Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic Theological Union, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-193).

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) apresentou suas ideias evolutivas principalmente no fim do século XVIII. No entanto, elas não foram consideradas na época. Seu neto, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), na 6ª edição do Origin of species as avaliou de modo negativo, comparando-as às concepções equivocadas de Lamarck. O objetivo desta dissertação é inicialmente, descrever as concepções de hereditariedade e evolução de Erasmus, considerando o contexto de sua época. Além disso, procura esclarecer se o tratamento recebido se deveu a uma proposta fraca ou se ela mereceria uma maior consideração. Esta dissertação contém uma Introdução e quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1 discute a vida, trabalhos e contexto em que Erasmus apresentou suas ideias. O Capítulo 2 lida com as concepções de herança e evolução presentes em Zoonomia. O Capítulo 3 discute sobre as concepções de Erasmus sobre a transformação das espécies nas plantas. O Capítulo 4 compara as concepções evolutivas de Erasmus com as de Lamarck. O Capítulo 5 procura responder às perguntas colocadas no início desta pesquisa e apresenta algumas considerações finais sobre o assunto discutido. Esta pesquisa leva à conclusão de que a transmutação das espécies não era o principal interesse de Erasmus. Ele não ofereceu uma fundamentação empírica para suas ideias. Este fato, juntamente com a situação sócio-político-religiosa da época, muito provavelmente contribuiu para a recepção sofrida. Além disso, embora existam algumas semelhanças entre as propostas de Erasmus e Lamarck, existem também grandes diferenças tais como a abrangência da pesquisa, o espaço dedicado à discussão das ideias, a fundamentação oferecida, dentre outras. Erasmus não propôs uma teoria coerente lidando com desde a origem da vida até o aparecimento do homem como Lamarck. Ele somente apresentou algumas ideias a esse respeito em obras dedicadas a outros assuntos. / Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) mainly presented his evolutionary views at the end of the 18th century. However, they were not considered carefully at that time. His grandson, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), in the 6th edition of Origin of species evaluated them in a negative way, comparing them to Lamarcks erroneous conceptions. The aim of this dissertation is firstly to describe Erasmus Darwins conceptions on heredity and evolution considering the context of his time. Besides that, it tries to elucidate the reception received by them was due to a weak proposal or whether they deserved greater consideration. This dissertation comprises an Introduction and five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses Erasmus Darwins life, work and the context in which he presented his ideas. Chapter 2 deals with the conceptions of inheritance and evolution which are present in Zoonomia. Chapter 3 discusses Erasmus view on the transmutation of species in plants. Chapter 4 compares Erasmuss evolutionary conceptions to Lamarcks ones. Chapter 5 tries to answer the questions proposed in the beginning of this research and presents some final remarks concerning the subject. This research leads to the conclusion that the transmutation of species was not the main Erasmus concern. He did not present any empirical foundation of his views related to the subject. This fact, together with the socio-political-religious situation, must have contributed to its reception. Besides that, although there were some similarities between Erasmuss and Lamarcks proposal there were also great differences such as the scope of the research, the space dedicated to its discussion, the foundation provided, among others. Erasmus did not provide a coherent theory of the transmutation of species dealing with since the origin of life to the rise of man, departing from a study of natural history such as Lamarck. In this respect, he only presented a few ideas in works dedicated to other subjects.

Henry-Emile Chevalier was forced in exile by the December 1851 Coup d'Etat in France. In March 1853, he came to Montreal and joined Georges-Hippolythe Cherrier who had just started a new periodical called La Ruche Litteraire Illustree. In addition, during his stay in Montreal, Chevalier worked for several periodicals, was an active member of the Institut canadien de Montreal, and wrote many novels and serials depicting Canada's exoticism. This thesis will provide the most accurate biography of Chevalier up to date, it will also present an analysis of the exoticism in his novels and serials (1853-1960), and of his contribution to the evolution of serials in French Canada.

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) apresentou suas ideias evolutivas principalmente no fim do século XVIII. No entanto, elas não foram consideradas na época. Seu neto, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), na 6ª edição do Origin of species as avaliou de modo negativo, comparando-as às concepções equivocadas de Lamarck. O objetivo desta dissertação é inicialmente, descrever as concepções de hereditariedade e evolução de Erasmus, considerando o contexto de sua época. Além disso, procura esclarecer se o tratamento recebido se deveu a uma proposta fraca ou se ela mereceria uma maior consideração. Esta dissertação contém uma Introdução e quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1 discute a vida, trabalhos e contexto em que Erasmus apresentou suas ideias. O Capítulo 2 lida com as concepções de herança e evolução presentes em Zoonomia. O Capítulo 3 discute sobre as concepções de Erasmus sobre a transformação das espécies nas plantas. O Capítulo 4 compara as concepções evolutivas de Erasmus com as de Lamarck. O Capítulo 5 procura responder às perguntas colocadas no início desta pesquisa e apresenta algumas considerações finais sobre o assunto discutido. Esta pesquisa leva à conclusão de que a transmutação das espécies não era o principal interesse de Erasmus. Ele não ofereceu uma fundamentação empírica para suas ideias. Este fato, juntamente com a situação sócio-político-religiosa da época, muito provavelmente contribuiu para a recepção sofrida. Além disso, embora existam algumas semelhanças entre as propostas de Erasmus e Lamarck, existem também grandes diferenças tais como a abrangência da pesquisa, o espaço dedicado à discussão das ideias, a fundamentação oferecida, dentre outras. Erasmus não propôs uma teoria coerente lidando com desde a origem da vida até o aparecimento do homem como Lamarck. Ele somente apresentou algumas ideias a esse respeito em obras dedicadas a outros assuntos. / Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) mainly presented his evolutionary views at the end of the 18th century. However, they were not considered carefully at that time. His grandson, Charles Darwin (1809-1882), in the 6th edition of Origin of species evaluated them in a negative way, comparing them to Lamarcks erroneous conceptions. The aim of this dissertation is firstly to describe Erasmus Darwins conceptions on heredity and evolution considering the context of his time. Besides that, it tries to elucidate the reception received by them was due to a weak proposal or whether they deserved greater consideration. This dissertation comprises an Introduction and five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses Erasmus Darwins life, work and the context in which he presented his ideas. Chapter 2 deals with the conceptions of inheritance and evolution which are present in Zoonomia. Chapter 3 discusses Erasmus view on the transmutation of species in plants. Chapter 4 compares Erasmuss evolutionary conceptions to Lamarcks ones. Chapter 5 tries to answer the questions proposed in the beginning of this research and presents some final remarks concerning the subject. This research leads to the conclusion that the transmutation of species was not the main Erasmus concern. He did not present any empirical foundation of his views related to the subject. This fact, together with the socio-political-religious situation, must have contributed to its reception. Besides that, although there were some similarities between Erasmuss and Lamarcks proposal there were also great differences such as the scope of the research, the space dedicated to its discussion, the foundation provided, among others. Erasmus did not provide a coherent theory of the transmutation of species dealing with since the origin of life to the rise of man, departing from a study of natural history such as Lamarck. In this respect, he only presented a few ideas in works dedicated to other subjects.

No description available.

Largement répandu dans l'Arctique canadien, l'Omble chevalier (*Salvelinus alpinus*) est une espèce nordique clé pour les Inuits, car il constitue la principale source de protéines et d'acides gras polyinsaturés. Aujourd'hui, avec le changement climatique et les activités anthropiques, cette espèce fait face à de multiples facteurs de stress qui menacent leur santé, leur productivité et les fonctions du microbiote. Chez les Poissons, il existe trois microbiotes dans la peau, les intestins et les branchies, qui participent au maintien de la santé, du système immunitaire et du métabolisme de leur hôte. Ce projet se concentre sur les relations complexes existant entre l'Omble chevalier et son consortium microbien symbiotique dans les branchies, un organe central chez les Poissons. Ce dernier permet la respiration, l'osmorégulation, et il est une barrière semi-perméable qui filtre l'eau, mais aussi les agents pathogènes et les contaminants. Ce sont pour toutes ces raisons que nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la dynamique des populations de bactéries actives vivant dans le microbiote des branchies. De manière générale, ce projet de thèse est la première caractérisation du microbiote des branchies dans des populations sauvages d'Omble chevalier en Arctique. Une approche intégrative a été utilisée pour étudier ces interactions hôte-microbiote afin de déterminer les facteurs environnementaux et génétiques qui expliquent la diversité de composition du microbiote le long d'un gradient latitudinal en Arctique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé la composition des communautés bactériennes actives du microbiote des branchies de population sauvages d'Omble chevalier situées dans cinq communautés inuites différentes : Ekaluktutiak (Nunavut), Salluit, Akulivik, Inukjuak, et Kangiqsualujjuaq (Nunavik). Nous avons trouvé des Protéobactéries et des Bactéroidetes en forte activité dans chacun des groupes, suggérant qu'ils font partie des phylums cœur du microbiote chez l'Omble chevalier. Cependant, au niveau du genre, la composition bactérienne était différente selon les groupes géographiques. La latitude, la température de l'air et le type d'eau (eaux douces ou eaux salées) expliquaient cette distinction. D'un point de vue de la dynamique, les groupes Ekaluktutiak et Kangiqsualujjuaq semblaient avoir une structure stable du microbiote avec beaucoup d'interactions entre les taxons alors qu'Inukjuak et Salluit présentaient plutôt une structure faible avec une potentielle dysbiose détectée. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets de la pollution aux métaux lourds sur le microbiote des branchies. Le mercure, un contaminant neurotoxique et persistant, se retrouve en Arctique par les courants atmosphériques et, après son dépôt sur les terres, se retrouve dans les lacs par ruissèlements. Nous avons mesuré les concentrations de mercure dans les foies et les muscles et regardé si le mercure exerçait une influence sur le microbiote. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune concentration alarmante dans les tissus des poissons pêchés, cependant, le groupe Ekaluktutiak comprenait des concentrations significativement plus élevées et nos analyses statistiques ont montré que le mercure influençait la composition du microbiote. De surcroit, l'abondance de certains taxons était positivement ou négativement corrélée à la concentration de mercure et nous suspectons plusieurs bactéries trouvées dans les branchies de jouer un rôle dans le cycle du mercure. Finalement, nous avons essayé d'évaluer l'effet du génotype de l'hôte sur la composition du microbiote des branchies de l'Omble chevalier. Les études montrant un effet du génotype de l'hôte sur la composition des microbiotes ou suspectant un recrutement de bactéries bénéfiques de l'hôte augmentent dans ce domaine. Ici aussi, nous avons trouvé une corrélation significative entre le génotype de l'Omble chevalier et la composition bactérienne du microbiote actif des branchies dans l'ensemble de notre jeu de données. Cependant, cette corrélation était assez faible. De plus, aucune corrélation significative n'a été trouvée entre ces deux variables dans le groupe Inukjuak, indiquant que le génotype de l'hôte n'a pas d'influence sur le microbiote dans ce groupe-là alors que des corrélations significatives ont été trouvées dans les autres groupes. Même si un effet génétique a été trouvé dans la plupart des groupes l'effet environnemental pourrait jouer un rôle plus fort sur la modulation des communautés bactériennes dans le microbiote. En conclusion, nous avons mis en évidence dans cette thèse que les facteurs environnementaux et génétiques avaient leurs importances dans la modulation du microbiote des branchies de l'Omble chevalier qui différaient selon les groupes géographiques. / Widespread in the Canadian Arctic, Arctic char (*Salvelinus alpinus*) is a key northern species for the Inuit, as they are the primary source of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Today, with climate change and anthropogenic activities both local and distant, this species is faced with a rapidly changing environment. They face multiple stressors, such as changes in water chemistry, bioaccumulation of pollutants, and migration of exotic pathogen populations. This threatens their health and productivity and negatively impacts microbiota functions linked to host immune response and metabolism. In fish, there are three microbiota in the skin, intestines, and gills, and all play a part in maintaining the health of their host. This project focuses on the complex relationships between Arctic char and their symbiotic microbial consortium in the gills. Gills are a central organ in fish. They allow respiration and osmoregulation, and they are a semi-permeable barrier that filters water, including pathogens and contaminants, and contain many immune molecules and commensal microorganisms. For all these reasons, we are particularly interested in the population dynamics of active bacteria living in the gill microbiota. Overall, this thesis project is the first characterization of gill microbiota in wild Arctic Arctic char populations. An integrative approach was used to study these host-microbiota interactions to determine the environmental and genetic factors that explain the diversity of microbiota composition across a latitudinal gradient in the Arctic. First, we characterized the composition of the active bacterial communities of the microbiota in five geographic zones located in five different Inuit communities in Nunavut (Ekaluktutiak) and Nunavik (Salluit, Akulivik, Inukjuak, and Kangqisualujjuaq). We found Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in high abundance in each group, suggesting that they are part of the core phylum of the Arctic char microbiota. However, at the genus level, bacterial composition differed between geographic groups. This distinction was explained by latitude, air temperature, and water type (freshwater or saltwater). From a dynamic point of view, the Ekaluktutiak and Kangqisualujjuaq groups seemed to have a stable microbiota structure, with many interactions between taxa. In contrast, Inukjuak and Salluit had a weak structure, with potential dysbiosis detected. Secondly, we looked at the correlation between mercury and gill microbiota. Mercury, a neurotoxic and persistent contaminant, reaches the Arctic via atmospheric currents and, once deposited on land, finds its way into lakes via runoff or snow/ice/ice melt. We measured mercury concentrations in the livers and muscles of individuals and looked to see if mercury correlated with microbiota. We found no alarming concentrations in the tissues of the fish caught. Still, the Ekaluktutiak group had significantly higher concentrations, and our statistical analyses showed that mercury was correlated with the microbiota composition. Furthermore, the abundance of specific taxa was positively or negatively correlated with mercury concentration, and several bacteria found in the gills could play a role in mercury cycling. Finally, we attempted to assess the correlation between host genotype and the composition of Arctic char gill microbiota. Studies showing an impact of host genotype on microbiota composition and suspecting recruitment of beneficial host bacteria are increasing in this field. We also found a significant correlation between the Arctic char genotype and the bacterial composition of the active gill microbiota in our entire dataset. However, this correlation was relatively weak. Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between these two variables in the Inukjuak group, indicating that host genotype does not influence microbiota in this group. In contrast, significant correlations were found in the other four groups. Although a genetic correlation was found in most groups, the environmental impact could play a stronger role in modulating bacterial communities in the microbiota. In conclusion, this thesis has demonstrated the importance of environmental and genetic factors in modulating Arctic char gill microbiota, which differed according to geographical group.

No description available.

No description available.

Le mauvais goût de "vase" et de "terre" présent chez les poissons élevés en étangs est causé par la présence de géosmine et de 2-méthylisoboméol (MIB) dans leur chair. Ces composés sont semi-volatiles, et lorsque présents dans l'eau, ils sont absorbés et emmagasinés dans les tissus riches en lipides. Les cyanobactéries planctoniques et -benthiques ainsi que les actinomycètes sont des bactéries reconnues comme étant des sources de géosmine et de MIB. Une période d'épuration en eau fraîche est donc nécessaire pour libérer le poisson de ce mauvais goût. La présence de mauvais goût semblable a déjà été documentée chez les poissons élevés dans un système en recirculation (SR). Toutefois, il existe peu d'information disponible sur l'origine du mauvais goût. Les hypothèses de départ étaient que la durée de l'élimination augmente lorsque la température est réduite, que le taux de lipides contenu dans les tissus augmente et que les composés responsables du mauvais goût chez les poissons élevés en étangs sont les mêmes que chez les poissons élevés en SR. Des méthodes quantitatives (micro extraction en phase solide et GCMS) ont été utilisées pour quantifier et déterminer la source du mauvais goût dans l'eau, dans le biofilm et dans les filets. Les cyanobactéries qui pourraient être responsables de la présence de géosmine n'ont pas encore été identifiées.

En France, les changements sociaux, culturels et politiques du tournant des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles vont imposer au romantisme naissant une autre base d’inspiration que l’Antiquité qui fut celle du classicisme : le Moyen Âge. Victor et Hugo et Honoré de Balzac feront partie des auteurs romantiques qui adapteront les ressources imaginaires des œuvres médiévales dont la figure du chevalier. Pourquoi les romantiques ont-ils perçu en cette figure une source de sens ? Quels sont les aménagements nécessaires pour qu’une figure aussi liée au Moyen Âge soit réactualisée dans l’esthétique romantique? Cette étude se propose de répondre à ces question en observant la figure du chevalier dans des œuvres médiévales, Le chevalier de la charrette (Chrétien de Troyes) et Le Lancelot en prose (auteur inconnu), comparée au chevalier romantique présenté dans La légende du beau Pécopin et de la belle Bauldour (Victor Hugo) et Le frère d’armes (Honoré de Balzac). Cette comparaison permettra de mettre en lumière que cette figure est représentée dans ces œuvres transformée et actualisée. / In France, the social, cultural, and political changes of the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries will impose on nascent romanticism another basis for inspiration than that of antiquity, which is that of classicism: the Middle Ages. Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac will be part of the romantic authors who will adapt the imaginary resources of the medieval works including the knight figure. Why did the romantics observe such a source of sense in this figure? What are the necessary amendments for a symbol so strongly linked to the Middle Ages, required for adapted use in romantic aesthetics? This will be examined through observation of the knight figure in the medieval works, Le chevalier de la charrette (Chrétien de Troyes) and Le Lancelot en prose (unknown author), compared to the romantic knight that is present in La légende du beau Pécopin et de la belle Bauldour (Victor Hugo) and Le frère d’armes (Honoré de Balzac). This comparison will highlight that the symbol of the knight represented in these romantics works is transformed and adapted.