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As the first comprehensive study of Western Australian forest protest the thesis analyses the protest movement's organisation, campaigns and strategies. Its central argument is that the contemporary Western Australian forest protest movement established a network of urban and south-west activist groups which encouraged broad public support, and that a diversity of protest strategies focused public attention on forest issues and pressured the state government to change its forest policies. The forest protest movement was characterised by its ability to continually adapt its organisation and strategies to changing social and political conditions. This flexible approach to protest not only led to victories in the Shannon River Basin, Lane-Poole Reserve and old growth forest campaigns, but also transformed forest protest into an influential social movement which contributed to the downfall of the Court Liberal Government in 2001.

Mastication is a fuel management technique that disrupts the vertical continuity of forest fuels by mechanical shredding of trees and understory vegetation into a highly-compacted surface fuelbed. The particle size distributions, bulk density and arrangements differ from natural and slash fuel types, thus resulting in fuelbeds with potentially different moisture dynamics and fire behaviour. We conducted three experiments, the first of which examined differences in in-stand micrometeorology and fuelbed moisture content between differing levels of stand thinning via mastication. In the second experiment, a fuel moisture model was created, validated with an independent dataset, and compared with pre-existing models that are incorporated in the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System. In the third experiment, we compared the results of standard ignition tests performed on masticated fuelbeds in the laboratory and field to determine probability of sustained flaming, and compared our findings with pre-existing models of ignition for other forest fuels.

The edge rounding of brittle materials by vibratory finishing, VF, was investigated. Borosilicate glass and silicon nitride specimens were processed in two typical VF setups. In all cases, the processed specimens exhibited wear and chipping at their edges, whereas their flat surfaces remained intact. Edge chipping was strongly affected by the edge geometry and process parameters such as the media size and vibration amplitude of the finisher. Therefore, to achieve smooth chip-less edge, samples were processed in several steps, starting with the least energetic conditions, followed by more energetic ones as the edge became progressively blunter. The analysis of edge wear by VF revealed a new mechanism of wear, not previously reported in the literature. A stochastic numerical model was subsequently developed to model this mechanism of wear. To confirm the validity of the model, the model predictions were compared to the experimental observations of wear in the vibratory finisher. The model was used to investigate the effect of various VF process parameters on the edge wear of brittle materials. A VF simulator was used to investigate wear and chipping under more controlled conditions. The VF simulator launched particles against the specimens at adjustable velocities and impact angles. The effect of particles’ shape, and impact velocity and angle, on the wear of glass edges was investigated. Fundamental differences were observed between wear by abrasive and smooth particles. These differences were attributed to the mechanisms of material removal by abrasive iii and smooth balls. Abrasive balls remove material by the sharp indentation of their surface asperities, whereas smooth particles lack such sharp peaks and hence apply blunt indentation on the edges. To identify the fundamental differences between material removal by sharp and blunt indenters, a series of indentation experiments were carried out on glass edges. Subsequently, these differences were discussed in terms of their implications on wear by abrasive and smooth particles.

The edge rounding of brittle materials by vibratory finishing, VF, was investigated. Borosilicate glass and silicon nitride specimens were processed in two typical VF setups. In all cases, the processed specimens exhibited wear and chipping at their edges, whereas their flat surfaces remained intact. Edge chipping was strongly affected by the edge geometry and process parameters such as the media size and vibration amplitude of the finisher. Therefore, to achieve smooth chip-less edge, samples were processed in several steps, starting with the least energetic conditions, followed by more energetic ones as the edge became progressively blunter. The analysis of edge wear by VF revealed a new mechanism of wear, not previously reported in the literature. A stochastic numerical model was subsequently developed to model this mechanism of wear. To confirm the validity of the model, the model predictions were compared to the experimental observations of wear in the vibratory finisher. The model was used to investigate the effect of various VF process parameters on the edge wear of brittle materials. A VF simulator was used to investigate wear and chipping under more controlled conditions. The VF simulator launched particles against the specimens at adjustable velocities and impact angles. The effect of particles’ shape, and impact velocity and angle, on the wear of glass edges was investigated. Fundamental differences were observed between wear by abrasive and smooth particles. These differences were attributed to the mechanisms of material removal by abrasive iii and smooth balls. Abrasive balls remove material by the sharp indentation of their surface asperities, whereas smooth particles lack such sharp peaks and hence apply blunt indentation on the edges. To identify the fundamental differences between material removal by sharp and blunt indenters, a series of indentation experiments were carried out on glass edges. Subsequently, these differences were discussed in terms of their implications on wear by abrasive and smooth particles.

The effects of sublethal drift rates and carryover of glyphosate and dicamba into the next generation of seed potato cultivars Atlantic and Dakota Pearl are unknown. The objective of this research is to determine the impact of sublethal glyphosate and dicamba rates on mother and daughter chipping potato plants. Field studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Oakes, ND. Herbicides were sprayed at the tuber initiation stage and consisted of dicamba (0, 20, and 99 g ae ha-1) and glyphosate (0, 40, and 197% g ae ha-1). During the year of application (2018), the combination of glyphosate at 197 g ha-1 and dicamba at 99 g ha-1 resulted in a 40% yield reduction compared to the non-treated in both cultivars. In 2019, the daughter tubers from mother tubers that were treated with glyphosate (23%) experienced a 16% reduction in marketable yield in both cultivars.

PURPOSE: To analyze surface roughness, the edge chipping of different CAD/CAM bur milled dental materials (bar and crown design of 1.0mm and 1.5mm thickness), correlate the effect of machining damage on the material strength, compare the flexural strength of bur milled versus sectioned CAD/CAM blocks and evaluate the tool wear after milling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five dental CAD/CAM materials were used: Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max CAD), Leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic (IPS Empress CAD), Feldspathic porcelain (Vitablocs Mark II), Feldspar ceramic-polymer infiltrated (Enamic), and composite resin (Lava Ultimate). Ten rectangular bars with dimensions of 4 mm × 2 mm × 14 mm were milled using a new set of burs for each material. Then, ten crowns of each material with thicknesses of 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm were milled after scanning a standard aluminum die with corresponding marginal thickness. The bars surface roughness was measured. Then, three specimens were selected for the edge chipping analysis using (SEM). Thereafter, 3-point bend test was used to test the flexural strength of bur milled and saw cut bars with the same dimensions. For the crowns, load to failure test was used. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc tests to determine the difference between the groups using JMP13.0 with α=0.05. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The surface roughness and edge chipping was significantly affected by the material composition. Comparison of the flexural strength of bur milled to sectioned bars, IPS e.max CAD and IPS Empress CAD show statistically significant less flexural strength (p<0.001). A strong correlation was found between the decrease in flexural strength and the chipping length on the central tensile side of the bur milled materials (R2=0.62, p=0.01). Crown thickness significantly affects the edge chipping as 1.5 mm crown thickness has more edge chipping than 1.0 mm crowns. However, no correlation is found between the load to failure test for the crown design and the edge chipping for 1.5mm and 1.0 mm thickness crowns. Tool wear is significantly affected by the material type. / 2021-07-31

Objetivos: aprofundar na interpretação dos dados obtidos pelo teste de lascamento da aresta, com espécime em formato de barra ou de coroa, para verificar se o ensaio é capaz de reproduzir o resultado já conhecido na clínica de que porcelana sobre zircônia apresenta maior facilidade de lascamento do que porcelana sobre metal, quando o resfriamento rápido é adotado. Material e método: o teste de lascamento da aresta foi aplicado em espécimes com dois formatos: barras (monolíticas: de VM13, VM9 ou zircônia; ou em duas camadas: de VM13-metal ou VM9-zircônia) e coroas (sempre com duas camadas). Nas barras monolíticas (5 mm x 32 mm x 2,5 mm) foi realizada uma análise da microestrutura para avaliar eventuais diferenças entre a VM13 e a VM9, que poderiam interferir na interpretação de diferenças encontradas nos espécimes de duas camadas. As barras com duas camadas (5 mm x 32 mm x 2,2 mm, com infraestrutura de 0,7 mm e porcelana de 1,5) receberam dois protocolos de resfriamento (lento e rápido) e foram testadas em duas direções de carregamento (paralela ou perpendicular à interface). Para estes espécimes foram avaliadas as tensões térmicas residuais por análise por elementos finitos. Para as coroas (correspondentes ao primeiro molar inferior, com infraestrutura de 0,7 mm de espessura), foram utilizados os mesmos protocolos de resfriamento das barras de duas camadas. As superfícies de fraturas de todos os espécimes foram analisadas em estereomicroscópio com um aumento de 20x a 50x. Os dados de lascamento foram analisados através de diferentes abordagens apresentadas na literatura, sendo o parâmetro ReA (resistência ao lascamento), correspondente à média de todas as razões de força necessária para criar a lasca pela distância da aresta (N/mm), o escolhido para comparar os vários grupos experimentais. Resultados: não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as resistências ao lascamento das porcelanas, apesar da VM13 apresentar maior fração de área de leucita. Nas barras de duas camadas resfriadas lentamente e carregadas na direção perpendicular à interface, a zircônia proporcionou resistência ao lascamento da porcelana estatisticamente superior à proporcionada pelo metal. Quando o resfriamento rápido foi utilizado ou quando o carregamento foi paralelo à interface, o teste não foi capaz de evidenciar diferenças entre os grupos. Nas coroas submetidas ao resfriamento rápido, o metal proporcionou resistência ao lascamento da porcelana estatisticamente superior à proporcionada pela zircônia. Quando o resfriamento lento foi utilizado, o teste não foi capaz de evidenciar diferenças entre grupos com materiais de infraestrutura distintos. Conclusão: O ensaio de lascamento em coroas reproduziu melhor que o ensaio de lascamento em barras a resistência ao lascamento relatada na clínica. Assim, esforços em aprimorar o teste utilizando espécimes com geometria mais semelhante à da coroa são importantes. / Aim: To deepen the investigation of the edge chipping method when using either bar or crown-shaped specimens, to verify whether the test is able to reproduce the well-known clinical outcome that veneered zirconia is more prone to chipping than porcelain-fused-to-metal when the fast cooling protocol is used. Materials and methods: edge chipping test was conducted with different shaped specimens: bars (monolithic: VM13, VM9 or zirconia; or bilayers: VM13-metal and VM9-zirconia) and bi-layer crowns. A microstructure analysis was performed on the monolithic bars (5 mm x 32 mm x 2.5 mm) to evaluate possible differences between VM13 and VM9, that could account for differences on bilayer specimens data. The bilayer bars (5 mm x 32 mm x 2.2 mm, 0.7 mm and 1.5 porcelain infrastructure) were subjected to two cooling protocols (slow and fast) and load was applied in two directions (parallel or perpendicular to the interface). For bilayer bars, residual thermal stresses were evaluated using finite element analysis. For crown-shaped specimens (corresponding to the first molar, with 0.7 mm framework thickness), the cooling protocol was the same employed for bilayer bars. The fractured surfaces of all specimens were examined utilizing a stereomicroscope at a magnification from 20x up to 50x. The edge chipping data were analyzed by several approaches presented in the literature, the ReA parameter (chipping resistance), corresponding to the average of force versus distance data collected over a broad range (N / mm), was chosen to compare the different experimental groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the veneers for chipping resistance, despite that VM13 presented the highest leucite content. On bilayer bars with slow cooling protocol and loading perpendicular to the interface, zirconia provided significantly higher chipping resistance than metal-based specimens. Edge chipping test was not able to detect differences between groups when fast cooling was used or loading was applied parallel to the interface. When crowns were subject to fast cooling, results revealed that metal framework has significantly higher veneer chipping resistance than zirconia. When the slow cooling protocol was used, differences between groups with different frameworks were not observed using edge chipping test. Conclusion: The chipping test on crowns reproduced the chipping resistance reported clinically better than bar-shaped specimens. Thus, efforts to improve the test using specimens more similar to the crown geometry are important.

Objetivos: aprofundar na interpretação dos dados obtidos pelo teste de lascamento da aresta, com espécime em formato de barra ou de coroa, para verificar se o ensaio é capaz de reproduzir o resultado já conhecido na clínica de que porcelana sobre zircônia apresenta maior facilidade de lascamento do que porcelana sobre metal, quando o resfriamento rápido é adotado. Material e método: o teste de lascamento da aresta foi aplicado em espécimes com dois formatos: barras (monolíticas: de VM13, VM9 ou zircônia; ou em duas camadas: de VM13-metal ou VM9-zircônia) e coroas (sempre com duas camadas). Nas barras monolíticas (5 mm x 32 mm x 2,5 mm) foi realizada uma análise da microestrutura para avaliar eventuais diferenças entre a VM13 e a VM9, que poderiam interferir na interpretação de diferenças encontradas nos espécimes de duas camadas. As barras com duas camadas (5 mm x 32 mm x 2,2 mm, com infraestrutura de 0,7 mm e porcelana de 1,5) receberam dois protocolos de resfriamento (lento e rápido) e foram testadas em duas direções de carregamento (paralela ou perpendicular à interface). Para estes espécimes foram avaliadas as tensões térmicas residuais por análise por elementos finitos. Para as coroas (correspondentes ao primeiro molar inferior, com infraestrutura de 0,7 mm de espessura), foram utilizados os mesmos protocolos de resfriamento das barras de duas camadas. As superfícies de fraturas de todos os espécimes foram analisadas em estereomicroscópio com um aumento de 20x a 50x. Os dados de lascamento foram analisados através de diferentes abordagens apresentadas na literatura, sendo o parâmetro ReA (resistência ao lascamento), correspondente à média de todas as razões de força necessária para criar a lasca pela distância da aresta (N/mm), o escolhido para comparar os vários grupos experimentais. Resultados: não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as resistências ao lascamento das porcelanas, apesar da VM13 apresentar maior fração de área de leucita. Nas barras de duas camadas resfriadas lentamente e carregadas na direção perpendicular à interface, a zircônia proporcionou resistência ao lascamento da porcelana estatisticamente superior à proporcionada pelo metal. Quando o resfriamento rápido foi utilizado ou quando o carregamento foi paralelo à interface, o teste não foi capaz de evidenciar diferenças entre os grupos. Nas coroas submetidas ao resfriamento rápido, o metal proporcionou resistência ao lascamento da porcelana estatisticamente superior à proporcionada pela zircônia. Quando o resfriamento lento foi utilizado, o teste não foi capaz de evidenciar diferenças entre grupos com materiais de infraestrutura distintos. Conclusão: O ensaio de lascamento em coroas reproduziu melhor que o ensaio de lascamento em barras a resistência ao lascamento relatada na clínica. Assim, esforços em aprimorar o teste utilizando espécimes com geometria mais semelhante à da coroa são importantes. / Aim: To deepen the investigation of the edge chipping method when using either bar or crown-shaped specimens, to verify whether the test is able to reproduce the well-known clinical outcome that veneered zirconia is more prone to chipping than porcelain-fused-to-metal when the fast cooling protocol is used. Materials and methods: edge chipping test was conducted with different shaped specimens: bars (monolithic: VM13, VM9 or zirconia; or bilayers: VM13-metal and VM9-zirconia) and bi-layer crowns. A microstructure analysis was performed on the monolithic bars (5 mm x 32 mm x 2.5 mm) to evaluate possible differences between VM13 and VM9, that could account for differences on bilayer specimens data. The bilayer bars (5 mm x 32 mm x 2.2 mm, 0.7 mm and 1.5 porcelain infrastructure) were subjected to two cooling protocols (slow and fast) and load was applied in two directions (parallel or perpendicular to the interface). For bilayer bars, residual thermal stresses were evaluated using finite element analysis. For crown-shaped specimens (corresponding to the first molar, with 0.7 mm framework thickness), the cooling protocol was the same employed for bilayer bars. The fractured surfaces of all specimens were examined utilizing a stereomicroscope at a magnification from 20x up to 50x. The edge chipping data were analyzed by several approaches presented in the literature, the ReA parameter (chipping resistance), corresponding to the average of force versus distance data collected over a broad range (N / mm), was chosen to compare the different experimental groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the veneers for chipping resistance, despite that VM13 presented the highest leucite content. On bilayer bars with slow cooling protocol and loading perpendicular to the interface, zirconia provided significantly higher chipping resistance than metal-based specimens. Edge chipping test was not able to detect differences between groups when fast cooling was used or loading was applied parallel to the interface. When crowns were subject to fast cooling, results revealed that metal framework has significantly higher veneer chipping resistance than zirconia. When the slow cooling protocol was used, differences between groups with different frameworks were not observed using edge chipping test. Conclusion: The chipping test on crowns reproduced the chipping resistance reported clinically better than bar-shaped specimens. Thus, efforts to improve the test using specimens more similar to the crown geometry are important.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Zhijian Pei / Poor machinability of hard-to-machine materials (such as advanced ceramics and titanium) limits their applications in industries. Ultrasonic-vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG), a hybrid machining process combining material-removal mechanisms of diamond grinding and ultrasonic machining, is one cost-effective machining method for these materials. Compared to ultrasonic machining, UVAG has much higher material removal rate while maintaining lower cutting pressure and torque, reduced edge chipping and surface damage, improved accuracy, and lower tool wear rate. However, physics-based models to predict cutting force in UVAG have not been reported to date. Furthermore, edge chipping is one of the technical challenges in UVAG of brittle materials. There is no report related to effects of cutting tool design on edge chipping in UVAG of brittle materials. The goal of this research is to provide new knowledge of machining these hard-to-machine materials with UVAG for further improvements in machining cost and surface quality. First, a thorough literature review is given to show what has been done in this field. Then, a physics-based predictive cutting force model and a mechanistic cutting force model are developed for UVAG of ductile and brittle materials, respectively. Effects of input variables (diamond grain number, diamond grain diameter, vibration amplitude, vibration frequency, spindle speed, and federate) on cutting force are studied based on the developed models. Interaction effects of input variables on cutting force are also studied. In addition, an FEA model is developed to study effects of cutting tool design and input variables on edge chipping. Furthermore, some trends predicted from the developed models are verified through experiments. The results in this dissertation could provide guidance for choosing reasonable process variables and designing diamond tools for UVAG.