Analisa a situação de crianças e adolescentes submetidas precocemente ao trabalho, numa longa duração histórica, que registra mudanças, como a passagem do trabalho infantil inserido na economia familiar camponesa para o trabalho infantil proletarizado, no contexto do êxodo rural ocorrido a partir dos anos 1960 no Vale do Mucuri - MG. Verifica que a população camponesa expropriada migra para diferentes contextos, como a cidade de São Paulo e a agricultura da cana e sofre perdas das condições de reprodução social. Analisa as situações de exploração do trabalho infantil e da situação da infância pobre apresenta-se como anômala em relação aos fundamentais que, simultaneamente iam se fortalecendo por meio de mediações que passaram a definir mudanças na doutrina jurídica sobre a criança e o adolescente e o mundo do trabalho. Considerado violência estrutural, o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes passou a figurar-se como intolerável e desde os anos 1970, com a Convenção 138/73 da OIT e no Brasil repercutiu nos anos 1980 por força dos movimentos sociais que forjaram conquistas de direitos que passaram a orientar as políticas sociais de atendimento à infância, inscritas no ECA. Nos anos 1990, dificuldades de ordem política e econômica vão desorientar a efetivação dos direitos conquistados. A política de erradicação do trabalho infantil é assumido pelo Estado a partir de 1994, com o PETI, que foi sendo implantado lentamente no pais, assim como os Conselhos Tutelares. Para analisar a eficácia das políticas sociais para a erradicação do trabalho infantil, partimos da história de famílias e crianças do bairro Novo Horizonte e da Vila Solidariedade na cidade Teófilo Otoni sofreu um processo vigoroso de expansão da mancha urbana a partir dos anos 1970 em decorrência das migrações camponesas. A história dos habitantes permitiu relacionar expropriação camponesa, migrações e trabalho infantil às políticas socais para a infância, especificamente o PETI e considerar que as mesmas são insuficientes tendo em vista que o grau de ausência de direitos fundamentais em detrimentos das garantias legais / This work analyzes the long-lasting situation of children and adolescents precociously subject to labor. It has been a historical situation, that went through changes such as the passage of child labor in the familiar economy to the proletary child labor that occurred within the rural exodus that took place in the years 1960s in the Mucuri Valley (State of Minas Gerais). We verified that the expropriated peasant population migrates to different environments, such as the city of São Paulo and places dedicated to the sugar cane agriculture, and lose conditions of social reproduction. This work also analyzes the situations of child labor exploitation - the situation of poor children is anomalous in relation to fundamental rights, and simultaneously those rights have been fortified by means of mediations, which resulted in changes in the juridical doctrine regarding the infancy, youth and the labor world. Regarded as a structural violence, the children and youngsters labor was considered intolerable since the years 1970s, through the ILO Convention 138/73. In Brazil, that change spread in the years 1980s by the force of the social movements that created the rights that served as basis for the social policies described in the Statute of the Children and Adolescent. In the years 1990s, social and political difficulties avoided the effectiveness of the rights conquered. The State of São Paulo assumed the policy of the child labor eradication in 1994, through a program (PETI) that has slowly being implanted in the country. At the same time, the Tutelary Councils were created. In order to analyze the efficacy of social policies for the eradication of the child labor, we based our study on the history of families and children of Novo Horizonte and Vila Solidariedade neighborhoods, in the city of Teófilo Otoni, State of Minas Gerais. That city suffered a massive process of urban expansion, from the 1970s on, as result of peasant migrations. The history of the inhabitants allows us to correlate peasant expropriation, migration and labor work to social policies for childhood, specifically the PETI, showing that those policies are insufficient, having in mind the degree of absence of fundamental rights and legal guarantees

The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze two factors contributing to child labor in Ghana, one of the world's largest producers of cocoa. These two factors are: poor countries economic and political dependency on the rich countries, political leader’s ambitions and decisions. We will also describe and analyze the UN's efforts and measures to combat child labor. The method we used was a case study of child labor in Ghana‘s cocoa industry together with interviews. Questions to be answered were: How is poor countries economic and political dependency towards rich countries a contributing factor to child labor? How do political leader’s ambitions and decisions affect child labor? Despite UN efforts to combat child labor it does not diminish in some parts of the world such as West-Africa, why? The theories used were the Dependency Theory and Political Leadership Theory. Our results show that dependency theory can contribute to child labor. It does that because of colonialisms effects still are showing in poorer countries. This in turn leads to that children need to work to help their family economically. UN broad actions and measures to combat child labor did not help to reduce child labor. UN must specify its policies and actions in each country depending on what kind of child labor it is. Political leadership was important to ensure that child labor should decrease. The political leader should have understood the issue and ensured the protection of children under 15 from hazardous work, this by ensuring that there were laws that protected them, but also by accepting the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [369]-383).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-122).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1931. / On cover: University of Pennsylvania. Bibliography: p. 193-195.

Microfinance has become one of the most promising tools for development and poverty alleviation over the past two decades. Millions of borrowers around the globe have utilized microcredit to start or expand their small businesses and raise their household income. One poverty-induced problem microfinance could potentially alleviate is child labor. Despite international legislation prohibiting it, child labor continues to deprive millions of children of their right to education. Without education, there is little hope for a country to increase productivity and wealth in the future. A number of scholars have highlighted a negative correlation between credit rationing and child labor. However, there are no studies that examine whether or not children are less likely to work in households that participate in microfinance programs. In some circumstances, microcredit may increase household income and induce parents to withdraw their children from work while in others, raising the household income level may lead children to work more. In low-income countries with numerous microfinance institutions, many children work despite their parents’ access to credit. In order to examine this paradoxical phenomenon, this thesis presents a number of econometric models which analyze both child labor and credit at the household level. Though these models are vital in explaining the relevant trends, a purely economic analysis fails to capture the political and cultural factors that also engender child labor. To illustrate this complex relationship between economics and mores, this thesis highlights the impact of microfinance on child labor in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is an ideal country for this study because microfinance and child labor are both endemic. Finally, conclusions drawn from this analysis inform policy recommendations to amplify the effectiveness of microfinance on diminishing child labor.

Early Modern drama, particularly that of Thomas Middleton, John Webster, and Ben Jonson, reveal the importance of property law in England in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Their treatment of property law not only reflects and comments on the changes in property law and contract law of the period, but, in many surprising ways, it also anticipates our twentieth- and twenty-first-century discussions of property law as it pertains to property in the person. In much the same way that Early Modern persons debated the limitations and moral implications of private property, we today struggle to understand the limitations and moral implications of property in our bodies. Although these issues have universal importance, they are particularly relevant to women because women, from the early days of the sixteenth century through our contemporary period, have been and continue to be denied rights to property in one way or another. This dissertation explores the drama through the lenses of Early Modern English law, contemporary Western law, feminist philosophy, and literary analysis, and an examination of the plays reveals that women have a property interest in reproductive labor such as gestation, child labor, and child birth. These property interests are relevant to contracts regarding reproductive technologies, paternity law, and doctrines of informed consent, and they also provide a more robust set of rights that protect women from over-reaching state action. / 10000-01-01

A partir da Revolução Industrial, a exploração do trabalho infanto-juvenil se configura como um elemento mutilador da vida (Fonseca, 2008) de crianças e adolescentes, perpetuando-se até hoje. No Brasil atualmente, cerca de 2,97 milhões de pessoas entre 5 e 17 anos exercem algum tipo de trabalho (PNAD,2011). A materialidade da exploração da força de trabalho de crianças e adolescentes é um fenômeno social que tem seus atravessamentos no processo educacional. Nesta faixa-etária, estes sujeitos devem encontrar-se em processo de formação na educação básica, lócus de nossa profissão. Este trabalho de mestrado configura-se enquanto uma sequência de uma pesquisa de Iniciação cientifica BIC/UFRGS relacionada ao grupo de Pesquisa NIEPE/FACED/UFRGS. O estado da arte é uma metodologia utilizada com objetivo principal de organização teórica de um campo e/ou temática específica; que comporta também a utilização de metodologia revisão bibliográfica, revisão teórica e análise de conteúdo. O objetivo foi apontar mediações possíveis para apreender o fenômeno trabalho infanto-juvenil , a partir da análise da produção acadêmica entre 1990 (promulgação do ECA) e 2011 (ano em que se inicia este trabalho) de nível de pós-graduação nas Universidades do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul sobre o tema trabalho infanto-juvenil. Como eixos temáticos que fazem parte da construção do trabalho infanto-juvenil nas produções discentes analisadas temos questões como: programas sociais, sentidos e representações, escola, brinquedo, trabalho educativo, saúde e velhice.Ao final buscamos apontar emergências que surgem da estruturação do campo de pesquisa, a partir de vinte e um anos analisados de produções sobre o tema em nosso Estado. / After the Revolution, the exploitation of the child labor is considered to mutilate the lives of children and adolescents, a practice still perpetrated nowadays. In Brazil currently, an estimate of 2.97 milion people aging from 5 to 17 are employed in some kind of labor (PNAD,2011). The materiality of the exploration of the labour-power of children and adolescents is a social phenomenon that has its crossings in the educational process. In this age range, these subjects are usually students at basic education schools, locus of our research. This dissertation set up as a result of a scientific research Initiation BIC/UFRGS related to the Research Group NIEPE/FACED/UFRGS. The state of the art is a methodology used with the main objective of organizing the theory, a field and/or specific thematic; which involves usage of the methodology review of the bibliography, review of the theory and content analysis. The goal was to point to possible mediation to apprehend the phenomenon of child labor, from the analysis of research conducted from 1990 (promulgation of the ECA) to 2011(year that this work begun) on graduate level at the Universities of the State of the Rio Grande do Sul on the topic child labor. As themes that are part of the construction of the child labor in the analyzed students productions we posed questions regarding: social programs, directions and representations, school, toys, educational work, health and old age. At the end we seek to point out emergencies that arise from the structuring of the research field, from twenty-one years of the productions on the topic analyzed in our State.