The effect of pH upon the aquatic toxicity of cyfluthrin was determined in 48 h static acute toxicity tests using 2nd instar Chironomus tentans larvae. Tests were conducted in both dechlorinated tap water and lake water of pH 8.0, 7.2, and 6.6. After 48 h, immobilized and dead larvae were removed and replaced with 2nd instar larvae to assess the persistence of toxicity. Midges were cultured in water adjusted to the pH values used in testing. Toxicity if cyfluthrin varied inversely with pH. An increase in the pH of tap water by 2 units resulted in a 2-decrease in toxicity. Toxicity of cyfluthrin also varied between tap and lake water of the same pH. EC50 values in lake water were approximately 2-3 times lower than those in tap water. Toxicity in the lake water and tap water at every pH tested was also significantly different when regression line elevations were compared. Natural waters amended with cyfluthrin were consistently more toxi to the chironomids than tap water of the same pH. Persistence of cyfluthrin at low pH also influenced chironomid behavior. Recovery of normal behavior generally began within 24 h at pH 8.0 At pH 6.0, recovery did not begin until one week after dosing. The persistence of cyfluthrin also varied with pH. Averaged across all concentrations, 30% of the initial dose remained in tap water (pH 8.0) after 48 h, compared with 45% (pH 7.2), and 75 % (pH 6.6).

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2010. / Directed by Anne Hershey; submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jul. 9, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-34).

<p> Three new virus diseases are described in larvae of the midge, Chironomus plumosus. The intracellular development of one of these, CpV-1, in the fat body and muscle of this insect is given in detail. In addition, the ultrastructure of the virion is described. Classification of the known icosahedral cytoplasmic DNA viruses is discussed. </p> <p> The development of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the midgut is examined. Observations are discussed in relation to knowledge concerning other polyhedrosis viruses, and possible evolutionary pathways among them. </p> <p> A cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of the fat body is described for the first time. The ultrastructure of the viral capsid is compared to that of the bacteriophage X 174. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Chironomus riparius are the least sensitive aquatic species in the U.S. EPA (2000) species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for cadmium (Cd). LC50 values over 25,000 times the Criterion Maximum Concentration suggest that chironomids have an extraordinary capacity to excrete or sequester cadmium as a means of increasing their overall tolerance to toxic metals. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy, we have shown saturable uptake of cadmium by whole chironomids and isolated guts. The transport of Cd from the gut lumen to the hemolymph exposes other tissues such as the nervous system and muscles to Cd. To quantify the movement of Cd2+ from the main point of entry, the digestive tract, we have identified regional differences of Cd transport along the gut using a Cd2+ -selective microelectrode in conjunction with the Scanning Ion Selective Electrode Technique (SIET). Cd2+ fluxes were determined in high mucosal or serosal Ca2+ to analyze the contribution of Ca2+ transporters to Cd2+ uptake. The major tissues responsible for elimination of Cd2+ from the hemolymph are the posterior midgut and the ileum. In addition, experiments using an isolated Malpighian tubule preparation (the Ramsay assay) have shown that the Malpighian tubules both sequester and secrete Cd2+. The tubules can secrete the entire hemolymph burden of Cd^2+ in~ 18 hours. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Thesis (M.S.)--The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2009. / Directed by Vincent Henrich; submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 27, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-45).

No description available.

Alquilbenzeno Linear Sulfonado (LAS) é o surfactante aniônico mais utilizado no mundo e é encontrado constantemente em esgoto doméstico e águas residuárias de lavanderia. A remoção de LAS em reatores foi comprovada em estudos anteriores, mas pouco se sabe sobre a toxicidade desse composto em amostras mais complexas para a biota aquática. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar duas Hipóteses; A: O LAS padrão causa efeitos negativos na biota aquática, e B: O tratamento em reator de leito fluidificado de amostra complexa contendo LAS (água residuária de lavanderia comercial combinada com esgoto doméstico bruto) diminui os efeitos negativos na biota aquática. Ambas as hipóteses foram avaliadas por meio de bioensaios de toxicidade com: Chironomus sancticaroli, Allonais inaequalis e Daphnia magna, analisados a partir da mortalidade dos organismos e análises estatísticas, para determinar os efeitos tóxicos dos LAS padrão e das amostras do reator, comparados ao controle. Para avaliar a Hipótese A foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda, crônica e crônica de gerações com o LAS padrão. No teste de toxicidade crônica de gerações, com a espécie C. sancticaroli, foram analisados a deformidade bucal, comprimento das larvas, tamanho das asas das fêmeas e fecundidade potencial com o LAS padrão em 3 gerações. Para responder a Hipótese B, foram realizados bioensaios de toxicidade aguda e crônica com os afluentes, efluentes e diluições dos efluentes nas seis fases de operação do reator. C. sancticaroli foi a espécie mais tolerante tanto em teste de toxicidade aguda como crônica com LAS padrão (CL50-96h 25,25 mg.L-1 e CL50-10dias 18,11 mg.L-1), seguido de A. inaequalis (CL50-96h 8,13 mg.L-1 e CL50-10dias 8,56 mg.L-1). A espécie mais sensível ao LAS foi D. magna (CE50-48h 6,11mg.L-1 e CE50-21dias 3,21 mg.L-1). No teste de toxicidade crônica de longa duração, não existiu diferença estatística entre as gerações para o desenvolvimento das larvas do inseto C. sancticaroli, entretanto evidenciaram diferença estatística entre as gerações quanto ao tamanho das asas das fêmeas, indicando que esses organismos podem sofrer alterações fisiológicas quando a exposição ao contaminante é contínua, confirmando a Hipótese A. Os resultados ecotoxicológicos com o reator evidenciaram toxicidade de 100% de todos afluentes e efluentes para A. inaequalis e D. magna. Já C. sancticaroli apresentou menor toxicidade nas primeiras fases de operação (de 20 a 100% de mortalidade). Em geral, foi identificado diferença de toxicidade das fases do reator por meio das diluições. Nas fases menos tóxicas, a diminuição da mortalidade era observada a partir de diluição de 50%; nas fases mais tóxicas, a partir de 20%. É possível concluir que a Fase VIb de operação do reator apresentou diminuição da toxicidade. Entretanto, ao se analisar testes de toxicidade crônica nessa fase, conclui-se que o efluente mesmo depois do tratamento em reator causa efeito negativo nos organismos-teste avaliados, dessa forma é possível refutar a Hipótese B. A partir dos resultados apresentados, é possível concluir que o LAS causa impacto ambiental, principalmente em exposição continua, e que mesmo com remoção em sistema biológico de efluentes reais (água residuária de lavanderia comercial combinada com esgoto doméstico) existe impacto, possivelmente com a interação entre os diversos compostos tóxicos e o LAS. / Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) is the most commonly utilized anionic surfactant in the world and it is present in domestic sewage and laundry wastewater. Removal of LAS in reactors has been proven in previous studies, but little is known about the toxicity to the aquatic biota. The objectives of this study were tested into two Hypotheses, A: The standard surfactant LAS causes negative effects on aquatic biota, and B: Treatment in complex sample fluidized bed reactor containing LAS (commercial laundry wastewater combined with raw domestic sewage) diminishes the negative effects on aquatic biota. Both Hypotheses were evaluated toxicity bioassays using three test organisms: Chironomus sancticaroli, Allonais inaequalis and Daphnia magna. To evaluate the Hypothesis A, acute, chronic and long-term chronic toxicity tests were performed with standard LAS. In the long-term chronic tests with C. sancticaroli organisms, we analyzed the oral deformity, larval length, female wing size and potential fecundity in contact with the standard LAS in 3 generations. Acute and chronic bioassays with affluents, effluents and effluent dilutions in the VI operating phases of the fluidized bed reactor were proceeded to evaluate the Hypothesis B. The results were analyzed from the mortality of the organisms, and statistical analysis were performed to determine the similarity of the toxic effects of the LAS and reactor samples, compared to the control. The species C. sancticaroli was the most tolerant species in both acute and chronic trials with standard LAS (LC50-96h 25.25 mg.L-1 and LC50- 10 days 18.11 mg.L-1), followed by species of A. inaequalis (LC50-96h 8.13 mg.L-1 and LC50-10 days 8.56 mg.L-1). The species most sensitive to LAS was D. magna (CE50-48h 6.11mg.L-1 and CE50-21dias 3.21mg.L-1). In the long-term chronic test, there is no statistical difference between the generations for the development of C. sancticaroli insect larvae. However, they showed a statistical difference between the generations regarding the size of the female wings, indicating that these organisms may undergo physiological changes when exposure to the contaminant is continuous. From these results it is possible to confirm Hypothesis A. The ecotoxicological results with the reactor showed toxicity of 100% of all tributaries and effluents for A. inaequalis and D. magna. The C. sancticaroli species had low toxicity in the first stages of operation (from 20 to 100% mortality). In general, toxicity difference of the reactor phases was identified by half of the dilution analysis. In the less toxic phases, the decrease in mortality was observed from 50% dilution; in the most toxic phases, from 20%. It is also possible to conclude that Phase VIb showed a decrease in the mortality of the test organisms where a chronic test was performed. However, when analyzing the chronic tests, it can be concluded that the effluent even after the treatment in the reactor causes a negative effect on the test organisms evaluated, so it is possible to refute the Hypothesis B. From the results presented, it is possible to conclude that the LAS causes environmental impact, mainly in continuous exposure, and that even with treatment of actual effluents (commercial laundry wastewater combined with domestic sewage) there is an impact, possibly with the interaction between the various toxic compounds and the LAS.

O Estado de São Paulo, devido a seu alto grau de industrialização, grande densidade demográfica e técnicas de produção agrícola, tem grande arte de seus mananciais impactados. As avaliações da qualidade da água são de vital importância para o manejo adequado e recuperação desses sistemas, todavia os programas atuais de monitoramento são incompletos no sentido de não permitirem uma avaliação global dos efeitos dos contaminantes sobre a biota aquática. Esses programas enfocam preferencialmente a coluna d\'água, porém é o sedimento o compartimento preferencial de armazenamento e transformações de contaminantes e nutrientes. Para que, associados a outros estudos e métodos de análise, possam ser desenvolvidas as bases metodológicas para a definição de critérios de qualidade de sedimentos, foram realizados bioensaios crônicos com amostras de sedimento de seis represas do sistema do Rio Tietê (Pedro Beicht, Rasgão, Billings, Barra Bonita, Promissão e Bariri), nos períodos de outubro e novembro de 2000 e de 2001, bem como testes para a determinação da faixa de sensibilidade de Chironomus xanthus às substâncias dicromato de potássio - K2Cr2O7 (4,82 ~ 9,41 mg/L), sulfato de zinco - ZnSO4 (1,46 ~ 13,47 mg/L), cloreto de cádmio - CdCl2 (0,34 ~ 1,11 mg/L), sulfato de cobre - CuSO4(1,13 ~ 1,77 mg/L), cloreto de potássio - KCl (2,91 ~ 3,77 g/L) e atrazina (1,43 ~ 2,72 mg/L). Os resultados dos testes com amostras ambientais indicaram maior toxicidade nos reservatórios de Rasgão e Billings e em menor grau em Barra Bonita e Bariri. / The são Paulo State, due to its high levels of industrialization, great demographic density and agricultural techniques, has most of its water resources compromised. The water quality assessments are fundamental to the appropriate management and recover of these systems, however the existing monitoring programs are incomplete and do not allow the assessment of all the effects that the contaminants can carry out in the aquatic biota. The main approach of these programs is the water column, but the sediment is the preferential compartment of contaminants and nutrient storing and alteration. Associated to other studies and analyses, this work intends to help to develop the methodological basis to define the sediment quality criteria by doing chronic bioassays with sediment samples of six reservoir of the Tietê river system (Pedro Beicht, Rasgão, Billings, Barra Bonita, Promissão e Bariri) , as well as determining the Chironomus xanthus sensibility to the substances K2Cr207 (4,82 ~ 9,41 mg/L), ZnSO4 (1,46 ~ 13,47 mg/L), CdCl2 (0,34 ~ 1,11 mg/L), CuSO4 (1,13 ~ 1,77 mg/L), KCl (2,91 ~ 3,77 g/L) and atrazine (1,43 ~ 2,72 mg/L). The environmental bioassays showed that the highest toxicity was found in Rasgão and Billings reservoirs while Barra Bonita and Bariri showed minor levels of toxic effects.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso das espécies Chironomus xanthus e Chironomus riparius na avaliação da qualidade de sedimentos e da contaminação por metais por meio de diferentes ensaios ecotoxicológicos. As amostras de sedimento foram coletados no rio Monjolinho e tributários (14 estações de amostragem). Foi realizada a análise da qualidade da água e do sedimento do sistema utilizando diversas variáveis, tais como nutrientes e metais, sendo possível observar um gradiente crescente de contaminação da nascente em direção à foz do rio Monjolinho. As concentrações dos agrotóxicos organoclorados foram superiores àquelas estabelecidas pela resolução CONAMA 357/05 em apenas algumas estações. Os resultados dos bioensaios laboratoriais com sedimentos indicaram toxicidade aguda em duas estações (Federal e Usina) e nos ensaios in situ observaram-se maiores porcentagens de mortalidade em relação aos ensaios laboratoriais. Os metais Cd e Cu estiveram acima do limite estabelecido pela resolução CONAMA 357/05 em algumas estações de amostragem e, portanto, foram utilizados nos testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica com C. xanthus. Observou-se para o IV instar a \'CL IND.50\' 96h de 0,30 mg/L de Cu e de 0,70 mg/L de Cd. Os testes crônicos com o I instar foram realizados utilizando as concentrações de 1,0 e 70,0 \'mü\'g/L de Cd e 20,0 \'mü\'g/L de Cu e tiveram duração de 16 dias. Na concentração de 1,0 \'mü\'g/L de Cd os resultados foram similares aos apresentados para o controle, exceto para a deformidade do mento. Na concentração de 70,0 \'mü\'g/L de Cd os efeitos foram a redução na sobrevivência, no tamanho do corpo, cápsula cefálica e atraso no tempo de emergência (3 dias). Na exposição ao Cu, não foi observada diferença significativa em nenhum parâmetro analisado quando comparado ao controle. Nos testes de evitamento com C. riparius, verificou-se que as larvas de I instar não evitaram o sedimento contaminado com 2,0 mg/L de Cu e as larvas de II ínstar não evitaram compartimentos com as maiores concentrações de Cu (3,4 mg/L) promovido no experimento de fluxo contínuo. As fêmeas adultas depositaram seus ovos tanto no meio contaminado (1,3 mg/L de Cu) quanto no meio não contaminado, indicando a não preferência. Porém, observaram-se efeitos adversos nas taxas de eclosão e viabilidade dos ovos e das larvas. Com esses resultados conclui-se que as espécies C. xanthus e C. riparius podem ser utilizadas em estudos de toxicidade de sedimentos e de avaliação de risco ecológico, como na contaminação por metais, porém, diferentes parâmetros de avaliação do teste devem ser estudados e cuidadosamente utilizados dependendo da finalidade do estudo. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of Chironomus xanthus and Chironomus riparius to assess sediment quality and metal contamination using different ecotoxicological bioassays. Sediment was collected from Monjolinho river and tributaries (14 sampling stations). Water and sediment analyses were performed by different variables including nutrients and metals. There was an increase of the contamination levels from the fountainhead to the mouth of the river. Organochloride pesticide showed high concentrations (above CONAMA 357/05) in a few number of sampling stations. Laboratory bioassays with sediment demonstrated acute toxicity in two sampling stations (Federal and Usina), and in situ bioassays showed higher percentages of mortality than laboratory bioassay. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with C. xanthus exposed to Cd and Cu. These metals were selected because they presented concentration values above limit established by the CONAMA resolution 357/05. The \'LC IND.50\' 96h for 4th instar larvae was 0.30 mg/L of Cu and 0.70 mg/L of Cd. Chronic tests were carried out in 16 days using 1st instar larvae; the test concentrations were 1.0 and 70.0 \'mü\'g/L of Cd and 20.0 \'mü\'g/L of Cu. No differences were observed between control and 1.0 \'mü\'g/L of Cd, except to mentum deformities. Adverse effects were observed at 70.0 \'mü\'g/L for Cd. These effects were reduction in survival, body length and cephalic capsule width, as well as, emergence time delay (3 days). No differences were observed between control and treatment in relation to Cu. Avoidance tests using C. riparius showed that 1st instar larvae did not avoid sediment contaminated with 2.0 mg/L of Cu. Similarly, 2nd instar larvae of C. riparius submitted to the flow-through system did not avoid the compartments with the higher concentration of copper (3.4 mg/L). Egg-laying females deposited egg-masses in both contaminated (1.3 mg/L of Cu) and uncontaminated media. Therefore, there was no preference in relation to oviposition. On the other hand, adverse effects were observed for eclosion and eggs hatchability. The conclusion is that C. xanthus and C. riparius can be used in toxicity bioassays to asses sediment quality and ecological risk, like metal contamination, but different end points have to be selected and applied carefully used depending on the study purpose.