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The arctic is currently experiencing some of the greatest rates of warming. Newly emerging diseases in the arctic are of particular interest due to the implications these may have at southern latitudes if temperatures continue to rise around the globe. It is important to document changes in pathogen populations, such as alterations in range, virulence, prevalence, and abundance, and the effect these may have on their host populations. Parasites influence the reproductive success of their hosts in some cases. Studies on impacts of ectoparasites on avian reproductive success have generally been focused on species with altricial young. I studied the abundance of an apparently newly emerging nest-parasite and the effects of this parasite on Rosss (<i>Chen rossii</i>) and lesser snow goose (<i>Chen caerulescens caerulescens</i>) reproductive success in the Karrak Lake goose colony, Nunavut, Canada from 2001 to 2004. <p>The nest parasite, identified as the flea <i>Ceratophyllus vagabundus vagabundus</i>, was associated with goose eggs covered with spots of blood. The proportion of goose egg-shells covered by blood was positively correlated with flea abundance in the nest. This relationship allowed the use egg blood-coverage as an index of flea abundance for remaining analyses. Flea abundance in goose nests was associated with variables associated with the host and the hosts habitat. I used general linear models in conjunction with Akaikes information criterion (AIC) to determine which factors were most important in influencing flea abundance in goose nests. The most parsimonious model to explain the relationship between egg blood coverage and flea abundance in goose nests included goose clutch size, age of nest bowl (new vs. old), history of nesting by geese on a specific plot within the colony, habitat within 0.5m of nest, and year. The best predictor of flea abundance was the age of the nest bowl, with nest bowls re-used by geese containing more fleas than new bowls. This relationship was expected as fleas over-wintered in goose nests at the Karrak Lake colony.<p> Logistic regression and AIC were used to determine whether egg blood-coverage was an important variable influencing nest success. All top five models included blood-coverage. Goose nest success was negatively influenced by fleas in most years. There was a threshold of egg blood-coverage at which nest success was affected, and this threshold varied, with >20% blood indicating a significant decline in nest success in two years, and >5% blood-coverage indicating a decrease in nest success in one year. To my knowledge, this is the first study that has examined the parasites of avian nests in an arctic ecosystem and was also the first to investigate the effect of nest parasites on birds with precocial young. More research is needed to determine what factors limit this flea population and whether fleas may become a regulating factor for geese in the Karrak Lake colony.

The arctic is currently experiencing some of the greatest rates of warming. Newly emerging diseases in the arctic are of particular interest due to the implications these may have at southern latitudes if temperatures continue to rise around the globe. It is important to document changes in pathogen populations, such as alterations in range, virulence, prevalence, and abundance, and the effect these may have on their host populations. Parasites influence the reproductive success of their hosts in some cases. Studies on impacts of ectoparasites on avian reproductive success have generally been focused on species with altricial young. I studied the abundance of an apparently newly emerging nest-parasite and the effects of this parasite on Rosss (<i>Chen rossii</i>) and lesser snow goose (<i>Chen caerulescens caerulescens</i>) reproductive success in the Karrak Lake goose colony, Nunavut, Canada from 2001 to 2004. <p>The nest parasite, identified as the flea <i>Ceratophyllus vagabundus vagabundus</i>, was associated with goose eggs covered with spots of blood. The proportion of goose egg-shells covered by blood was positively correlated with flea abundance in the nest. This relationship allowed the use egg blood-coverage as an index of flea abundance for remaining analyses. Flea abundance in goose nests was associated with variables associated with the host and the hosts habitat. I used general linear models in conjunction with Akaikes information criterion (AIC) to determine which factors were most important in influencing flea abundance in goose nests. The most parsimonious model to explain the relationship between egg blood coverage and flea abundance in goose nests included goose clutch size, age of nest bowl (new vs. old), history of nesting by geese on a specific plot within the colony, habitat within 0.5m of nest, and year. The best predictor of flea abundance was the age of the nest bowl, with nest bowls re-used by geese containing more fleas than new bowls. This relationship was expected as fleas over-wintered in goose nests at the Karrak Lake colony.<p> Logistic regression and AIC were used to determine whether egg blood-coverage was an important variable influencing nest success. All top five models included blood-coverage. Goose nest success was negatively influenced by fleas in most years. There was a threshold of egg blood-coverage at which nest success was affected, and this threshold varied, with >20% blood indicating a significant decline in nest success in two years, and >5% blood-coverage indicating a decrease in nest success in one year. To my knowledge, this is the first study that has examined the parasites of avian nests in an arctic ecosystem and was also the first to investigate the effect of nest parasites on birds with precocial young. More research is needed to determine what factors limit this flea population and whether fleas may become a regulating factor for geese in the Karrak Lake colony.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The knowledge of the relationship between intensity-duration-frequency (IDF relationship) of intense rainfall is of enormous importance for the design of engineering works. However, the availability of this data is limited, due to the scarcity of pluviographs data in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) or, when these exist, generally encompass small observation periods and/or with failures, which makes them useless to the determination of IDF relationships. In this scenario, we propose here to analyze the applicability in RS of the methodology suggested by Bell (1969) and Chen (1983). Bell (1969) proposed an equation for the entire planet, where intense rainfall, for any duration and return period, is determined based only on precipitation with return period of 10 years and duration of 1 hour, from anywhere we want determine. Bell (1969) is based on the fact that heavy rainfall are usually produced by convective systems that behave in a similar way regardless of the local of the precipitation. Numerous modifications of the methodology presented by Bell (1969) have already been carried out and presented as reliable results as Back (2009), Chen (1983), Ueahara et al. (1980) among others. In this study, the application of Bell s (1969) original equation, and some of his modifications was analyzed, introducing extra modifications still allowing its use with the rainfall data in RS. The results show that the methodologies of Bell (1969) and Chen (1983) are complementary because we obtained if good fits for durations shorter than 2 hours when applied Bell (1969) and when applied Chen (1983) presented best settings in durations greater than 2 hours. The biggest errors were found in the rainfall estimation for 2 years return period, because we also observed that both methodologies go through a heating process of the equation. To try and fill the entire State on the issue of intense rainfall, the regionalization of heavy rains in order to make more practical and reliable use, which presented good results only for the regions B, D and F, and in the other regions (A, C and E) the results were positive in only 60% of the sites studied. / O conhecimento das relações entre intensidade - duração - frequência (relação IDF) das chuvas intensas é de enorme importância para o projeto de obras de Engenharia. No entanto, a disponibilidade destes dados é limitada, devido à escassez de registros pluviográficos no Rio Grande do Sul (RS) ou, quando estes existem, geralmente abrangem pequenos períodos de observação e/ou com falhas, o que os torna sem utilidade para a determinação das relações IDF. Nesse cenário, se propõe aqui analisar a aplicabilidade no RS da metodologia sugerida por Bell (1969) e Chen (1983). Bell (1969) propôs uma equação para todo o planeta, onde a precipitação intensa, para qualquer duração e tempo de retorno, é determinada com base apenas na precipitação com tempo de retorno de 10 anos e duração de 1 hora, do local onde se quer determinar. A proposta de Bell se baseia no fato que chuvas intensas normalmente são produzidas por sistemas convectivos, que se comportam de forma semelhante independentemente do local da precipitação. Inúmeras modificações da metodologia apresentada por Bell (1969) já foram realizadas e apresentaram resultados confiáveis como Back (2009), Chen (1983), Ueahara et al. (1980) entre outros. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a aplicação da equação de Bell (1969) original, e algumas de suas modificações, introduzindo ainda modificações extras que permitam a sua utilização com os dados pluviométricos existentes no RS. Os resultados mostram que as metodologias de Bell (1969) e Chen(1983) são complementares pois foram obtidos bons ajustes para durações menores que 2 horas quando aplicado Bell (1969) e enquanto Chen (1983) apresentaram melhores ajustes nas durações superiores a 2 horas. Os maiores erros foram encontrados na estimativa das precipitações para TR de 2 anos, pois observou-se também que ambas as metodologias passam por um processo de aquecimento da equação. Para tentar suprir todo o Estado na questão das precipitações intensas, realizou-se a regionalização das equações de chuvas intensas de forma a tornar mais prática e confiável a sua utilização, o qual apresentou bons resultados somente para as regiões B D e F, e nas demais regiões (A, C e E) os resultados foram positivos somente em 60 % dos locais estudados.

The present master's thesis deals with an introduction of Sophia H. Chen Zen (Chen Hengzhe), the first female professor at Beijing University, who in her life and work represents the generation of May Fourth intellectuals, who were educated in traditional scholarship, but who also recieved modern western education. Western scholarship filled these intellectuals with enthusiasm and they were eagerly introducing it into China. Chen Hengzhe grew up in a traditional scholar family, and since her childhood she longed for education. This desire was fulfilled by winning one of the first Boxer Indemnity Scholarship opened for women. She spent six years on her studies in the United States, where she met some of the leaders of the New Culture Movement (merging with the May Fourth Movement) like Hu Shi, or her future husband Ren Hongjun. Chen Hengzhe is also remembered as a writer of the first baihua-written story, in the early beginning of chinese literary movement. But the main field of Chen Hengzhe was history. Using her knowledge and teaching experience, she wrote one of the first histories of the west in China. Exactly in the analysis of her historical writing lies the center of our thesis. The biggest part concerns with Chen Hengzhe's history textbook and its historical and cultural context of early...

This thesis focuses on the poets Chen Mengjia 陳夢家 (1911-1966) and Rao Mengkan 饒孟侃 (1902-1967) who were in the late twenties and the early thirties writing "new poems" influenced by a poet and a theoretician Wen Yiduo within the literary society the Crescent moon (Xinyue pai 新月 派). Through the analysis of their theoretical articles and especially their own poems, published in the magazine Crescent Monthly (Xinyue yuekan 新月月刊), I try to answer the following questions. Firstly, how they created new fixed verse poems that were able to link a form of a poem to its content. Secondly, how they followed up Wen Yiduo's example in this process and how they developed his ideas. And finally, how they were able to put their own theoretical opinion about the form and content of poetry contained in their articles into the praxis.

撰者陳萬雄. / 論文(碩士)--香港中文大學,1975? / 參考文獻 (leaves 401-435). / zhuan zhe Chen Wanxiong. / Lun wen (shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue,1975? / Can kao wen xian (leaves 401-435). / 目　錄 / 引言 --- p.1-6 / Chapter （一） --- 陳獨秀之青少年時代及其教育 --- p.7-77 / Chapter （二） --- 陳獨秀在辛亥革命前期的活動（1902-1907）（上） --- p.78-180 / Chapter （三） --- 陳獨秀在辛亥革命前期的活動（1902-1907）（下） --- p.181-253 / Chapter （四） --- 陳獨秀在辛亥革命後期的活動（1927-1905） --- p.254-304 / Chapter （五） --- 新文化運動前陳獨秀的思想 --- p.305-374 / Chapter （六） --- 餘論 --- p.375-400 / 徵引書目 --- p.401-435

李漢英. / "2001年6月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (leaves 120-128) / 附中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 6 yue" / Li Hanying. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 120-128) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 女學的興起：淸末士大夫興女學的思潮 --- p.7 / Chapter 第一節 --- 女學的初議一早期改良派興女學的主張 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節 --- 救亡的訴求一維新派興女學的實踐 --- p.9 / Chapter 第三節 --- 共和國的追求´ؤ革命派的女國民教育 --- p.13 / Chapter 第三章 --- 陳子褒的經歷及其教育救國的思想 --- p.16 / Chapter 第一節 --- 陳子褒的生平一由科舉士子到「婦孺之僕」 --- p.16 / Chapter 1. --- 由致力科舉的士子到維新派成員 --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- 由維新派成員到致力教育救國的「婦孺之僕」 --- p.19 / Chapter 第二節 --- 教育救國思想的來源 --- p.24 / Chapter 1. --- 反抗外國侵略的愛國情懷 --- p.24 / Chapter 2. --- 基督的感召 --- p.27 / Chapter 3. --- 日本成功的先例 --- p.31 / Chapter 第三節 --- 陳子褒的教育救國理論 --- p.36 / Chapter 1. --- 培養中國人自立的精神 --- p.36 / Chapter 2. --- 提倡蒙學，培養救國人才 --- p.37 / Chapter 3. --- 以義學爲救國的命脈 --- p.38 / Chapter 4. --- 反對好古，倡白話淺說 --- p.40 / Chapter 5. --- 重視地理，擴展國家勢力 --- p.42 / Chapter 第四章 --- 女子教育的提倡及突破 --- p.46 / Chapter 第一節 --- 陳子褒興女學的理論 --- p.46 / Chapter 1. --- 批評教男不教女的風氣 --- p.46 / Chapter 2. --- 肯定女子讀書的作用 --- p.50 / Chapter 3. --- 主張小學教育權歸女子 --- p.52 / Chapter 第二節 --- 女子教育的實踐´ؤ辦學與教學 --- p.55 / Chapter 第三節 --- 女子教育的突破 --- p.61 / Chapter 1. --- 打破女子家庭教育的束縛 --- p.62 / Chapter 2. --- 開創男女同校的先例 --- p.66 / Chapter 第五章 --- 陳子褒所編讀本中的婦教內容與婦女問題的探討 --- p.69 / Chapter 第一節 --- 讀本的特色及內容 --- p.69 / Chapter 第二節 --- 女性的家庭角色及責任一賢妻良母的培育 --- p.74 / Chapter 1. --- 賢母的角色一母教 --- p.74 / Chapter 2. --- 賢婦的角色一相夫、孝養翁姑、一家和睦 --- p.77 / Chapter 第三節 --- 婦孺讀本與婦女解放的聲音 --- p.80 / Chapter 1. --- 纏足問題一反纏足的號召 --- p.80 / Chapter 2. --- 對婦女貞節觀的批判´ؤ寡婦再嫁的主張 --- p.85 / Chapter 3. --- 其他婦女問題的探討 --- p.91 / Chapter 第六章 --- 陳子褒提倡女學的成果 --- p.93 / Chapter 第一節 --- 陳門弟子對婦女問題的關注 --- p.94 / Chapter 第二節 --- 陳門弟子繼承師志的例子一一立意委身教育救國的冼玉淸 --- p.97 / Chapter 第三節 --- 陳門弟子繼承師志的例子二 ´ؤ創辦崇蘭，延續師志的曾璧山. --- p.100 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.104 / Chapter 第一節 --- 傳統的約束與解放 --- p.105 / Chapter 第二節 --- 女子教育與國家社會的義務與權利 --- p.107 / Chapter 第三節 --- 男性知識份子與中國婦女解放 --- p.109 / 附錄 / 附錄1:陳子褒先生遺像 --- p.111 / 附錄2:陳子褒生平大事 --- p.112 / 附錄3:陳子褒編著書目及首次出版年份 --- p.115 / 附錄4:陳子褒所編婦孺讀本的內容 --- p.116 / 徵引及參考資料 --- p.120

This thesis examines the medical case records of the Imperial Qing Palace. The case records were examined with a view to see how Chinese medicine was practised in the Qing period in China. I also analysed the role of medical cases as another way of adding to an understanding of history. My primary sources were the archive medical case records of the Qing Imperial Palace as compiled by Chen Keji. I also used selected secondary sources, particularly research by Chang Che-Chia on the Qing cases. I concentrated my research on selected emperors and the Empress Dowager. I analysed the case records of Kangxi, Qianlong, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Cixi. Each of these figures were analysed using medical analysis and historical analysis. Using clinical knowledge, I analysed each of these political figures considering the historical and social context of the time. While analysing selected cases I also analysed the medical approach and style of one doctor of the nineteenth century, Ma Peizhi. This physician was selected as representative of elite doctors in China in the late Qing period. Using the methodology of textual analysis I supplemented analysis of the primary sources with examination of secondary sources such as biographies and other journals. In medical terms, I found that the practice of Chinese medicine changes according to social and historical circumstances. In line with the social norms of the elite at the time in Qing China, medicine was practised with the approach of gentleness and balance. This distinctive style, practised by Ma Peizhi, saw the root of physical disease in mental unease. In historical terms, I found that the medical records provided primary evidence for trends in Qing history. The Kangxi emperor looked askance at Chinese medicine, while avidly practising his Manchu shamanic rituals. His grandson, Qianlong, in contrast, presented himself as a patron of Chinese classical learning, of which he saw Chinese medicine as an important component. This was evidence that the sinification of the Manchu conquerors was almost complete. A key finding of the thesis was that the realities of the Qing emperors and the Empress Dowager Cixi differed from the personas they had projected to the public. The Qing emperors and the Empress Dowager were, on the whole, frail in health, psychologically vulnerable and suffering from chronic anxiety, if not depression. The Qing images of power did not fit the reality.

La première partie de notre étude, sur les structures optimales des agrégats isolés, a permis de confirmer la validité du potentiel de Sutton-Chen dès que l'agrégat contient plus de six atomes. Nous avons pu également mettre la robustesse de l'algorithme génétique à l'épreuve et constater que nous pouvions augmenter son efficacité en lui combinant une seconde méthode plus locale en fin de recherche : par exemple, celle du gradient conjugué. Dans le cadre de la méthode EHMO nous avons calculé les énergies des OM et les formes de ces dernières pour chaque géométrie. Nous avons également analysé la variation de gap HOMO-LUMO des orbitales frontières avec la taille de l'agrégat. La seconde partie nous a montré que les structures optimales des agrégats sur une surface (111) sont linéaires.