microhardness values of the residual dentinal surfaces were significantly lower than the ones found on sound dentine. No difference was found among the three caries removal methods regarding the microhardness values of residual dentine. Under SEM, the chemomechanical caries removal methods (Papacárie® and Carisolv®) formed an amorphous layer, similar to the smear layer and few exposed dentinal tubules; the conventional caries removal method produced a smooth and regular dentinal surface, with typical smear layer and exposed dentinal tubules. All groups showed abundant tag formation

Microfluidics is an expanding research field that lies at the interface of engineering, physics, chemistry and biology and offers promises in the development in a wide range of applications from point-of-care (POC) diagnostics to regenerative medicine, from drug testing to DNA sequencing. The number of publications in the field has been steadily growing in the last two decades and the trend does not show any sign of slowing down. On top of that, the market value generated by microfluidics is expected to quadruple in the time spam from 2013 to 2023: from 1.59 billion dollars in 2013, it is expected to grow to 8.64 billion dollars in 2023. There are however a series of limitations which prevent the full development of microfluidic technology. As it has already been pointed out in many publications in the last decade, the lack of a killer application capable of really making the difference out of the research labs and the academic playgrounds around the world is an impeding factor to the full-scale development of microfluidcs at an industrial level, also due to the lack of industrial standards. A number of authors, though, are of the opinion that the actual concept itself needs to challanged and that a complete re-thinking of the current technological platform should be done in order to make the breakthrough advance allowing a long-standing promising field to finally realise itself.In this work a completely new concept, based on volume-phase-transition smart-hydrogels, is presented and the foundations for a transistor-like technological platform are laid. A strong focus is therefore based on the basic element itself, i.e. volume-phase-transition smart-hydrogels, and on the possible ways that it might be integrated in microfluidic systems. Furthermore, basic circuits that lay the foundations for a logic system are presented together with other applications that replicate some elementary functions in microelectronics, such as oscillators. Finally, integration of logic gates as well as basic circuits is presented, in order to lay the foundations for chemical integrated microfluidic circuits.

Durante o preparo químico-cirúrgico são utilizados instrumentos e substâncias químicas, que constituem um binômio indivisível e necessário para alcançar a modelagem e a sanificação dos canais radiculares. Assim, propõe-se com este trabalho avaliar in vivo, por meio de método molecular de PCR quantitativo, baseado em DNA (qPCR), a eficiência do preparo químico-cirúrgico empregando como agente de irrigação o Hipoclorito de Sódio (NaOCL) a 2,5% ou o Gel de Endo PTC associado ao Hipoclorito de Sódio a 1,0% na redução bacteriana de canais radiculares de dentes portadores de periodontite apical primária. Foram selecionados 30 pacientes portadores de infecção endodôntica primária, totalizando 30 dentes, com rarefação óssea periapical visível na radiografia, sem tratamento endodôntico prévio. Os pacientes foram divididos de forma randomizada em dois grupos distintos, de acordo com a substância química auxiliar utilizada durante a instrumentação, NaOCL 1% + Endo-PTC leve ou NaOCL 2,5%. Em todos os casos empregou-se instrumentos Reciproc R40 ou R50 e as coletas foram realizadas antes (S1) e após o prepare químico-cirúrgico (S2). A análise de aderência foi realizada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, as análises intragrupo foram realizadas com teste de Wilcoxon para amostras relacionadas e as comparações entre os dois grupos foram realizadas com o teste de Mann-Whitney, para a análise quantitativa de bactérias. Em ambos os grupos, houve diminuição significativa no número de bactérias entre S1 e S2 (p<0,05). No grupo NaOCL 1% + Endo-PTC leve, houve redução de 3,7x105(S1) para 5,7x104 (S2). No grupo NaOCl 2,5%, redução de 1,3x105 (S1) para 1,1x104(S2). Na comparação entre grupos, o NaOCL a 2,5% (91,62%) promoveu maior redução bacteriana do que o grupo NaOCL 1% + Endo-PTC (84,60%) (p<0,05). / During the chemomechanical preparation, instruments and chemical substances are used, which constitute an indivisible and necessary binomial to achieve modeling and sanification. Knowing the auxiliary chemical substances, understanding their mechanisms of action, being able to use them efficiently, is fundamental, so that the chemical-surgical preparation is well performed by the clinician. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate in vivo, the efficiency of the chemomechanical preparation using as the irrigant agent 2,5% sodium hypochlorite and Endo-PTC gel, associated to 1% sodium hypochlorite, to assess the bacterial reduction of root canals of teeth with primary apical periodontitis, using a molecular quantitative method DNA-based - polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Were selected 30 patients with primary infection totaling 30 teeth, with visible periapical bone rarefaction on the radiography, without previous endodontic treatment. Patients were randomly divided into two distinct groups according to the auxiliary chemical substances used during the instrumentation, 1% sodium hypochlorite associated with Endo-PTC gel or 2,5% sodium hypochlorite. In all cases, reciproc instruments R40 or R50 were used and the samples were taken before (S1) and after chemical surgical preparation (S2). The adherence analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, intragroup analysis were performed with Wilcoxon test for related samples and comparisions between the two groups were performed with the Mann-Whitney test for the quantitative analysis of bacteria. In the both groups, there was a significant decrease in the number of bacteria between S1 and S2 (p<0,05), the inicial sample (S1) of the group Endo-PTC, the median 3,7x105, reduced to 5,7x104. In the other group of NaOCl, the median in S1 was 1,3x105 that reduced to 1,1x104 . In the comparision between groups, the 2,5% NaOCl promoted a greater microbial reduction of 91,62%, than the Endo-PTC associated with 1% NaOCl (p<0,05) 84,60%.

Durante o preparo químico-cirúrgico são utilizados instrumentos e substâncias químicas, que constituem um binômio indivisível e necessário para alcançar a modelagem e a sanificação dos canais radiculares. Assim, propõe-se com este trabalho avaliar in vivo, por meio de método molecular de PCR quantitativo, baseado em DNA (qPCR), a eficiência do preparo químico-cirúrgico empregando como agente de irrigação o Hipoclorito de Sódio (NaOCL) a 2,5% ou o Gel de Endo PTC associado ao Hipoclorito de Sódio a 1,0% na redução bacteriana de canais radiculares de dentes portadores de periodontite apical primária. Foram selecionados 30 pacientes portadores de infecção endodôntica primária, totalizando 30 dentes, com rarefação óssea periapical visível na radiografia, sem tratamento endodôntico prévio. Os pacientes foram divididos de forma randomizada em dois grupos distintos, de acordo com a substância química auxiliar utilizada durante a instrumentação, NaOCL 1% + Endo-PTC leve ou NaOCL 2,5%. Em todos os casos empregou-se instrumentos Reciproc R40 ou R50 e as coletas foram realizadas antes (S1) e após o prepare químico-cirúrgico (S2). A análise de aderência foi realizada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, as análises intragrupo foram realizadas com teste de Wilcoxon para amostras relacionadas e as comparações entre os dois grupos foram realizadas com o teste de Mann-Whitney, para a análise quantitativa de bactérias. Em ambos os grupos, houve diminuição significativa no número de bactérias entre S1 e S2 (p<0,05). No grupo NaOCL 1% + Endo-PTC leve, houve redução de 3,7x105(S1) para 5,7x104 (S2). No grupo NaOCl 2,5%, redução de 1,3x105 (S1) para 1,1x104(S2). Na comparação entre grupos, o NaOCL a 2,5% (91,62%) promoveu maior redução bacteriana do que o grupo NaOCL 1% + Endo-PTC (84,60%) (p<0,05). / During the chemomechanical preparation, instruments and chemical substances are used, which constitute an indivisible and necessary binomial to achieve modeling and sanification. Knowing the auxiliary chemical substances, understanding their mechanisms of action, being able to use them efficiently, is fundamental, so that the chemical-surgical preparation is well performed by the clinician. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate in vivo, the efficiency of the chemomechanical preparation using as the irrigant agent 2,5% sodium hypochlorite and Endo-PTC gel, associated to 1% sodium hypochlorite, to assess the bacterial reduction of root canals of teeth with primary apical periodontitis, using a molecular quantitative method DNA-based - polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Were selected 30 patients with primary infection totaling 30 teeth, with visible periapical bone rarefaction on the radiography, without previous endodontic treatment. Patients were randomly divided into two distinct groups according to the auxiliary chemical substances used during the instrumentation, 1% sodium hypochlorite associated with Endo-PTC gel or 2,5% sodium hypochlorite. In all cases, reciproc instruments R40 or R50 were used and the samples were taken before (S1) and after chemical surgical preparation (S2). The adherence analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, intragroup analysis were performed with Wilcoxon test for related samples and comparisions between the two groups were performed with the Mann-Whitney test for the quantitative analysis of bacteria. In the both groups, there was a significant decrease in the number of bacteria between S1 and S2 (p<0,05), the inicial sample (S1) of the group Endo-PTC, the median 3,7x105, reduced to 5,7x104. In the other group of NaOCl, the median in S1 was 1,3x105 that reduced to 1,1x104 . In the comparision between groups, the 2,5% NaOCl promoted a greater microbial reduction of 91,62%, than the Endo-PTC associated with 1% NaOCl (p<0,05) 84,60%.