Tesis Previa a la Obtencion de la Licenciatura en Nutricion y Dietetica, Universidad Téchnica del Norte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica, Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica. / Abstract in Spanish and English.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1946.

Thesis--University of Turku, 1987. / "Also published in: Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society, 1988, Vol. 84, Suppl. II"--T.p. verso. At head of title: From the Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, and the Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest, Hungary. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-72).

Thesis--University of Turku, 1987. / "Also published in: Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society, 1988, Vol. 84, Suppl. II"--T.p. verso. At head of title: From the Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, and the Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest, Hungary. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-72).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-171). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: The worldwide increase in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has been identified as a major threat to children’s health and South Africa has not been spared. A child’s food environment is constrained and shaped by their parents/carers who provide food based on own food preferences and food selections, which in turn are determined by the larger cultural, social and economic context. Risk factors for childhood obesity are not well established. Existing prevention strategies, focusing on late childhood and adolescence, are largely unsuccessful. There is however an increasing body of evidence that the early life environment is an important determinant of risk of obesity in later life. Aim: To determine prevalence and socio-demographic risk factors associated with childhood overweight and obesity in the Stellenbosch area, Western Cape Province. Methods: Cross-sectional, comparison study. A representative group of 638 children (aged 6- 13 years) attending three randomly selected Stellenbosch primary schools were weighed and measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) using international obesity task force (IOTF) guidelines in the screening phase of the project to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The comparison study phase identified 84 overweight and obese children and 84 children of normal weight (comparison group) to comprise a sample population of 168 children. Socio-demographic data were determined with a structured questionnaire and compared between the overweight/obese group and comparison group (normal weight) to identify associated risk factors and investigate the Ho. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample of primary school children was 13% (n=84) as determined by BMI, of which 9% (n=57) were classified as overweight and 4% (n=27) as obese. Socio-economic factors including maternal employment hours (p=0.0462), family characteristics e.g. number of children in the household (p=0.0231), eating behaviour like consuming brown rice (p=0.0371), pork (p=0.0143), canola/olive-based margarine (p=0.0398) or poly-unsaturated margarine (p=0.0481), doughnuts (p=0.0280) and time spent doing sport (p=0.0450) were significantly associated with overweight or obesity. Ho were thus rejected. Conclusion: The results suggest that maternal working hours, the number of children in the household, poor eating habits and time spent doing sport are important predictor variables for childhood overweight and obesity. Socio-economic status, infant feeding practices and family characteristics like marital circumstances, household number, and mother’s age did not appear to play a role in the development of childhood overweight and obesity in this population. In light of this evidence, preventative initiatives should pro-actively promote healthy eating behaviour and physical activity to children at an early age, in particular girls. Involving families and schools in these initiatives is recommended as well as a national childhood obesity monitoring system to identify children at risk and tracking trends of childhood obesity in guiding evidence-based interventions to tackle this major health problem. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Die wêreldwye toename in die prevalensie van kinder-oorgewig en vetsugtigheid is geïdentifiseer as 'n groot bedreiging vir kinders se gesondheid en Suid-Afrika word nie gespaar nie. 'n Kind se voedingsomgewing is beperk en word gevorm deur ouers of versorgers wat voedsel voorsien gebaseer op hul eie kos voorkeure en voedsel keuses, wat op sy beurt deur die groter kulturele, sosiale en ekonomiese konteks bepaal word. Risiko faktore vir kinder-vetsugtigheid is nie goed gevestig nie. Bestaande voorkoming strategieë, wat fokus op die laat kinderjare en vroeë adolessensie, is grootliks onsuksesvol. Daar is egter voortdurende toename in bewyse dat die vroeë lewensomgewing ‘n belangrike bepalende risiko faktor is vir vetsugtigheid in latere lewe. Doelstellings: Bepaling van prevalensie en sosio-demografiese risiko faktore wat geassosieer word met kinder-oorgewig en vetsugtigheid in die Stellenbosch area, Wes-Kaap Provinsie. Metodes: Deursnit, vergelykende studie. ‘n Verteenwoordigende groep van 638 kinders (ouderdom 6-13 jaar) skoolgaande by drie ewekansig geselekteerde Stellenbosch primêre skole was geweeg en gemeet om Liggaamsmassa Indeks (LMI), volgens die internasionale obesiteit werkgroep (IOTF) riglyne te bereken in die siftingsfase van die projek ter bepaling van prevalensie van oorgewig en vetsugtigheid. Die vergelykende fase het 84 oorgewig en vetsugtige kinders geidentifiseer en 84 kinders met normale gewig (vergelykende groep) ter samestelling van ‘n steekproef populasie van 168 kinders. Sosio-demografiese data was verkry deur ‘n gestruktureerde vraelys en vergelykings was getref tussen oorgewig/vetsugtige groep en vergelykende groep (normale gewig) ter identifisering van geassosieerde risiko faktore en ondersoek van die Ho. Resultate: Prevalensie van oorgewig en vetsugtigheid in die steekproef van primêre skool kinders was 13%(n=84) waarvan 9%(n=57) geklassifiseer was as oorgewig en 4%(n=27) as vetsugtig. Sosio-ekonomiese faktore soos moeders se werksure (p=0.0462), familie kenmerke soos aantal kinders in ‘n huishouding (p=0.0231), eetgedrag nl. bruin rys (p=0.0371), varkvleis (p=0.0143), canola/olyf-gebaseerde margarien (p=0.0398) of polionversadigde margarien (p=0.0481), oliebolle (p=0.0280) en tyd gespandeer aan sport (p=0.0450) was beduidend geassosieer met oorgewig en obesiteit. Ho was dus verwerp. Gevolgtrekking: Die resultate dui daarop dat moeders se werksure, aantal kinders in ‘n huishouding, swak eetgewoontes en tyd gespandeer aan sport, belangrike voorspellers vir kinder-oorgewig en vetsugtigheid is. Sosio-ekonomiese status, baba-voedingspraktyke en familie kenmerke soos huwelikstatus, huishoudelike getal en moeders se ouderdom blyk nie ‘n rol te speel in die ontwikkeling van kinder-oorgewig en obesiteit in hierdie populasie nie. Na aanleiding van hierdie bevindinge moet voorkoming inisiatiewe pro-aktief gesonde eetgewoontes en fisiese aktiwiteit in kinders aanmoedig reeds op 'n vroeë ouderdom, veral in meisies. Die betrekking van gesinne en skole in hierdie inisiatiewe word aanbeveel asook 'n nasionale kinder vetsugtigheids-moniteringstelsel om risiko kinders te identifiseer en die tendense van kinder-vetsugtigheid te volg in die begeleiding van navorsings-gebaseerde intervensies om hierdie belangrike gesondheidsprobleem aan te spreek.

Thesis (MNutr)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Problem definition: Malnutrition increases the incidence and exacerbates the clinical manifestations of TB. Hepatotoxicity is one of the most serious and most frequent side-effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs and may be three times higher in malnourished patients. Objective: The influence of nutritional and retroviral status on the bio-availability and toxicity of anti-tuberculosis agents was studied and a possible relationship between abdominal lymph node enlargement and the occurrence of malnutrition investigated. Subjects and setting: The study subjects were 53 children, 19 HIV-infected and 34 HIV-uninfected, aged 3 months to 13 years with probable or confirmed tuberculosis admitted to the paediatric ward of Brooklyn Hospital for Chest Diseases in Cape Town, South Africa. The nutritional status of the children was assessed over the first four months of tuberculosis treatment by nutrient intake, anthropometric status and biochemical parameters. The relationship between abdominal lymph node enlargement and the occurrence of malnutrition was also evaluated. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed to evaluate the bio-availability of anti-tuberculosis agents and drug hepato-toxicity was evaluated by liver function. Results: Stunting (46.27%) and underweight (34.51%) were the most common types of malnutrition in the children studied. HIV-infection did not have a significant effect on stunting or wasting, but had a significant effect (p=0.003) on underweight for age with 31.5% HIV-infected compared to 2.9% HIV-uninfected at enrolment, but the effect was not statistically significant at month 4. There was no change in the number of stunted, wasted or underweight children from enrolment after 1 month of treatment to month 4 of treatment. HIV-infection did not have a significant effect on abdominal TB involvement (p=0.43354), and nutritional status was not significantly affected by abdominal lymph-node involvement. At enrolment weight for age had a significant effect on AST and ALT with p-values of 0.02166 and 0.02765 respectively and wasting had a significant effect on GGT at enrolment (p=0.03014). However on enrolment only two HIV-infected and two HIV-uninfected children had ALT values increased >X2 normal. Similarly AST values >X3 normal were found in only one HIV-infected child and two HIV-uninfected children. Stunting did not significantly affect liver enzymes. Anthopometric status did not have a significant effect on liver enzymes at month 4. None of the parameters used to determine nutritional status had a statistically significant effect on INH-levels or RMP-levels. HIV-infection had a significant negatve effect on selenium (p=0.030 and 0.012) and ferritin (p=0.026 and 0.002) at enrolment and month 4 and on IBC (p=0.025) at enrolment. At month 4 HIV-infection had a significant negative effect on the mean vitamin C-levels (p=0.005). Conclusions: HIV co-infection did not affect the extent or distribution of body composition changes in this study. Stunting was the most prevalent form of malnutrition in the study group, indicating longstanding undernutrition, which may be due to factors other than the present TB infection. Appropriate treatment of tuberculosis did not appear to affect the nutritional status over the four month period of the study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Probleemstelling: Wanvoeding verhoog die insidensie en vererger die kliniese beeld van TB. Hepatotoksisiteit is een van die ernstigste en algemeenste newe-effekte van anti-tuberkulose middels en mag tot drie keer hoër wees in wangevoede pasiënte. Doelwit: Die invloed van die kinders se voedings- en retrovirale status op die bio-beskikbaarheid en toksisiteit van anti-tuberkulose middels was ondersoek en 'n moontlike verband tussen vergrote abdominale limfnodes en die voorkoms van wanvoeding was ondersoek. Deelnemers en omgewing: Die deelnemers aan die studie was 53 kinders, 19 HIV-positief en 34 HIV-negatief, tussen die ouderdomme van 3 maande en 13 jaar met moontlike of bevestigde tuberkulose toegelaat tot die pediatriese saal van Brooklyn Hospitaal vir Borskwale in Kaapstad, Suid Afrika. Die voedingstatus van die kinders was bepaal oor die eerste vier maande van tuberkulose behandeling ten opsigte van nutriëntinname, antropometriese status en biochemiese parameters. Die verhouding tussen vergrootte abdominale limfnodes en die voorkoms van wanvoeding was ook geëvalueer. Farmakokinetiese studies was uitgevoer om die bio-beskikbaarheid van anti-tuberkulose middels te evalueer en hepatotoksisiteit was deur lewerfunksie geëvalueer. Resultate: Dwerggroei (46.27%) en ondergewig (34.51%) was die algemeenste tipes wanvoeding teenwoordig by die kinders bestudeer. HIV-infeksie het nie 'n noemenswaardige effek op dwerggroei of uittering gehad nie, maar het wel 'n noemenswaardige effek (p=0.003) getoon op ondergewig vir ouderdom met 31.5% HIV-positief vergeleke met 2.9% HIV-negatief by inskrywing, wat nie statisties noemenswaardig was teen maand 4 nie. Daar was geen verandering in die hoeveelheid kinders met dwerggroei, uittering of ondergewig vanaf inskrywing na 1 maand van behandeling tot maand 4 van behandeling nie. HIV-infeksie het nie 'n noemenswaardige effek op abdominale TB gehad nie (p=0.43354), en vergrootte abdominale limfnodes het nie 'n noemenswaardige effek op voedingstatus gehad nie. By inskrywing het gewig vir ouderdom 'n noemenswaardige effek op AST en ALT gehad met p-waardes van 0.02166 en 0.02765 onderskeidelik en uittering het 'n noemenswaardige effek op GGT by inskrywing gehad (p=0.03014). Dwerggroei het nie die lewerensieme noemenswaardig beïnvloed nie. Antropometriese status het nie 'n noemenswaardige effek op lewerensieme teen maand 4 gehad nie. Geen van die parameters wat gebruik is om voedingstatus te bepaal het 'n noemenswaardige statistiese effek op INH-vlakke of RMP-vlakke gehad nie. HIV-infeksie het 'n noemenswaardige effek op selenium (p=0.030 en 0.012) en ferritien (p=0.026 en 0.002) by inskrywing en maand 4 gehad en op IBC (p=0.025) by inskrywing. HIV-infeksie het 'n statisties noemenswaardige effek op die gemiddelde vitamien C-vlakke (p=0.005). Gevolgtrekking: HIV ko-infeksie het nie die verspreiding of mate van liggaamsamestelling veranderinge in hierdie studie geaffekteer nie. Dwerggroei was die algemeenste vorm van wanvoeding in die studiegroep, wat langstaande wanvoeding aandui en toegeskryf mag word aan faktore buiten die huidige TB infeksie. Toepaslike tuberkulose behandeling het nie 'n wesenlike effek op voedingstatus gehad tydens die vier maande periode van die studie nie.

The study focused on the impacts and challenges associated with the introduction of FCUBE with particular emphasis on the Capitation Grant and the School Feeding Programmes in the Ashiedu Keteke Sub-Metro of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Data was collected from Six Basic Schools in the Sub- Metro under Circuits 12 and 13. This study found out from the participants that the introduction of these policy options even though has improved enrolment and the quality of education is faced with a lot of obstacles and challenges such as access to school, shortage of teachers, economic and social cultural practices etc. It seems evident from the analysis in this study and observations that despite the achievements of government, there still are a number of children out of school in Ghana and being denied the right to education and therefore the goals of universal access to primary quality education cannot be achieved through the linear expansion of existing public schools system alone. One limitation was that the sample was quite small due to limited time and resources. The study contributes to the understanding of what the various education policies say and what really happens on the ground. It provides a foundation for further studies on a more extensive scale so as to get a broader picture of what the education sector really experience, as well providing guidance for the ministry to take actions that make it more friendly.

The effects of two positive reinforcement procedures were evaluated to increase contact with, proximity to, and acceptance of new foods in a young child with autism. During baseline, two groups of six food items were presented. One group was intervened on. The first condition involved a changing criterion contingency and social attention as a consequence. The second involved a shaping contingency and access to videos as a consequence. The types of contact emitted, the amount of time spent contacting the food, and two affect topographies were measured. The second procedure resulted in increased duration and variety of contact, and increases of both affect topographies. Results are discussed in the context of food selectivity in autism, programming goals, and balancing intervention efficacy and restrictiveness.

Orientadora : Maria Amelia Chaib Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-15T16:16:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_IsabelCristina_M.pdf: 24099049 bytes, checksum: 47713dbfb467d2b5aa18fc283023fc26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1981 / Resumo: A Merenda Escolar tem despertado crescente interesse na medida que sua importância e alcance vem sendo compreendidos. Sendo um instrumento capaz de atingir a crianças de todas as idades, de todos os níveis econômicos, em todos os pontos do país, passou a merecer planejamento, direcionamento, avaliação nutricional, controle de qualidade e avaliação sensorial; deixando de possuir apenas carac-terísticas individuais e locais. Daí, a necessidade de programação baseada nos padrões de desenvolvimento de cada região do país, programações estas feitas em parte pelos órgãos financiadores, e na sua maior parte pelo poder público, através de programas gover-namentais.Na busca de melhor atender e satisfazer as necessidades das crian-ças, métodos têm sido usados ou especialmente criados, a fim de superar os problemas de entendimento e comunicação que se apresentam na aplicação prática dos mesmos. Este trabalho, por meio de índices objetivos baseados em medidas de volume (índice de aceitabilidade e frequência de consumo)e métodos hedônicos (escala hedônica facial e escala hedônica facial modifi-cada), baseados no grau de gostar e não-gostar de um alimento, procurou medir a preferência como critério de aceitação de uma sopa creme de feijão com macarrão e proteína texturizada de soja. Foram também con-siderados neste estudo os fatores: condição sócio-econômica, sexo, idade e consumo de merenda. As crianças eram alunas de 10 qrau deuma escola da rede estadual, na faixa etária de 07 a 14 anos. Os resultados estatísticos não indicaram diferenças significativas entre os quatro métodos utilizados, podendo os mesmos serem emprega-dos com eficiência na determinação de preferência de um alimento para o consumo escolar / Abstract: The school lunch program in Brazil has had a fast growing interest since its importance and social range application have been better understood. Attention to local and individual characteristics, a better planning and directioning, a wiser nutritional assessment and food quality and sensory controls have contributed to a closer approach to school children of all ages and social levels from every country in Brazil. A Government-private enterprises' joint program has been developed to comply with the different standards in the different regions in the country. Several methods have been employed or especially created to over- come problems as to understanding and communication between school lunch staff members and school children. The present work tried to measure preference as a means of acceptace of a school lunch dish (texturized soybean protein+beans+noodles soup). Four objective indexes such as consumption volume, frequency of consumption, a facial hedonic rating scale and a modified facial hedonic rating scale (like and dislike) were applied. Children's social economic condition, sex, age and frequency of consumption were also considered. Children were selected from an -elementary and junior-high state school from ages of 7 to 14. Sta-tistical results did not show significant differences between the four preference indexes under study. Such methods seem likely to be efficient in use for preference assessment of foods in the Brazilian school lunch program / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos